Ukwazisa: Indima Yesiseko Sezithethe Zezobupolitika Kulawulo

Ukwakhiwa kwelizwe elinobuzwe (] kwabantu balo: izimo zengqondo, iinkolelo, namaxabiso angolawulo, igunya, inxaxheba, nendima karhulumente kwibutho labantu. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekileyo ngenxa yesimo sikarhulumente esingquzulana nezithethe zakhe zezobupolitika kuxhomekeke ekuntengantengisweni, ekulawuleni okusezantsi. Ngokuchaseneyo, xa isimo nenkcubeko kulungelelanisa, imeko yelizwe iqheleke kakhulu ekufumaneni uxolo, ukuchuma kwezoqoqosho, ulwaneliseko kunye nolwaneliseko. Le ngxelo ichaza indlela impembelelo yezopolitiki ezitheko ezitheneyo zempumelelo [FFOctal:[2]] [FFFFFF]] kunye nolawulo olungasebenziyo.[3] kunye nolungalawule olungasebenziyo.[5]

Izithethe zezobupolitika azimi ndawonye; ziguquka ngamava embali, imibutho yentlalo, kunye nezenzo zombutho. Kodwa isiseko sazo sikwimigangatho yemigangatho okanye yemithetho yecawa, i-operation okanye i-opersitions, ukuthoba okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukuthoba okanye ukuthabatha inxaxheba. /ukuqhubeka. Ezi zimbo zidala "ukulingana" okanye "ukufumana imizekelo ethile elawulayo". Umzekelo, amabutho anezibonelelo ezinamandla zengingqi, iilwimi, okanye isithethe somthetho wobuqu sisetyenziswa kakuhle ngamalungiselelo asemthethweni oluntu avumela umanyano lwesizwe, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubukhomogen, okanye imbali yemithetho ephakathi isebenza kakuhle phantsi kwenkqubo elungele ukuqinisekisa inkqubo elungeleneyo kunye nemithetho ecacileyo.

Ukubaluleka kwalo lungelelwaniso kugxininiswe zizazinzulu zezobupolitika ukusuka [kuFLT:0] Gebriel Almond kunye noSidney Verba ukuya Apho uLijphart[, othe waphikisa ukuba impumelelo yamaziko edemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekungqubaniseni nempucuko yezopolitiko ephantsi kwezobupolitika. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko amazwe amaninzi eye azama ukuthomalalisa i-estrality kunye ne devolution, athe athe athe anzulu ngakumbi. Iintlanga zesakhiwo solawulo oluphezulu kwinkcubeko oludla ngokujongwa kokunga okuphakathi kobuchule, ngoxa iinkqubo ezibekwe kwimimandla enamandla ye-CPlaceces. Ngooggnomes, siyakwazi ukuvavanya ngoogqhinga lwemigqhinga lomhlaba wolawulo lomhlaba womhlaba wonke.

Ukuchaza iinkqubo zomanyano kunye neziQelana

A [[NTL:0] inkqubo elawulayo lilungiselelo lezobupolitika apho ulawulo lwahlulwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko phakathi korhulumente osembindini kunye neeyunithi zezobupolitika (amaphondo, iLänder, i-cantons). Omabini amanqanaba karhulumente anegunya elingqalileyo kubemi, kwaye akukho nalinye elingenakukwazi ukuphelisa elinye. Imizekelo yezopolitiko iquka [[FLT:] iUnited States, [[FLT:], [[FLT:]], [4]] i-I-GRANTY, [[FLT:], [[FLT]]], [[FLT]] kunye neendawo ezininzi, zinokusetyenziswa ntlobo-mandla ntlobo-ngahlukeneyo, kwaye zimelelela i-Genethispozigracray, i-Genethi.

Isixokelelwano se- somanyano, ngokwahlukileyo, iimbambo eziphakamileyo kurhulumente omnye osembindini. Iiyunithi zelizwe lonke ```iprocess', amasebe, i-Preferences] zenza kuphela lawo mandla anikwe igunya elisembindini kwaye anokuphinda alungiswe okanye apheliswe ngumbindi. Amacandelo abalulekileyo aquka [[FLT:] uBukumkani[FLT][5], [FLT]], [FLT:] [4]] Japhania[FL:5], [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [12], [FLT], [iiiiiiiiiindlela yokwahlukene yokwakhenke, angavuma, [iiiiiiindlela yoncedo lwezolawulo lolawulo lolawulo loluntu, ngoko kungenelelo lwezolawulo lwezopoliti, ngokobungingqi, ngokokungeneyokungene, ngokokulungisa, ukuvuma koluko]

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umahluko asingomacala amabini. Uninzi lweemeko zomanyano lwamkele iindlela ze- evolution okanye iregionism[ edala iimpawu ze-quasi-feralita. Umzekelo, ulwahlulo lwamandla lwe-United Kingdom oludevolvedd eScotlani, Wales, kunye noNowentla Ireland, ngexa ushiye imo ye-ocestern projectal projectal. Ngokufanayo, ichazwa ngokufuthi njenge "isiko lwe-omatilo-omatilo" noomatiloms , ukanti ayimise inkqubo ye-oventi yomanyano lwentlalo. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba imo yentlalo-ntle yezo ze-ntle ye-gnogrality i-gnomentine.

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olubanzi lweenkqubo zorhulumente kunye ne-unity, bona i- Britannica ukungena kwe-constitution kunye nongeniso kumaphondo adityanisiweyo[. Ezi zinto zinika ezingcaciso zomgaqo-siseko kunye nomongo wembali.

Ingcamango Yezithethe Zezobupolitika: Izithethe Nemilinganiselo

Isithethe sezobupolitika sibhekiselele kwindlela yokubonisa indlela ```FLT''', ukuchaphazeleka, nokujonga-hlula' ukuba abemi babambelele kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, amaziko ayo, nendima yabo ngaphakathi kuyo. Gabriel Almond ne Sidney Verba[[[FLT:]], kwisifundo sabo sendalo [[FLT]]] i-CP [63]], ibone iindidi ezintathu ezifanelekileyo: i-acholity[[FLT:] [5] [isiK] [isivakaze] [isininzi okanye iimfezeko], [iiiiiiiiiiiiintentekelele, ilindele ukuba abantu bayazi okanye bangene, [FLT] kwaye balindele amagunya amakhulu ombane, kodwa atheleleka kakhulu, [iiiiii, i-Flay'.[9]

Ngapha koko, izithethe zezobupolitika zingaqwalaselwa kwimilinganiso emininzi engundoqo echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yorhulumente emelene nomanyano:

  • Ukuthemba urhulumente kunye nabemi abangoowethu: Ukuthembana okuphezulu kusoloko kunceda ukuthotyelwa ngokwesidima, njengoko amaqela aphezulu asekuhlaleni ejongwa njengonoxanduva. Ukukholoselwa phantsi kungakhokelela ekufuneni ulawulo olunamandla olusembindini.
  • Ubundidi bungachasana nobuqokeleli: izithethe zomntu ngamnye (umz., iUnited States) zingakhetha ubuzwe njengovavanyo kumandla ombindi, ngeli lixa izithethe eziqokelelayo (umz., eJapan) zingamkela igunya elisembindini ukutshintshiselana ngezinto ezidibeneyo.
  • Uchazo lwengingqi ngokuchasene nophawu lwesizwe: ukunyaniseka okuqinileyo kwezizwe ngezizwe (iilwimi, uhlanga, unqulo) kudala uxinzelelo kumalungiselelo orhulumente okanye ozimeleyo. Inkxaso ye-Ofisi yengingqi ebuthathaka.
  • [ Uthotho kumagunya: izithethe ezinomgama wamandla ophezulu (ulwamkelo lomgaqo-siseko) zingakhululeka ngakumbi ngenkqubo yomanyano, ngelixa izithethe ezilinganayo zingafuna uhlolo kumandla ombindi ngokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwamazwe.
  • Icala kunye nenkcubeko ezibekelwe phambili: izithethe ezithe ngcembe zisenokukhetha uburhulumente ngenxa yokuba bunika iinkalo ezininzi zokufikelela, ngoxa izithethe ezikwindawo ephambili zingavuma izigqibo ezisuka kwigunya elisembindini.

Ezi milinganiso zinxulumene nemikhosi engokwembali ./iinkcubeko, iinguqu, iimfazwe , ukuze zivelise izithethe zesizwe zezobupolitika ezahlukileyo. Umzekelo, amava olawulo olupheleleyo eFransi adala isithethe esinamandla sobufazi, ngexesha iMvukelo yaseMelika yokungathembani amandla agqithisiweyo yaqinisa i-ethos ye-athorist. Ukutshona okunzulu kwezithethe zezobupolitika, bona [[FLT:] le Oxford Bibliographes ukungeniswa kwezithethe zezobupolitika.

Izithethe Zesibi neentlobo Zazo

Ingcamango ye-Almond ne-Verda yempucuko ye- ye-pivic ."umxube olungeleleneyo wabathathi-nxaxheba, igalelo, kunye nenkqubano ye-parochism"""" yayibekwa kuqala njengesiseko sesithethe sedemokhrasi esizinzileyo. Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente, inkcubeko inceda ekulawuleni inkxwaleko phakathi kwamagunya aphakathi kunye namagunya ephondo. Ingingqi kufuneka ibalasele kunye nohlanga okanye iphondo, kwaye ikholose omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ukuze afeze iindima zabo. Kwiinkqubo zomanyano, impucuko isenokubonakala njengenkxaso kurhulumente esembindini njengenk ’ elungileyo yenzala yesizwe, idityaniswe nokusebenza kwezolawulo.

Uphando olulandelayo, ingakumbi Ronald Inglehart kunye uWelzel udibanise impucuko yezobupolitika nexabiso elikhulu — ukusuka ekuzisindiseni nasekuzinyanzeleni — ephembeleleni izikhethelo zolawulo olufanelekileyo kunye nolawulo oludityanisiweyo. I-[FUTLT] ithelela amaxabiso ozicinezelelayo athelekisayo, asezantsi-asemgceni, ngelixa kusingeno oluzinzileyo lungalungelelanisa ulungelelwano kunye nokuphumelela okunikezelwa ngumzinzi onamandla.

Into efunekayo kukuba izithethe zezobupolitika azikho zodwa kwilizwe. Izithethe ezisezantsi ````Isizwe, ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubukho becawa'' ngokuphawulekayo ngokusuka kwisithethe sesizwe.'ukungalingani kungenxa yokuba urhulumente usoloko usiba yinkqubo ethandwayo: ivumela izithethe ezahlukeneyo zobupolitika ukuba zigcine ezohlukeneyo ezohlukeneyo zobupolitika ngoxa zisekho kwinxalenye yembutho enkulu. Ngokuphikisanayo, inkqubo yeqela ingazama ukubeka imbonakalo enye yesithethe kwizithethe ezincinci.

Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweNkcubeko neNkcubeko: Isithintelo sempumelelo

Isiphumezi-miyalelo esingundoqo kweli nqaku sithetha ukuba impumelelo yemeko zikarhulumente okanye yeyunithi ixhomekeke kumlinganiselo wolungelelwaniso phakathi kwesakhiwo sikarhulumente nempucuko yezobupolitika exhaphakileyo. Kodwa ithetha ntoni "impumelelo" kule meko? Kufuneka siqale sichaze imiba phambi kokuvavanya iingxelo.

Amacebo aphumeleleyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente

Ukuzinza kunye nesisombululo sokungqubana

Inkqubo karhulumente ephumelelayo inciphisa ungquzulwano lwangaphakathi kwaye igcina uzinzo lwezobupolitika. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zenzelwe ukulawula izahlulo ezinzulu zoluntu ngokunika imimandla inkululeko, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa amathuba ogonyamelo lobukhomanisi. Iinkqubo zomanyano, ngokuthembela kwimithetho efanayo kunye negunya elisembindini, zingakuthintela ukwahlulwa kolawulo. Isitshixo kukuba inkcubeko ixhasa inkqubo enyuliweyo yenkxwaleko. Ulawulo lwamazwe aseSwitzerland lusebenza ngenxa yokuba luxabisa ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kwaye lunesithethe eside sokulawula amandla. Umbindi weFransi usebenza ngenxa yokuba umanyano lwempucuko yempucuko yesizwe ngaphezu kweengxube-ko.

Inkcitho

Ukuhlaziywa kolawulo lwezoqoqosho kunganyusa ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho ngokuvumela iinkqubo zilungelelaniswe neemeko zasekuhlaleni, kodwa zikwanokukhokelela kwimiqathango yezoqoqosho elungelelanisiweyo kumgangatho osezantsi okanye ekungasebenzini kwentsebenziswano. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingazalisekisa utshintsho lwezoqoqosho lwamazwe ngokomsombululo ngokukhawuleza, kodwa zingazityeshela izinto ezizizo ezikhoyo. Impumelelo ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko yolawulo lwezoqoqosho: kumaphondo akwilizwe anokuthenjwa kakhulu nomthetho (umz., i-Singapore), inkqubo yezoqoqosho elungeleleneyo elungeleleneyo esebenzayo enokuthi iphumelele, ngexa ezo zinokuchaphazeleka kuzo zonke iindawo ezingasebenzi kakuhle.

Ulwaneliseko Nomthetho Wabemi

Impumelelo epheleleyo ilinganiswa lukholo lwabemi lokuba inkqubo ilungile kwaye iyasabela. Xa isakhiwo sihambelana nolindelo lwenkcubeko, abemi bacinga ukuba urhulumente ufanelekile. Umzekelo, amaMelika anokuxabisa ukuxilonga ngamandla nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ngoko uburhulumente buxhasa ukulingana. Abemi baseFransi baxabisa ukulingana phambi kwemeko-bume efanayo, ngoko ke ukubekwa komzinzi kuxhasa ilungelo elisemthethweni. Xa kukho umthetho olinganayo .

Ezi metric azigcwali kodwa zinika ulwakhiwo lokuthelekisa umsebenzi wamaphondo orhulumente kunye nomanyano kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko. Kwimbono yobuchule ekulinganiseni ulawulo, bona iZibonisi zoLawulo lwehlabathi lonke ukusuka kwiBhanki yehlabathi, apho kulawulwa umthetho, ulawulo lukarhulumente, kunye nelizwi kunye nokuphendulana kuwo onke amazwe.

Uphando lwemeko lweenkqubo zomanyano

EUnited States: Umntu ngamnye noFederalism

Inkqubo yesizwe saseMerika yenziwa ngabaseki abangazange bawathembe amandla aphezulu nabawaxabisayo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Impucuko yezobupolitika yaseUnited States, igxininise idividialism[, ichaza amalungelo [, kunye ubuqu bobuqu [[[FT]]], ive ibone isiseko esiqinileyo solawulo lolawulo lobuzwelonke. Inkqubo ivulekele ukuhambela phambili kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ukwanda kwemimandla, ushishino lwezentlalo, kunye nokungavisisana okunzulu, kuquka impumelelo yemfazwe yoluntu. Ukuphumelela kwesizwe. Urhomonis, ibonise ukuphumelela kwemeko-mouse yesizwe ukusetyenziswa kweemeko-demokhrasiti (iiiie, i-demokhrasiti, i-moston, ngokokungeneka kulawulo lwesizwe, inkcube yemeko yelizwe, ikhompula, ingakumbi, ikho, inkcuba yoqoqo yolu

EIndiya: Ukulawula Iintlobo Ngeentlobo Ngeemeko

Inkqubo yesizwe saseIndiya yamiselwa ngokusemthethweni emva kwe-instein-indedentine, ukulawula iinlwimi, unqulo, kunye nobuzwe obungafaniyo. Impucuko yezobupolitika yaseIndiya iphawulwa ngokuba ne-odokisi enamandla yengingqi, ngokufuthi isekelwe kulwimi (umz., Tamil, Bengali, Punjabi) kunye namaphondo embali. Isakhiwo solawulo, kunye nemimandla elungelelaniswe ngemigca yolwimi, iye yabaluleke kakhulu ekuphatheni imikhosi yolwimi, i-CPFLG. Impumelelo yesizwe saseIndiya ibonwa ekunyamezeleni kwayo njengedemokhrasithi yehlabathi elikhulu, njengokuba urhulumente ombindileyo uGenethi ngokuqhelekileyo ulawula ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko (um.g., ulawulo lwezopolitiki olulungele ukulawulwa kwe-BFLGream) kunye nomanyano lwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ezizimele-onke, njengoko kuvunyelwe ngumanyano lwesizwe.

EJamani: Imanyano yomanyano neNkcubeko

Inkqubo yesizwe saseJamani ([FLT: 0] UBoundesrepublik] . Isiseko soMthetho (GUNDESTEF) sesobupolitika sesizwe se- uphando [ kunye [] ne-'FUNTSSONS[[FULT]]]. Umthetho osisiseko (Grundementez) waseka inkqubo apho iLänder (amazwe) amisa khona imithetho emininzi yesizwe, kunye neBoundtrat (indlu ephezulu) imele oorhulumente belizwe. Lo "urhulumente woluntu" omninzi" umelo lwempucuko, ngokohlobo lwesizwe, ngokohlobo lwesizwe [FTLY] [Fomatil [5] [F], impumelelo yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko wempuma) kunye nolawulo lwelizwe lwamanyuko lwama Jamani lwama Jamani lwama-Jamani, uninzi oluthe nyaka-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-

Uphando lweenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo

EFransi: Umanyano LwamaBhunga NeRiphabliki

IFransi ligunya elilawulayo elineparadigmatic studiary, elinobuzwe bezobupolitika obuthi ukususela kwiNguqu yagxininisa umanyano lwequmrhu kunye negunya elikwisikhundla esiphakathi [. Izwe laseFransi liphakathi kakhulu: uMongameli nePalamente eParis elawula eyona mithetho yezomthetho, kwaye i-ooorhulumente abamele urhulumente ophakathi kuzo zonke ii-départementment. Esi sakhiwo sinxulumene nempucuko yezobupolitika efumana imiklukwano elinganayo nengqikeleyo, nokuba i-ethe ngqini, i-ARpola, i-octiverains, i-offrains, i-ograine, i-offrains, i-offrances, i-oces elungele ukufezeka kwe-onke, i-Rograin, i-ograin, i-ograccul eninzi, i

EJapan: Inkcubeko Nezithethe Eziqhelekileyo

IJapan lingumbuso ophakathi kakhulu, ophenjelelwa yimpucuko yayo yezobupolitika ye- yeqela lokunyaniseka , i-arherhery, kwaye ezweni lonke [ii-homogene]. Nangona i-afrenti, urhulumente ophakathi eTokyo ugcina ulawulo olunamandla lwerhafu, uqingqo-mali, kunye nemimandla emikhulu yezomthetho. Impucuko yokuzibamba igunya kunye noxanduva oludisiweyo ithetha ukuba abalawuli belizwe bajongeka kakhulu njengabalawuli belizwe kuneenkqubo yelizwe. Le nkqubo inegalelo kakhulu ekuphucukutyeni kwezoqoqosho nempumelelo yezoqoqosho eJapan, ibonekelele kwimfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, nakwezopolitiki ekhoyo, nakwezopolitiki enyaka-1910, e-194. Kodwa ke, i-ethe i-ethe ukusetyenziswa kwe-ethe .

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Indaleko kwiUnitary Frames

I-United Kingdom lingurhulumente onesiko elide lolawulo lwepalamente, kodwa impucuko yayo yezobupolitika ibisoloko iqulathe imo eqinileyo yesizwe, "Scottid, Welsh, Northern Ireland/alongside i-Inglais. Oku kudibene kukhokelela kwilungiselelo elikhethekileyo: iUK enikwe imigaqo-mthetho e-Crephanicase (1999), iWales (99), neNyakatho Ireland (1999), ngoxa i-Northern Ireland ihlala ilawulwa ngqo yi-West Colletting. Umgaqo wemithetho-mganomente-siseko uyaqhubeka, njengoko iyakwazi ukuphelisa oku kugqibela oku kudityaniswe izidumbu ezidibeneyo. IPalamente ithetha ukuba i-conetic systeontion (incophone, i-UK ishiye i-pray ye-Crangey exhaswe yi-Exem, i-Engmous, i-ekho yooffralitive, i-ekho i-mpis, eyahlulwa ngokuqhubekayo kwe-e

Iingxaki Ezixutyiweyo Nezamahlaya: Indima Yezithethe Zezobupolitika Ekwakhiweni Kwazo

ESpeyin: UbuQuasi - Farereli Nobuzwe Besithili

ISpeyin yahlulelene ngokusemthethweni, kodwa umGaqo-siseko wayo ka-1997 wakha "Isizwe solawulo lwamaFranco" esinika urhulumente omkhulu kwimimandla eyi-17 ezimeleyo, kuquka i-Basque Country, iCatalonia, neGalicia enobuzwe obunamandla bengingqi. Inkcubeko yezobupolitika yaseSpeyin yahluleke kakhulu: umbono wesizwe (ngokufuthi unxulumene nolawulo lukaFranco) ukhuphisana ne-ocelw ewe yi-oral ejongelwa phantsi kwezizwe. Inkqubo ye-inshortyisi yazijonga ngokwazo njengezizwe ezizilawulayo. Inkqubo ye-idityani yayikulala kweSpeyin emva kokufa kukaFrancom, kwaye ivumele ukulawulwa kwezithethe nolwimi olubalulekileyo. Kodwa, ukungaphumeleli kweli lungiselelo lokuzimela lobuzwe lwamashishini eliphantsi komthetho-R20171717 isenokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo ye-operade, i-ethe ngcono kakhulu, i-ethe ngcono kakhulu, isenokude i-yokuqinisekisa nokuphumelela na kwimo

ITshayina: URhulumente weUnitary ePhakathi neNqila ye-Autonomy

ITshayina lilizwe elisembindini elikwicandelo elinye phantsi kolawulo lweQela lobuKomanisi, kodwa liye lanciphisa ulawulo kunye namagunya ezoqoqosho abalulekileyo kumaphondo, ingakumbi ukususela kutshintsho lwama-1980. Impucuko yezobupolitika yaseTshayina igxininisa igunya eliphakathi [, , [[FULT]]] i-archy[[[FLT]], [[FLT], [iindlela] yomanyano lwamazwe onke [[FLT:], kunye nokungathethiswa nguHan Hunberg kunye nesiManda esibekwe. Kodwa imimandla engoko yobuhlanga enjengeTinbet, Xincang, kunye neMongolva ixhasa ukuchachasana kobugcuba oluphakathi. Imode yempumelelo yezoqoqosho nobuhlwe, kodwa i-Fothtranstial ithetha ngohlobo lwamagnethis (imp) ngoku, i-irreyidiediediediance, i-

Iingxaki Neengxaki Xa Izithethe Neenkqubo Zobuxoki Zikho

IBelgium: Ukusuka kwiManyano Ukuya KuManyano Ukuya Kwindawo Yokwakha

Iinguqulelo zeBelgium ukusuka kwimo ye-unitary (1830-1970) ukuya kwizwe elipheleleyo lesizwe (1993) zibonisa oko kwenzekayo xa impucuko yezobupolitika kunye nesakhiwo soburhulumente zidume kakubi. Imimandla yaseBelgium iFlemish kunye neyamaFrentshi ethethayo yaphuhlisa amasiko ahlukeneyo ezobupolitika (iilwimi, intlalo-ntle, kunye nentlalo-ntle) kwaye ingenako ukungephi okungangenwanga kulwa kulwahlulo lwendawo. Impumelelo ihlala ihleli iqinile, kodwa isoloko ilawulwa yinkqubo yeqela enzima ebangela ukuba oorhulumente bathathu belizwe bangabi namaqela. Nangona isisombululo sithintele ngokupheleleyo, sivelisa iindleko zezopolitiki kunye nolawulo olusembini phantsi kwezahlulelene. Impumelelo injalo: iBelgium ihlala ihleli iqinile, kodwa ulawulo lusoloko luphazanyazalwa ngokwamaqela. Isifundo siso sisithi xa inkqubo yemithetho yempucuko isithinawo sokuzinziwa phantsi kwezithethe, kodwa iyakwazi ukuhlangul, ukuba iindleneka, iphuma phantsi kweza

ENigeria: Umanyano Lwabantu Ngaphantsi Kokwaphulwa Kwezithethe

I-Nigeria yamkela ulawulo lwesizwe soburhulumente kwimimandla emithathu, yahlulwa yaza yazimela ngokwayo ngo-1960 ukuze ilawule intlukwano yayo enkulu yobuhlanga neyonqulo (amaqela angaphezu kwama-50). Noko ke, impucuko yezopolitiki yaseNigeria iphawulwa yimibutho ye-patrimonialism, ukhuphiswano lobuhlanga lwezibonelelo, nokungathembani okusezantsi kwemibutho. Inkqubo yesizwe, ekuqaleni enemimandla emithathu, iye yahlulwa yabekwa kumazwe amathathu, yahlulwa yabekwa kumazwe ka-366 ukuze ithobe amandla amaqela amakhulu. Kodwa ke, ukusetyenziswa kwemali ye-oyile e-oyilensiko yemali ephakathi, ukuthembana nokuphumelela kwe-empumelelo yombutho yesizwe. Imeko yase-Nigeria ibonisa ukuba kwanemeko yezopolitiki ayinako ukungaphumeleli ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiki ukuba ingasebenzi kulawulo lomthetho, i-gqeqenti ye-o-ograst, nokuyelwa kwempumelelo yempumelelo yesizwe, kodwa ifuna ukulawulwa kwemithetho yenkculo-ogqwene.

Uxanduva lwabenzi bomgaqo-siseko noyilo lomgaqo-siseko

Ubungqina obuvela kule ngxelo bubonisa ingqiqo ecacileyo kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekuyileni okanye ekuguquleni amalungiselelo karhulumente: ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kumele kube yindlela yobuchule engokwenkcubeko. Iindlela zobugcisa ezinyulu eziboleka imizekelo karhulumente okanye yeqela lamazwe angaphandle ngaphandle kokuqwalasela impucuko yezopolitiko yasekuhlaleni zinokusilela. Abaphathi-mthetho mabavavanye oothunywashe benkcubeko phambi kokuba bagqibe ngomgangatho wombindi okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-atho:

  • Amandla nenani leendawo: ngamaqela azwenibanzi akulungeleyo ukulawulwa sisixeko esinye?
  • Ukuthenjwa nokuthenjwa kwebutho labantu: Ngaba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuthenjwa ukuba bazilawule ngaphandle kokunganyaniseki okanye bakhethe abanye?
  • Amava embali anegunya eliyintloko: Ngaba abemi bale ndawo bawujonga njengomkhuseli okanye njengomcinezeli?
  • Iqondo lexabiso elilinganayo: ngaba imimandla eyahlukeneyo iyakwazi ukwabelana ngemilinganiselo yezobupolitika eyaneleyo ukuxhasa ulwakhiwo lwesizwe?

Eqhelisela, amazwe amaninzi amkela [[FLT: 0] umbutho wobuzwe okanye [[FTLT:2]] i-asymetric devolution ukuhlalisa imimandla eyahlukeneyo kwingingqi enye. Umzekelo, i Canada inikwe imeko eyahlukileyo kwi Quebec; i-Indiya inemiqathango ekhethekileyo ye Jamu ne Kashmir (ngoku irhoxisiwe) kunye namanye amazwe asemntla mpuma-mpuma; i-UK inika amagunya awohlukeneyo eSkotlavia, Wales, kunye neNorthern Ireland. Ukungena ngohlobo oluthambileyo lungavumelanisa ulwakhiwo lwemeko lwezo lwezopolitiko kwilizwe eliphakathi.

Ngaphezu koko, impumelelo yayo nayiphi na inkqubo ixhomekeke ekuqhelaneni okuqhubekayo. Ukuguquka kwezithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nezakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko kufuneka zikwazi ukutshintsha. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zakha ubhetyebhetye ngeenkqubo zokulungisa nokucaciswa. Iinkqubo zomanyano zingazisa utshintsho okanye ukuhlaziywa ngaphandle kokutshintsha indalo esesikweni. Isitshixo kukugcina inyathelo elicacileyo phakathi kotshintsho lwenkcubeko notshintsho lweziko.

Isiphelo

Impembelelo yempucuko yezobupolitika kwimpumelelo karhulumente ongoorhulumente noorhulumente inzulu kodwa idla ngokuthathwa lula kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo karhulumente idla ngokuphumelela ngakumbi kwiindawo apho i-odomial elumeka ngokuqinileyo, ukuthemba ulawulo lwengingqi iphezulu, kwaye imilinganiselo yenkcubeko yobuni kunye nokuhlola amandla aphakathi. Inkqubo yomanyano idla ngokuphumelela kwibutho labantu elinophawu oluqinileyo lobuzwe, isithethe solawulo olusembindini, kunye nesithethe esibonisa ukulingana nokwahluka-hluka-hlukene kwezithethe. Xa imo nenkcubeko ilungelelana, ubuchule, ukulingana, ukuphumelela, kunye nokufaneleka. Xa inyemba, kuvela ingxabano enokuthi ikwazi ukuphazamisana nomthetho ocetyiswa ngobuchule.

Uphando lwetyala lwahlola ngezantsi i-United States, i-Indiya, iFransi, i-Union Kingdom, i-Speyin, iBelgium, ne-Nigeria. Zibonisa ukuba akukho mzekelo ulungileyo jikelele; eyona nkqubo ingcono yileyo ivumelana nomongo wayo. Amazwe ajongene nengxube-ntlalo, indlela engaphambili isoloko ikwimo eguqukayo yendalo, ixhomekeke kwisiseko esithambileyo, okanye i-quasi-federalist. Ngokupheleleyo ivumela ingingqiniba eyahlukileyo ukuba ihlale phantsi kwesambulela sesizwe. Ufundo lwempucuko lusikhumbuza ukuba ulawulo lwamazwe alulo msebenzi wabucukuqeqeshi kodwa lungasetyenziswa ngabantu, kodwa lusekelwe kwimigangatho yabantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona umsebenzi wodidi owenziwa ngu-Arend Lijphart kulwalamano phakathi kwempucuko yezobupolitika kunye nemigangatho yedemokhrasi, kunye nencwadi ye yezizwe ngezizwe nge-IDEA kwimithetho yolawulo kunye nenkcubeko yezobupolitika.