Impembelelo yogcino-lwazi lobalo kwiiFomati

Ubalo-manani lwaminyaka yonke lungaphezulu nje kokubala nje okulula; lilo ikhusi elikwimeko yezomGaqo-siseko apho imimandla yezopolitiko yaseMerika ihlala khona. Kwiminyaka elishumi, iUnited States Censual Bureau iqokelela idata epheleleyo yobungakanani babemi, imvelaphi yoluntu, kunye nokusasazwa kwendawo. Le nkcazelo imisela ngqo indlela ezihlalweni ze-U.S. Indlu yabameli ekwahlulwe ngayo phakathi kwamazwe nokuphinda kuhlaziywe kwemi, nendlela imimandla yowiso-mthetho kunye novota yasekuhlaleni ekhoyo. Ngaphandle kokuchanabeka kolu hlobo lobalo, umgaqo ka-data ofike ngexesha elifanelekileyo, i-"umntu omnye, ivoti ye-elective" ungenakukwazi ukuxhasa. Eli nqaku lihlola impembelelo enzulu, ngokufuthi eliphikisana nohlolo lwenkcazelo yobalo lobalo lwendawo yokwenziwa koovotishinti yoo-omeli kwimibini, imbali esemthethweni, i-eveldervotion, i-evotion, i-eververtivel e

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho

Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kobalo-lwazi kunye neziqithi zokuvota asiyonto yexeshana eveziweyo; iSiqendu I, iCandelo 2 (njengoko silungiswe liCandelo 2 loMphetho-Mda) lifuna ukuba abameli babelwe phakathi kwamazwe ngokwemida yabo, babale inani labantu abakummandla ngamnye. Oku kuthintelwa kokuvunywa kwemali kungumvuzo wokuvuna intlawulo, ngokunjalo kungumvuzo wezihlalo zendlu ezingama- 435 phakathi kwamaphondo. Emva kokuchola i-propati, kufuneka baphinde batsale imidaba yephondo ukuze baqinisekise abemi abalinganayo kwisithilithi nganye. Umgaqo ofanayo usebenza kwiphondo phantsi kokhuseleko olulinganayo lwe-14, njengoko ukhuselwe kwemibazwe olubanzi [FTBBB].[2][2][3]

Umgaqo Womntu Omnye, Umbutho Omnye

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo uReynolds v. samisela ukuba iingingqi zemithetho-mthetho zelizwe mazifane zilingane kubemi. Lo "mntu omnye, ivoti" imikhosi esesikweni ithetha ukusebenzisa imigaqo echanekileyo yokubala inani labantu ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti nganye ithwele ubunzima obulinganayo. Phambi kokuba lo mthetho, amazwe amaninzi ayeneendawo ezimaphakathi, ezithe qeleleneyo, ezithe zafunyanwa ngaphezulu kakhulu ngendleko yokukhula kwemimandla yasedolophini. Ugcino-lwazi lunika kuphela isiseko esigunyazisa ukulingana kwabemi. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukuvota okubomvu kuxhomekeke kuqikelelo okanye kumanani aphelelwe lixesha, ngokungenakuthintela ukulingana.

Iimfuno ezingokwasemthethweni zokuHlaziya

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko unganikezi indlela ekhethekileyo yokuzoba imigca yesithili, umthetho wesizwe kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi umisela imigaqo engqongqo. Ezi ziquka:

  • ukulingana komphumlo: izithili kufuneka ziphantse zilingane kubemi njengangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwimimandla yengqungquthela, ukuphambuka kudla ngokungaphantsi kwepesenti enye.
  • Isivumelwano noMthetho wamaLungelo (VRA): Icandelo 2 leVRA liyalela ukuthambisa izicwangciso ezidambisa amandla okuvota amaqela amancinane esizwe okanye eelwimi. Ubalo lwenkcazelo yohlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye novoti luyimfuneko ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulingana nodibaniso: izithili kufuneka zibe ngendawo ejikelezayo kwaye, kumazwe amaninzi, ukudityaniswa ukunqanda isimo esingaqhelekanga esinokuphawula igerrymander.
  • Ukuhlonela amacandelo angoopolitiko: Amazwe amaninzi afuna imimandla ukunqanda ubalo lokwahlula, izixeko, okanye iidolophu apho kunokwenzeka khona.

Umbhobho wombhobho wogcino-lwazi: Indlela Ulwazi lobalo olumi ngayo

ICensure Bureau ikhupha ii-data ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zohlobo olubomvu: iFayili yoMthetho woLuntu 94-171 Redigiteriing Data, edla ngokunikezelwa ukuba ichaze ngoMatshi 31 wonyaka emva kokuba abantu bebhaliwe, kunye neNkangeleko yeDemographic, enika intelekelelo yesishwankathelo. Ezi fayile ziquka inani elipheleleyo labemi, inani lovota, (ngohlanga nohlanga), amanani eeyunithi yezindlu, kunye nomgangatho wemiqathango yokuhlala. Amazwe asebenzisa i-Genecodetic Information System (GIS) inkqubo yemida yephondo ukuzobalwa kwabantu ngezi zitebhili. Umlinganiselo wobalo uvumela ukuba abantu ababomvu abambalwa bavakalise inani labantu, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kwiimfuno zexabiso elilinganayo.

Indima yogcino-lwazi lomgangatho webloko

Izithintelo zokubala zilelona candelo lincinane lommandla osetyenziswa yi-Cunivation Bureau. Zinokuba zincinane njengesixeko esisiqobo kwimimandla yasedolophini okanye zinkulu njengemayile ekwimimandla esemaphandleni. Ukuvuleka kwesi sitrato esinomgangatho kuthetha ukuba kwanesinye isitrato sinokuba ngumda. Umzekelo, ukuba isithili kufuneka sishiye abantu abangama-500 ukuze balingana, umdweli-nqwelo-nqwelo-mafutha angalungisa umgca ukuze aquke okanye ashiye iibloko ezithile zokubala abantu abahlala apho. Lo mgangatho wokulawula unika amandla amakhulu, anokusetyenziswa ngenjongo yokuba abantu abanokulingana okanye ukuze bafumane inzuzo e-R000.

Ubulunga bogcino-lwazi nokuphelelwa

Uphando lokubala luphambili, kodwa akukho kubalwa kwabantu okugqibeleleyo. IBreasure Bureau iqhuba uhlolo lokulinganisela i-net yasemva kokwenziwa kwengingqi okanye ukuthengwa ngaphezulu kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abemi. Kwimbali, abantwana abaselula, iintlanga ezincinane, kunye neentsapho ezincinane ezifumanayo, zibalwe phantsi kwexabiso eliphezulu. Amanani aphantsi kwimimandla ethile angenza iziphumo zokufumana abameli abambalwa kunye nemali encinane kwezonyango. Ngo-202020, i-Cencareaunicare yanikela ingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwiingxelo zobuzwe obumnyama (3.3% womnatha ongaphantsi kwe-6), i-Spesentinsi kwe-Ansland, kunye nama-Melika okanye ama-5.1%. Amanani ee-Alans (5.9%).5%) anokuba neziphumo ezi zinto zokulungisa ezo ndawo, njengoko kusetyenziswa ukudityaniswa koothelelwa kwawo onke.

Ukususela Kukubalwa Kuse Kwingqungquthela: Umatshini Ovuzwayo

Emva kobalo ngalunye, iCensus Bureau ibala ukwabiwa kwezihlalo zendlu isebenzisa indlela elinganayo. Ubalo-manani lwama-2020, umzekelo, lwaphumela ekubeni amazwe asixhenxe afumane izihlalo (uColado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas) kunye namaphondo asixhenxe aphulukana nezihlalo (iCalifornia, iIllinois, iMichigan, iNew York, iPennsylvania, iPennsylvania). Olu tshintsho lwezopoliti yezopoliti luqhutywa lutshintsha kwabemi ababanjwayo. Xa inani leesihlalo zomntlalo ngamnye zimisiwe, iphondo ngalinye limele lizibeke imida yalo yalo.

Indlela Esetyenziswa Ngayo Amazwe

Inkqubo yokulungisa iyahluka-hluka phakathi koorhulumente. Amanye amatyala ayishiyela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ithetha ukuba inkoliso yeqela ilawula usiba. Ezinye zisebenzisa iikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye iipartisan commentals ukunciphisa ikhethe. Kumazwe afana noIowa, umbutho ongengo kwicala lemithetho-mthetho uzoba iimaphu ngaphandle kokuqwalasela i'custom' okanye ugcino-lwazi lwezobupolitika. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwana anjengoTexas kunye noMntla Carolina abonile imingeniselo esemthethweni edweliswe ngokuyintloko kwi-mephu. Ngaphandle kokwenza umzobo, ubalo-data yindawo yokuqala. Ngaphandle kwayo, akukho maphu inokuzotywa.

Ukwahlulwa Komthetho Karhulumente: Akuphelelanga Kwezobupolitika

Izithili zemithetho yephondo zitsalwa zisebenzisa idata efanayo kodwa ngokufuthi enemiqathango eyahlukileyo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi ufuna ukuba isithili singquzulwane kwaye sidibane, kwaye ezinye zifuna ukuba imida yezopolitiko (amalinge, amadolobha, iidolophu, iidolophu) igcinwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuphambuka kwabemi okuvumelekileyo kwimimandla yowiso-mthetho kukhulu kuneendawo zikarhulumente zokuhlanganisa abantu. Ngokuthe ngqo kukwimida eqengqelelweyo, qha, nangona iinkundla ziye zawisa iiplani ezingaphaya kwendlela zokulawula ngaphandle kobulungisa. Umthetho womthetho wokuphelisa imimandla ekhoyo, iibhodini, iikomiti zephondo, iikomishini, kunye namabhungalo-osipala. Ubalo oluchaneyo lwemidathango kwiziqobo lweziqobo lwezithintelo lwemida yengingqi yephondo zinceda ezi ndawo zibonise imida kunye nokuthintela umahluko.

Ucelomngeni Lwemiqobo Yejiyografi Nabantu Abanomdla

Ukulungelelaniswa komgangatho wabemi kufuneka kulinganisele ukulingana nokulingana. Amatyala amaninzi aqwalasela "amaqumrhu abantu abanomdla"" -- amaqela abantu abanolwahlulo oluqhelekileyo lwentlalo, lwezoqoqosho, okanye lwenkcubeko. Umzekelo, uluntu lwaselunxwemeni lungabelana ngezoqoqosho ekulobeni, ngelixa indawo yasemaphandleni inokuba nenkxalabo yokulima. Ugcino-lwazi lwemali lunika ulwazi lwamanani kunye nolwazi lwezoqoqosho oluncedayo lwala macandelo. Noko ke, ugcino-lwazi luthe nkqo, kunye noluntu olugcina uluntu ludibene neengxaki ezinkulu ngexesha lokulingana kwabantu. Izixhobo ze-GIS zidityaniswe nobalo lwemiboniso-mephu zivumela abenzi bamawaka ukuba bafumane iimaphu ezihlangabezana nemilinganiselo esemthethweni, kodwa ukhetho lokugqibela lusaqhubeka sisigqibo sezopolitiko.

Uqikelelo: Icala elibi lokulinganisela

Ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo lokubala lwenze ukuba kube nobuntlola obuntsonkothile kakhulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwemida yesithili ukunika iqela elinye okanye iqela uncedo lokhetho. Ngelixesha elithi libuyele emva ku1812, igalelo lokusebenzisa i-alphamenti yekhompyutha kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani lwabemi ukupakisha okanye ukuvota icrack. "Ukuxhobisa" ukuqwalasela kweqela elinye kwisithili esinye ukuze bawine ngemida emikhulu kodwa inkunkuma ivoti kwenye indawo. "Cracking" isasaza ivoti yeminye imibutho enqamlezayo ngoko ibambalwa kuyo yonke indawo. Ugcino-lwazi lwenani laba bantu lunika uququququ olufunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqela ngalinye okanye isithilitiweyo lifakwe kanye inani labantu.

Ukungalawuleki kobuhlanga

I-Gracthentiam ne-screenshort ixhomekeke kugcino-lwazi lokubala. Ukuququzelela kobuhlanga akuvumelekanga phantsi kwe VRA, kodwa kusenokuba nzima ukungqina. [[FLT: 0] Alabama Legastislatity Black Caucus v. Alaba[[FLT1]] [202011], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yale ibambene ngokuthi uhlanga alunanto iphambili ekudweleni imigca yesithili ngaphandle kokuba kuyimfuneko ukuvumelana ne VRA. Parsanger germaninging, nakuba, ngokunempumelelo yashiywa ingakhange igwetyelwe yinkundla ePhakamileyo [FLTFLD:] [2] Ructo. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo ze-FLT [FLD] zingenza iziphumo ezithenjiweyo ze-'umber [2011], ezithi ezithi zichaza ukuba ityala le-RGenegarderdern ityala le-Priant engachazwangagogogogogogogo, ezithenjiweyo.

Imizekelo Yakutshanje Yokuhamba Ngeminxeba

Emva kobalo lwama-202020, iOhio yadlulisela imaphu eyanika amaRiphabliki irejista ephezulu izihlalo nangona yayinomvuzo othe waphumelela kwivoti ethandwayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseOhio yabetha phantsi imaphu amaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ukulibaziseka okulandelayo kwathetha ukuba imaphu isetyenziswe kunyulo lwama-2022. Ngokufanayo, eMntla Carolina, indlu yowiso-mthetho yazoba nemephu enika amaphondo irejinithi yemali eluncedo kakhulu eRiphabliki emalunga no-50-50-50. Ezi maphu zixhomekeke kugcino-lwazi lobalo lokulungisa amanani abantu ngexesha lobunjani bungaxhaka. I-194 i-spictificiotings kumazwe afana ne-Migan neKlifoni, kodwa phantsi kwenkqubo elungileyo, kodwa i-ikho phantsi kwe-data iyahluka.

UMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu

IVoting Rights Act ka-1965 ihlala isisixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvuselelwa akucalucalulo ngabavoti abambalwa. Icandelo 2 leVRA liyawuthintela nawuphi na umgangatho wokuvota okanye umkhwa ophumela ekukhanyeni okanye ekungahlawulwani kwamalungelo okuvotelwayo ngenxa yobuhlanga okanye umbala. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwephondo lungawachaphazeli amaphondo anokuzonwabisa amandla okuvota. Ukuvavanya ubalo lwezi, iinkundla kunye nabenzi bamamaphu bahlola ubalo lobuhlanga, uluntu oluvoti, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuvota edlulileyo. Isebe lobulungisa lisebenzisa ezi zinto ukuhlola ukuthotyelwa kolawulo olungaphambili kwicandelo eligqunyiweyo ngecandelo 5 (kunye nesigqibo seNkuNkuNkundla yeNkuNkundla ye-2013:[5]).

Ukulinganisa Imveliso Exutyiweyo Yobuhlanga

Esinye isixhobo esingundoqo kwiVRA kuhlolo lovoto olusukruqukileyo. Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi kunye nokuvota, iingcali zingagqiba ukuba ngaba abavoti bamaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo eentlanga baxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba. Ukuba kukho uknanti lobuhlanga, kwaye ukuba iqela elincinane likhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuyila uninzi lwesithili (ubuncinane i50% yabemi abavota abahlukeneyo), ngoko iVRA ingafuna ukudalwa kwesongi sobuncinane besithili. Umgangatho wesiqobo sogcino-data ubalulekile ukufumana uqwalaselo oluphumeza oku ngexesha lolwando lobuphicinezelelo lwabemi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya kakhulu ubuchule obuninzi kwaye ibandakanya ukunyuka konyuko.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nekamva lokuHlaziya

Inkqubela kulawulo lwe khowudi kunye ne GIS iguqule indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ubalo lwemiba. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, ukwenziwa kwemaphu kwenziwa ngesandla ngeemephu kunye neemephu zabemi. Namhlanje, i-software efana ne Maptiation ye Redificiation ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafake idata yezithintelo, bamisele imigaqo, kwaye badwelise iingingqi ngokutsala nokuhlisa. Imithetho-manani eninzi entsonkothileyo ingenza amawaka emephu yemida esemthethweni ngemizuzu. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukufanisa iziphumo zonyulo ngokusebenzisa idata edlulileyo yokuvota, ivumela abadwelisi bemephu ukuba bavavanye iziphumo ezipheleleyo zemidatha eyahlukeneyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula igerrymandering, kodwa kwakhona ixhobisa amaqela amaqela alungileyo karhulumente okwakha ezinye iimaphu zabo zomxhasi bemimandla entle.

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo wemithetho-siseko

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukusetyenziswa kwe-algorithm ezintsonkothileyo kunciphisa ukubonakala. Ukuba ngumenzi wemaphu kuphela angaqhuba iimfaniso, uwonke-wonke akanayo indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba imaphu ekhethiweyo yeyona idibeneyo okanye ikhoyo yoluntu. Amanye amatyala afuna ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlaziya zivuleke kugqabaza kawonke-wonke kwaye iimaphu zedrafti zipapashwe zinenkcazelo egqithiswe ngokubala abantu. [FLT] Census Bureauau Bureaunt's's bdata ye-data ye-indawo ekhoyo inika ufikelelo olukhululekileyo lwedata yoluntu, yenza ukuba abaphandi kunye neentatheli abazimeleyo babamba iziphumo ukuba baphendule amamaphu.

Ugcino-lwazi lwezithintelo kunye nenkxalabo zobuqu

Ukukhululwa kogcino-lwazi lobalo lwemiqathango ekwimigangatho emincinci kuphakamisa imiba yento eyimfihlo. Ngo-2020, iBreau yeBhunga lobuGcisa lasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela abantu ekutsaleni kwakhona. Oku kwafakwa kwingxolo yezibalo kugcino-lwazi, kubangela ukuba abanye abantu abancinane batshintshe ngamaphesenti amaninzi. Ezinye iingcali zokubala zibonise inkxalabo yokuba iindawo ezincinane zokuhlala, zinokuphazamisa ukunyuka kwemiba yabantu, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuba batsale iziqingatha zokuzoba nentengiso. I-Censureas Bureaunia imia iqinisekisa ukuba ingxolo ayichaphazeli kwibala okanye kumgangatho webloko, kodwa le nto iyaqhubeka iyingxoxo.

Ucelomngeni Kumjikelo Wama - 2020 Nangaphaya

Umjikelo wobalo lwabantu wama-2020 wajamelana nocelomngeni olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili: indyikitya yokulwa kwe-COVID-19 ebambezelekayo kumsebenzi wentsimi, ukumangalelwa kwetyala ngenxa yemigudu yolawulo lweTrump yokongeza umbandela wobumi, kunye nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ekupheleni kwexesha lokubala. Le ngxaki yabangela ukutshintsha-guquka kwabemi njengoko abantu besuka ezixekweni baye emadolophini asemagxeni, nto leyo enokuthi ichaphazele ucoselelo lwe-data. Nangona le miba, i-Censureaunity Bureauniauni inike ugcino-lwazi olunolwazi olupheleleyo lwachaza ngoAgamephu 2021, ngaphezu koluqhelekileyo. Amanye amazwe kwakufuneka ashunyanze ixesha lawo elibomvu lokusebenza ixesha, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni anyathelwe ngegalelo loluntu.

Impikiswano Yobumi

Umzamo wolawulo lweTrump wokongeza umbuzo malunga nobumi bobumi kuma-2020 wabangela ingxoxo yesizwe. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi lo mbuzo uza kudiza iintsapho ezingahlaliyo kunye nabaphambukeli ukuba zingaphenduli, nto leyo ekhokelela kwilizwe eliphantsi kakhulu kwiindawo ezinabemi abaninzi abavela kwamanye amazwe . Oku kudla ngokufana nokungaphili- democratic-express. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yavala umbuzo wobalo lwama-202020, kodwa impikiswano yabalase indlela ukwenziwa kobalo-balwa olungabuchaphazela ngayo ubunjani bogcino-lwazi olusetyenziswa ekuvuleni. Abagxeki baphawula ukuba kwanolu loyiko olunjalo lwempendulo olucuthayo, lungacutha isiseko somelo olulungileyo.

Indima Yokuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke - wonke

Ugcino-lwazi lwemiba luyimichako engalungiswanga yokulungisa imimandla, kodwa uluntu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ngaphesheya kwelizwe, amaqela okuphatha ii-asethi, amaziko emfundo, kunye nabemi balapho basebenzisa ubalo lwabantu ukuzobala ulwazi lwabo "iimaphu zobalo" ukunikezela kumagunya afuna ukuphindaphindwa. Ezi maphu zibonisa ukuqondwa okunzulu kwemimandla yasekuhlaleni kunye nabantu abanomdla. Ukuva uwonke kuvumela abemi ukuba banikele ubungqina ngendlela iimaphu ezicetyikisiweyo eziya kwahlukana ngayo okanye zimanyanise ingini zabo. Ukufumaneka kobalo lwamanani ogcino-data (-data-alufumaneka ngokukhululekileyo kumagunya e-Centiaunity .][FLT]][FLT]][FLD [12:1]]]

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Abangelwa Libala

I-data yesithili ayiyiyo nje ingxelo yokuba bangakanani abantu abahlala e-United States; ingumzobo othe rhoqo wokulawula ulawulo lwezopolitiko. Ukusuka ekuhluzeni izihlalo ezingama-435 kwiNdlu yabameli ukuya kwimida yeqela lesikolo, yonke imigca yesithili isuka kwizibalo eziqokelelwe ngokwemiba epheleleyo. Inkqubo yezopolitiko, isoloko isenza ingxabano, kwaye isoloko itshintsha njengoko ubugcisa buphucula kwaye butshintsha imingeniselo esemthethweni. Kodwa ke, emazantsi ayo, ukunyuswa kwemiba elula: ukuba wonke umntu umele ukuba afumane ngokulinganayo. Ugcino-lwazi oluchanekileyo luqinisekisa ukuba idinga lomntu omnye, ivoti yedemo-democracti" iyaqondwa. Njengoko ilizwe lisiba nomgangatho ohlukeneyo, umgangatho wobalo olubalulekileyo nolulungeleyo.