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Ukuqonda IziHlaliso ZomGaqo-siseko: Isiseko Sendaleko Yedemokhrasi

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lumela enye yezona nkqubo zinamandla kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ziinguqu ezisemthethweni okanye zongezwano ezenziwe kumthetho welizwe osisiseko ovumela umgaqo-siseko ukuba uguquke kwibutho labantu. Olu lutshintsho luvumela umgaqo-siseko wantlandlolo ukuba ulungelelanise iimeko ezintsha, uthethe ngeengxaki ezingabonwa kwangaphambili, uphendule kwiimfuno ezitshintshayo namaxabiso abantu. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukutshintsha, umgaqo-siseko ubuya kuhlala uhleli uhleli uhleli kumaxwebhu, ungakwazi ukuhlalisa inkqubela okanye ulungiso oluchanekileyo olubonakala ngexesha.

Ingcamango yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ibonisa ulungelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kozinzo nobubhetyebhetye. Kwesinye isandla, umgaqo-siseko kufuneka uzinze ngokwaneleyo ukunikezela ngolawulo oluzinzileyo nokukhusela imigaqo esisiseko. Kwelinye icala, kufuneka zithambe ngokwaneleyo ukuze zihlale zinxulumene nezizukulwana. Olu lungelelwano lufunyanwa kwiinkqubo ezilungiswe ngobuchule ezenza utshintsho lube nokwenzeka kodwa lungabi lula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ngenkxaso ebanzi kuphela iba yinxalenye yomthetho ongundoqo.

Kubantu abavoti nabemi, ukuqonda utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Olu tshintsho luchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo omntu ngamnye nakwinkululeko ukuya kulwabelo lorhulumente nolawulo. Xa abavoti beqonda iinguqu, indlela abasebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba bebalulekile, bangenza izigqibo ezithelekelelwayo kwaye bagcine abameli babo benoxanduva lokukhusela imigaqo-siseko.

Yintoni Ngokwenene Uhlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko?

Ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko kukuzihlaziya okusemthethweni kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo onokudluliswa kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ezisesikweni, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kufuna iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezidla ngokubandakanya imiqobo ephezulu yokuvunyelelwa. Lo mgangatho uphakamileyo ubonisa indlela esisiseko yommiselo wesiseko kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kwisiseko esisisiseko sorhulumente ufumana imigangatho engaqhelekanga yesivumelwano.

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zingathatha iindlela ezininzi. Zingadibanisa ngokupheleleyo imimiselo emitsha kumgaqo-siseko, ilungisa izinto ezingaqukwanga kuxwebhu lokuqala. Zingaguqula amalungiselelo akhoyo okuhlaziya ulwimi, ukwandisa okanye ukwandiswa kwamandla, okanye ukucacisa izinto ezivele ngokutolika. Kwezinye iimeko, ukutshintshwa kwangaphambili kolungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, njengoko kwenzeka xa uGaqo-siseko WoluHlulo lweMgaqo-miyalelo owenziwe waphinda waphinda wawa umlomo weSindululo seshumi elinesibhozo soMgaqo-siseko eUnited States.

Umahluko phakathi kolungiso lomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho eqhelekileyo ubalulekile. Ngoxa izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinokudlula, zilungise, okanye zilungise imithetho eqhelekileyo ngenkqubo ezisesikweni, amalungiselelo esiseko-siseko athwala ubunzima obungakumbi kwaye ahlale ehleli. Imithetho kufuneka ihambelane nomgaqo-siseko, kwaye iinkundla zingawisa umthetho ongqubana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Eli qela liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo esisiseko ihlala ikhuselwe naxa iipolitiki zisenokukhetha iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.

Injongo Ebalulekileyo Nemisebenzi Yohlaziyo

Ulungiso loMgaqo-siseko lufeza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkqubo ephilileyo nesabelayo karhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi njongo kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba kutheni inkqubo yokulungisa ikho kwaye kufuneka isetyenziswe nini.

Ukukhusela Nokwandisa Amalungelo Abantu

Omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokulungisa umgaqo-siseko kukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nenkululeko. Izilungisi ezininzi kwimbali yonke zamkelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko okanye ukunikezela ukhuseleko kumaqela awayengafunwa ngaphambili. IBhili yamaLungelo .Nye yokuqala yeshumi ilungisa le njongo, imisela ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, indibano, namanye amalungelo abalulekileyo alinganisela amandla karhulumente kubantu ngabanye.

IziHlanziso zikwasetyenziswa ukulungisa okungekho sikweni ngokwembali kunye nokwandisa isangqa sabaxhasi bamalungelo. IziHlaliso zoHlaziyo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya zaphelisa ubukhoboka, amalungelo asungulweyo, nokungavumelekanga kocalucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Kamva ukurhoxiswa kwamalungelo okuvota kwandiswa kumabhinqa kwaye kwanciphisa ixesha lokuvota, kuqonda ukuba imisebenzi yedemokhrasi engcono xa ithe yathatyathwa inxaxheba ibanzi kwaye iqule nangakumbi.

Ukuqhelana Nokutshintsha Kwentlalo Nobugcisa

Ukuguquka kwemibutho, kunye nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuvumela umthetho osisiseko ukuba ugcine isantya kunye nophuhliso lwentlalo, lwezoqoqosho, kunye nolobugcisa. Iimbambano zokuba abalayishi bomgaqo-siseko bebengenakulindela zisenokufuna ingqalelo yomgaqo-siseko njengoko bevela. Inkqubo yokulungisa inika inkqubo yokusingatha ezi ngxaki zitsha ngeli lixa kugcinwa ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho kubugcisa bonxibelelwano, ezothutho, iinkqubo zezoqoqosho, kunye nentlangano yentlalo ziye zabangela iingxubusho zomgaqo-siseko, kwezinye iimeko, kunye nokukwazi ukutshintsha imigaqo-siseko ebhalwe kwimimandla ephakathi kwabantu bahlala isebenza kumaxesha oshishino nakwezolwazi, ukuphendula imicimbi yanamhlanje ngoxa igcina imigaqo engundoqo.

Izinto Ezibangela Ucace Nokulungiswa Kwempazamo

Maxa wambi imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko ingqineka ididane, ikhokelela ekudidekeni okanye kwiimpikiswano ngentsingiselo yayo. IziHlanziso zingazicacisa ezi zinto zibalulekileyo, zinike iimpendulo ezicacileyo kwimibuzo yomGaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, ukuba amava atyhila ukuba ilungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko alinaziphumo ezingacetywanga okanye alisebenzi nje ngendlela efunwayo, izilungiso zingenza izilungiso.

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. simisela umzekelo walo msebenzi ucacisayo. Samkelwa ukubhukuqa isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo nokucacisa oko kuthetha ukuba identi yeyokuzikhusela ekumangaleleni kwezinye iinkundla. IsiHlaliso seTwelfth silungise iingxaki kwinkqubo yokuqala yekholeji enyulwayo eyabonakala emva konyulo lowe-1800.

Ukulungisa Izakhiwo Namandla Karhulumente

IziHluzi zingenza utshintsho kwindlela urhulumente alungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kumasebe awahlukeneyo okanye kumgangatho karhulumente. Oku kulungisa kusenokususa umlinganiselo wamandla, kudala iinkqubo ezintsha zikarhulumente, okanye kushenxise izakhiwo eziphelelwe lixesha. Olo tshintsho luvumela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe ngaphandle kokuba afune ukubuyiselwa okupheleleyo komgaqo-siseko.

Imizekelo iquka utshintsho oluguqula indlela abaququzeleli abanyulwa ngayo, imida emiselwe ixesha lomongameli, okanye iinkqubo ezilungisiweyo zolandelelwano lomongameli. Olu tshintsho lokwakha lusabela kumava asebenzisekayo ngokulawula nokutshintsha kweembono ngendlela amele asebenze ngayo amaziko edemokhrasi.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa: Indlela ImiGaqo-siseko Eguqulwa Ngayo

Inkqubo yokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko ngenjongo ifuna okungaphezulu kunokudlulisa umthetho oqhelekileyo. Lo mqobo usebenza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: uqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko zixhaswa kakhulu, uthintela utshintsho olungxamayo olusekelwe kwiminqweno yezopolitiko yexeshana, kwaye ugcina uzinzo negunya lomgaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

Inkqubo yokuHlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela inkqubo yeqonga elibini lokulungisa: isindululo kunye nokudityaniswa. Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko lichaza iindlela ezimbini zokulungisa kunye neendlela ezimbini zokuzilungisa, zidala iindlela ezine ezinokwenzeka kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Iindlela ezizizo: Ukulungisa kungacetyiswa ngevoti yezindlu zombini ezizii-3 okanye ngendibano yezomGaqo-siseko ebizwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini eziziisithathu. Okunjalo, zonke iinguquko ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kwiU.S. zicetyiwe yiBhunga; indlela yengqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko ayizange isetyenziswe, nangona bekukho iminxeba enjalo yendibano kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo.

Iindlela zokwahlula: zakuba zicetyiwe, ulungiso kufuneka lugunyaziswe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu ezine okanye ziindibano kwiingingqi ezintathu ezine. Iingqungquthela zikhetha ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo yokwahlula ezakusetyenziswa ekulungiseni inguquko nganye. Zonke iinguquko ngaphandle kokuba ii-amakumi amabini-kuqala zivunywe yimithetho yowiso-mthetho; uHlaziselo lwezokuqala, oluthi lwavunywa kwakhona yindibano yesizwe.

Le nkqubo idala imiqobo ebalulekileyo kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Imfuneko yemiqathango emikhulu kuzo zombini izicelo kunye namaqondo olwakhiwo ithetha ukuba inkxaso eqinileyo ifuna ububanzi, inkxaso exhasweyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye nee-contituences zobupolitika. Ngenxa yoko, amawaka entengiselwano aye acetyiswa kwiBhunga kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kodwa amashumi amathathu anesithathu kuphela afumene ivoti efunekayo ezimbini-isithathu ukuba zithunyelwe kumazwe, kwaye amashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela aye avunywa.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwamanye Amazwe

Amazwe awahlukeneyo aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, ebonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo ngokutshintsha-tshintsha komgaqo-siseko nokuzinza. Eminye imimiselo ilula ukutshintsha kuneminye, kwaye le mahluko inentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwindlela inkqubo yomGaqo-siseko eguquka ngayo.

Ulawulo-mthetho olulawula ipalamente ezininzi luvumela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zabo zitshintshe umgaqo-siseko ngevoti eziphezulu, ngaphandle kokufuna ukwahlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngamaphondo okanye ngabavoti. Umzekelo, uMthetho osisiseko weJamani ungalungiswa ngamavoti amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini epalamente. Oku kwenza utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lufikeleleke ngakumbi kunaseUnited States, nangona kusenzima kakhulu kunokudlulisa umthetho oqhelekileyo.

Amanye amazwe afuna izicelo ezidumileyo zokulungisa umgaqo-siseko, enika abemi intetho ngqo kwiinguquko ezingundoqo. Ngokomzekelo, i-Ireland, ifuna ukuba zonke izindululo zomGaqo-siseko zivunywe ngabavoti. I-Australia ifuna imvume yepalamente kunye ne-arhente apho uninzi lwabavoti belizwe lonke kunye noninzi lwabavoti kwimimandla emininzi bavumela ukupheliswa. I-Switzerland ikwasebenzisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kweenguqu zomgaqo-siseko.

Amanye amazwe aneenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-siseko. Eminye imimiselo imisela imimiselo ethile njengengenakutshintsha, ekhusela imigaqo-siseko nakuluphi na utshintsho. Umzekelo, iGerman Sicle Law ivakalisa ukuba ukupheliswa okuchaphazela isidima somntu, idemokhrasi, okanye urhulumente akunakwenzeka. Umgaqo-siseko weFransi uyakwalela ukutshintshwa kohlobo lorhulumente weriphabliki.

Indima Yexesha Elilinganiselweyo Ekufumaneni Imali Eninzi

Umba obangela umdla wenkqubo yokulungisa ubandakanya imida yexesha lokwenza ingxolo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuchazi ixesha eliqingqiweyo lemiqathango yokulungisa i-raftice ecetyiweyo, kodwa iBhunga lisoloko liquka imiqathango yexesha kwisigqibo sokulungisa okanye kumbhalo wokulungisa ngokwawo. Ulungiso lwangoku luquke iinjongo ezithabatha iminyaka esixhenxe.

Umbuzo wemida yexesha ubangele impikiswano. ISigqibo samaLungelo esilinganayo, ekwathiwa ngo-1972 sinonyaka osixhenxe, sawa kumazwe amathathu angenaxesha lokudityaniswa kwemiqathango xa ixesha liphelile ngo-1982, phezu kwako nje ukudityaniswa kwengqungquthela. Kutshanje, amanye amazwe avumile ukuba kulungiswe inguquko emva kwamashumi eminyaka emva kommiselo, aphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ingaba inokuba yinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko kusini.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, oluthi lunyuke umrhumo wengqungquthela, lunikela ityala elingaqhelekanga. Lwamiswa ngo1789 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo yantlandlolo, aluzange luvunywe de kwango-192/2000 kwiminyaka kamva. Ngenxa yokuba lwalungenayo ixesha lokubekwa kwemiqathango, lwaba yinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko okha wagunyaziswa, ebonisa ukuba isiphelo esingenamida singahlala sisebenza ngonaphakade.

IziHlaliso eziNgaziwayo zoMgaqo-siseko kunye nempembelelo yazo

Ukuhlolisisa iinguquko ezithile kunceda ubone indlela iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko eziye zawaguqula ngayo amazwe namalungelo akhuselekileyo. Imizekelo elandelayo yembali yaseUnited States ibonisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo neempembelelo ezinzulu zokutshintshwa komgaqo - siseko.

IBhili Yamalungelo: IMiphetho Engomnye Ngeshumi

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ezaziwa njengeSigqeba samaLungelo, zavunywa ngo-1791 zaza zamela enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ziphunyezweyo kwimbali yomGaqo-siseko. Ezi zindululo zongezwa ukuphendula inkxalabo yokuba umGaqo-siseko wokuqala awuzange uyikhusele ngokwaneleyo inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kurhulumente ophazamayo.

IsiHlanzi Sokuqala sikhusela inkululeko engundoqo emininzi: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano, kunye nesicelo. Sithintela iNgqungquthela ekumiseni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ekuthinteleni ukuqhelisela unqulo, kwaye sikhusela ilungelo lokuvakalisa iingcamango, ukupapasha ulwazi, ukuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Ezi zikhuselwa zibumba isiseko sentetho yedemokhrasi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwequmrhu.

[ IsiHlalisi sesibini sithetha nelungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, ilungiselelo eliqhubeka livelisa impikiswano ebalulekileyo ngobungakanani bayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo kwibutho lanamhlanje. IsiHlaziyo sesithathu [ sithintela ukuhlaziywa kwamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuphendula isikhalazo esithile ukususela kwixesha lamathanga.

IsiHlamlisi sesine [ sikhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kufuna imfuneko yokusekelwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo. Olu khuselo luye lwatshintshela ukusingatha ubugcisa bokuhlola kunye nenkxalabo yezogcino-lwazi. IsiHlangiso sesihlanu [[FLT:] siquka izikhuseli ezininzi: ekunene kwijaji enzulu yetyala, ukukhusela kwiingozi eziphindiweyo, ilungelo lokuzikhusela kwinkqubela-yo, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokwenza okufanelekileyo kunye nembuyiselo xa impahla ithathiwe ukuze isetyenziswe ngokubanzi.

IsiHlalisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa amalungelo ekumangalelweni kwabemi-mthetho, kuquka iimvavanyo ezikhawulezayo nezingakhethi-cango, isaziso sezityholo, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo enyanzelisayo yokufumana amangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko. IsiHlanzi soLawulo seSebesti silondoloza ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwamatyala asekuhlaleni. ISinyuso soHlulo seNkluvolo [12] soluvo] sokwaphula umthetho [indlela]

IsiHlalisi seNyeni sicacisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko athethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo adwelisweyo. UMthetho-siseko weshumi [ ogciniweyo kumazwe okanye abantu wonke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente, ugxininiso lomgaqo-siseko.

IziHlayiso zoQokelela: Ishumi elinesithathu, Ishumi Elinane neleshumi elinesihlanu

Uhlaziyo, olwavunywayo emva kweMfazwe Yamakhaya, ngokusisiseko lwaguqula umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMerika ngokuthetha ngobukhoboka nangemiphumo yako. Ezi zindululo zimela ezona nguqulelo zibalulekileyo zomGaqo-siseko ukususela kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

IsiHlanzi se-Hagati , esamkelwe ngo-1865, saphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kupheliswa kwaphelisa esinye sezona zingcoliso zikhulu zokuziphatha kwimbali yeMelika kwaye ngokusisiseko kwaguqula isakhiwo sentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ukunqandwa kwaso kwaphawula ukuphela komgaqo-siseko owawukho ukususela kumaxesha obuhlanya.

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine , esamkelwe ngo1868, sinye yezona lungiselelo zomGaqo-siseko zibalulekileyo nezisoloko zicatshulwa. Siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalwayo okanye abadalwe eUnited States ngabemi, babhukuqa isigqibo sikaDred Scott esasingawafuni ubumi bamaMelika aseAfrika. Ukuzinzisa kukwalela ekunganikwa amalungelo okanye ukukhuselwa kwabemi, ukuhlupha nabani na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukukhanyelwa nabani na olinganayo nemithetho ekhusela.

ISindululo soMphetho seshumi elinesine soMsebenzi woLawulo noMgangatho ka-Equatha u-Claus sitolikwa ukuba sisebenzise uninzi lwezikhuseli zaMalungelo kurhulumente wephondo kwaye sithintele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zocalulo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezingokwahlulwa kwesikolo, ukulingana komtshato, amalungelo okuqhomfa, neminye imibandela emininzi iye yasekelwa kumalungiselelo e-14 oMgqibo-mda.

IsiHlalisi seshumi elinesihlanu soMphetho-mva, esigunyazisiweyo ngo-1870, sithintela oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangalifuni ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. Ngoxa le njongo yayinenjongo yokukhusela amalungelo okuvota kubantu ababengamakhoboka, isithembiso saso sathotyelwa phantsi kangangenkulungwane emalunga nekhulu linye ngoqheliso lokukhuphela ulwazi olufana novavanyo lokubhalisa, ukukhuthuza iirhafu, kunye nogonyamelo.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithoba: Isigunyaziso samabhinqa

Ngo-1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobuGqibela-mthetho kunye nokuziphethe, uMphengululo weSithoba uthintela oorhulumente borhulumente noweshumi elinesithoba ekukhanyeni ilungelo lokuvota ngesizinzi sesini. Oku kulungiswa kwabonisa ukoyisa okukhulu kumbutho wamabhinqa oziintlolayo kwaye ngokusisiseko kwandisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.

Umzabalazo wokuzingisa kwamabhinqa waqala ngokunyanisekileyo kwiNdibano yeeFalls yaseSeneca ngo1848 kwaye waqhubeka kwizizukulwana zokulungelelanisa, ukuqhankqalaza, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Oobhali bencwadi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumaphulo karhulumente ngenkani ukuya kuzama ukulungisa umgaqo-siseko. Ukulungisa ukuphumelela kokukhetha kwaza kwavula amathuba amatsha okuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika nempembelelo yamabhinqa.

Ifuthe leSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba ladlulela ngaphaya kwamalungelo ovota, lifak' isandla kwiinguqu ezibanzi kubume bamabhinqa obusemthethweni nakwimisebenzi yentlalo. Nangona ukungalingani ngokwesini okubalulekileyo kwaqhubeka emva ko-1920, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo wokulingana kwezobupolitika kwaza kwanika isiseko senkqubela elandelayo kumalungelo amabhinqa.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu: Ukuthotywa kweNkcubeko

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1971, lwahlisa ixesha lokuvota ukusuka kumashumi amabini anesibhozo ukuya kumashumi asibhozo kumazwe asekuhlaleni, unyulo, kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho lwamkelwa ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, xa isiqubulo esithi "sidala ngokwaneleyo ukulwa, sidala ngokwaneleyo ukuvota" sathi abo baphantsi komkhosi mababe nelizwi ekukhetheni iinkokeli zabo.

Isigqibo sokulungisa sacetyiswa saza sagunyaziswa ngesantya esiphawulekayo ngezantsi, ngaphezu nje kweenyanga ezintathu ukusuka kwisicelo sombutho ukuya kudityaniswa ngamanani afunekayo karhulumente. Oku kufumana ulwamkelo ngokukhawuleza kwabonisa ukuba imvumelwano ebanzi yokuba ixesha lokuvota limele lithotywe, ingakumbi ukunikwa imeko-mongo yabaselula baseMerika abasebenza kumkhosi.

IsiHlamlisi samashumi amabini anesithandathu sandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuvota, sadibanisa izigidi zabavoti abaselula kwiiroli. Saqonda ukuba oopolisa abaneminyaka elishumi elinesibhozo banokuqola ngokwaneleyo kwaye basengozini kwibutho labantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zedemokhrasi, ukudibanisa amalungelo okuvota kunye nezinye iziphawuli zobudala.

Ezinye Izicombululo Ezibalulekileyo

Ezinye izindululo ezininzi ziye zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. IsiHlanzi seSihlanu seSihlaziyo seSinethi sagunyazisa irhafu yengeniso karhulumente, ngokubhekiselele kwintlawulo karhulumente etshintshayo. ISindululo seSevententente [ samisa unyulo oluthe ngqo lwamaqumrhu eethamelini kunokuba iwisomkelo somthetho, senza iCantenethi ibekelwe ngaphaya koxanduva yedemodegi.

IsiHlalisi seshumi elinesibhozo sakwalela ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa, kunye nezithuthi zotywala, ngeli xesha uHlaliso lwakuqala olungamashumi amabini [ luphinde lwawuphelisa lo mthetho ```umzekelo wokuphela kotshintsho olunye.' Esi siganeko sibonisa ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, ngexa kunzima ukwamkelwa, kungatshintshwa xa kungqinwa ukuba akusebenzi okanye kungalumkanga.

[[FLT: 0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi esingamashumi amabini-Siphendu sakwalela uhlaziyo olona mongameli abalinganiselweyo kumagama amabini aseofisini, bephendula kuFranklin D. Roosevelt's yexesha lesine sobungangamsha. IsiHlamlo seNkqubela-Mpatho-Amashumi amabini [ salela ukuhlahlela uludwe lwerhafuno kunyuso lwemali kunyulo, ukususa umqobo oye wasetyenziswa ukukhusela abantu abangamahlwempu, ingakumbi ama-Afrika, ekuvoti. [ast:] IsiHluli-FT] IsiHluli seNguqulo seNgqozo zeNgqozo zeNkcitho-onke [[FLT]] ] olucacisa ulandeleniso lwezipheko, izithuba esibhentshuliweyo, esibhenxixwezi sezo olubhethelwe zityhilwe zibuleyo,

Impikiswano Ngokuthand ’ inxaxheba Kukuthand ’ inxaxheba emgathweni

Iqondo elifanelekileyo lobunzima bokulawula umgaqo-siseko belixatyiswa ukususela oko umgaqo-siseko wabhalwayo okokuqala. Le ngxoxo iphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nendlela edalwe ngayo umGaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Iimpikiswano Zokwenza Imilinganiselo Enzima Yokuhlaziywa

Abaxhasi beenkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa baphikisa ngelithi imimiselo yemithetho-siseko kufuneka izinze yaye ihlale ihleli. Imida ephakamileyo yokulungisa ikhusela imigaqo esisiseko kwiintloko-siseko zokwexeshana zezopolitiko kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi, okuzinzileyo kunokusuka kuphele nje. Olu luzinziso luvumela ukuba imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko isebenze njenge-ankile yenkqubo esemthethweni kunye nemithombo yokuqhubekeka kwezizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Iinkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa zikhuthaza ukucingisiswa ngocoselelo. Xa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lufuna umgudu ongaqhelekanga nenkxaso, abaxhasi kufuneka bakhe imibutho emide baze beyise abagxeki. Le nkqubo itheth ’ iliso ingenza utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lungabi namiphumo.

Ngaphezu koko, iinkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa zikhusela amalungelo amancinane ngokuthi kuthintelwe izinto ezinkulu ekutshintsheni ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lula. Ukuba iinguqu bezilula ukusetyenziswa, iintloko zexeshana zisenokuhendelwa ukususa ukhuseleko lwamaqela angathandwayo okanye iimbono. Iindlela eziphezulu zokulungisa ziqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo asisiseko ahlala ekhuselekile naxa kuphikiswana ngezobupolitika.

Iimpikiswano Zokwenza Umgaqo - siseko Wokulungiswa Okulula

Abahlalutyi beenkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa bathi umgaqo-siseko ongqongqo kakhulu uyaphelelwa lixesha kwaye awusabeli kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lunzima kakhulu, umgaqo-siseko ungasilela ukucombulula ucelomngeni olutsha okanye ukulungisa okungekho sikweni, okukhokelela ekunxunguphaleni kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo enzima yokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ifak ’ isandla ekungasebenzini komGaqo-siseko kwaye ithintele iinguqu ezifunekayo.

Iinkqubo zokulungisa ezilula zivumela umgaqo-siseko ukuba uguqulele kwidemokhrasi kunokuba uguqulele ngenkcazelo yezahlulelo. Xa ukulungisa okusesikweni kunzima kakhulu, iinkundla zingaziva zinyanzelekile ukuba zichaze kwakhona amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukuze zicombulule imibandela yangoku, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba kuncitshiswe ukuphenduleka kwedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezifikelelekayo zokulungisa idemokhrasi ziya kuvumela abantu nabameli babo ukuba bahlaziye ngokuthe ngqo lo mgaqo-siseko.

Ukongezelela, abaxhasi beenguqu ezilula baphikisa ngelithi imikhosi yedemokhrasi ifanele ikwazi ukuzilawula ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa ngokugqithiseleyo zisigqibo ezenziwa zizizukulwana ezingaphambili. Nangona izizinzo ezithile zixabisekile, imimiselo ayifanele ibe lukhuni kangangokuba ibathintele abemi belo xesha ekwenzeni ukhetho olusisiseko ngokuphathelele ulawulo lwabo.

Ukufumana Ulungelelwano Olufanelekileyo

Umgangatho olungileyo wobubhetyebhetye obusemgceni usenokuba ngaphaya kobungqongqo obugqithisileyo kunye nobugqwesi-mali obugqithisileyo. UmGaqo-siseko kufuneka uzinze ngokwaneleyo ukubonelela nokukhusela imigaqo esisiseko, kodwa uthambe ngokwaneleyo ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye neempazamo ezichanekileyo. Umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ungahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimbali yelizwe, kwinkcubeko yezobupolitika, kunye nesakhiwo sentlangano.

Imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yokulungisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zolungiselelo inganika isisombululo esinye. Eminye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko eyahlula phakathi kwemimiselo esisiseko ekunzima kakhulu okanye ekunzima ukuyilungisa kunye nemiqathango esisiseko enokutshintshwa lula. Le ndlela ikhusela imigaqo engundoqo ngexa ivumela ubhetyebhetye kwezinye iindawo.

Iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko wethutyana

Ngoxa utshintsho olusesikweni lumela indlela esemthethweni yokutshintsha komgaqo-siseko, umgaqo-siseko ukwaguqula ngendlela engacwangciswanga. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zicwangcisiweyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ezisebenza ngayo inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kwaye iinkcazelo zazo zinokuyiguqula ngokuphawulekayo intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokutshintshwa ngokusesikweni. Ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-siseko, iinkundla zisebenzisa ulwimi oluqhelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezithile, ziphuhlisa iimfundiso kunye nezivavanyo ezinika intsingiselo ecacileyo kwimigaqo engaqondakaliyo.

Ingcaciso yezomthetho isenokunwena okanye ivume ukukhusela okusemthethweni, itshintshe ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamaziko karhulumente, ilungelelanise imiqathango yezomgaqo-siseko neemeko ezintsha. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zawuguqula ngokunempumelelo umthetho womGaqo-siseko kwimibandela esusela kwenye kwiphulo lokuxhasa amalungelo obuqu, konke oku ngaphandle kokulungisa okusesikweni.

Ukufaneleka kokutolikwa komgaqo-siseko ogwebayo kuyaphikiswa. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zifanele zitolike umgaqo-siseko ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, zithintele imigaqo-siseko yokugweba nokugcina umgaqo-siseko njengoko ubhalwe. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi umgaqo-siseko umele uchazwe njengoxwebhu oluphilayo oluguqukayo nebutho labantu, olufuna ukuba iinkundla zivumelanise imigaqo-siseko ngokweemeko zanamhlanje.

ISiqheliselo soMthetho neSigqeba

Intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ikwaguqula ngokwenziwa kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo. Xa amaziko karhulumente esoloko echaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezithile, ezi nkcazelo zinokusekwa zingqiqo zomGaqo-siseko ezimiselwe ngaphandle kokutshintshwa okanye ukugwetywa ngokusemthethweni.

Ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awugunyazi ngokucacileyo ukuhlolisiswa kwetyala, “‘ amandla eenkundla okuwisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho-siseko (*) kodwa olu qheliselo lwamiselwa ngezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yangaphambili kunye nokwamkelwa ngokulandelayo zezinye iinkalo zolawulo lwamasebe. Ngokufanayo, iinkalo ezininzi zelizwe langoku, indima yomongameli kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, kunye noqheliselo lwezikombutho kunokuba kuqululo olusemthethweni lwemithetho-siseko.

Iinguqulelo Ezentlalo Nezenkcubeko

Iinguqu zentlalo ebanzi nenkcubeko zichaphazela indlela eziqondwa ngayo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngayo iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko. Njengoko izithethe zoluntu ziguquka, iingcamango zomgaqo-siseko ezifana "zikhuselo ezilinganayo," "inkqubo ekhawulezileyo" kunye "nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" zingachazwa ngokwahlukileyo. Oko kubalulekileyo njengokusengqiqweni, okuyimfuneko, okanye okufanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo-siseko kusoloko kubonisa amaxabiso nokuqondana kwamaxesha angoku.

Olu nxulumano phakathi komthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo luntsokothile kwaye lulawula. Imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko ingabangela utshintsho ngokwentlalo ngokuseka amalungelo nokukhusela okucelw ’ umngeni izenzo ezikhoyo. Ngokuchasene noko, inkcubeko kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko kusenokuphembelela ukuchazwa komGaqo-siseko, njengoko iinkundla namanye amaziko esabela ekupheliseni amaxabiso oluntu.

Ukungagqibeleli Nokuphikisana Okuqhubekayo

Asizizo zonke izinto eziye zatshintshwa eziye zaphumelela, yaye uhlolisiso olungazange luphumelele lutyhila iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zezobupolitika nocelomngeni lokufikelela ukulungelelana kwiinguqulelo ezisisiseko.

UMthetho Othe Tye

I-Aumencial Rights Amendment (ERA), eyaya kulwalela ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo ngesizinzi sesini, yacetyiswa yiKhomishini ngowe-1972 ngemiqathango yokukhutshwa kwemida yeminyaka esixhenxe. Ulungiso ekuqaleni lwafumana inkxaso ekhawulezileyo, kodwa ukudityaniswa okuye kwagcinwa phakathi kwenkcaso ecwangcisiweyo. Phezu kwako nje ulwandiso lommiselo omiselwe u-1982, iERA yawa phantsi kwamazwe amathathu afunekayo ukuze akhuliswe.

Ukungaphumeleli kwe-ERA kubonisa indlela ekunzima ngayo ukufikelela ukulungelelaniswa okubanzi okufunekayo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko, kwanasezindululweni ezinenkxaso ephawulekayo. Abachasi baphakamisa inkxalabo malunga neziphumo ezinokwenzeka kwimithetho nemigaqo-siseko ecacileyo, ngeli lixa abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ukukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko ngokucacileyo nxamnye nocalucalulo lwesini kwakuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukulingana.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo amaninzi aye avumelana nolu suku lwamashumi eminyaka emva kolu nyaka, ephakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba lunokuba yinxalenye yoMgaqo-siseko. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisana enoba lo mhla wawufanelekile kusini na, enoba iBhunga lalinokuwunyusa okanye lalinokuwususa, nokuba amaphondo anokuwuphinda awulungise. Le mibuzo ayikaphenduli.

IziHlalulo zoHlahlo-mali eziZinzileyo

Izicelo zokufuna uqingqo-mali olulungeleleneyo lwamagunya karhulumente ngolungiso lomgaqo-siseko ziye zaphikiswana kangangamashumi eminyaka. Abaxhasi bathi utshintsho olunjalo lunganyanzelisa ingqeqesho ephantsi kwaye luthintele amatyala agqithisileyo karhulumente. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi iimfuno ezilungeleleneyo zoqingqo-mali ziya kuba yingozi ngokwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi ngexesha lokunqongophala kwemali xa kuyimfuneko, kwaye bangaba nzima ukunyanzelisa.

Ulungiso lohlahlo-mali olulungeleleneyo lufikelele kufutshane ekudluleni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kodwa aluzange lufumane ubungangamsha obufunekayo bobuhlanga obuphezulu. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi worhulumente uquka iimfuno zoqingqo-mali ezilungeleleneyo, kodwa ukurhoxa nokungafezeki kwemfuneko enjalo kumgangatho wesizwe kusekho ukukhuphisana.

Imida Yemithetho Yongqungquthela

Izindululo zokumisela inani lamagama amalungu eBhunga anokusebenza ngawo afumane inkxaso ngamaxesha athile, ingakumbi ngexesha lokulwa nokungamiselwanga. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi imilinganiselo yegama iya kunciphisa umsebenzi, ukujinga-jinga, kwaye yenza iKhomishini iphendule ngakumbi kubavoti. Abagxeki bathi imida yegama ingaphelisa abalawuli abanamava, yandise impembelelo yabaququzeleli kunye nabasebenzi, kwaye ichase ilungelo labavoti lokukhetha abameli babo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa isigqibo ngo-1995 sokuba amatyala akanakubeka imida ekwimida emiselwe abathunywa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ibinzana eligama liya kufuna ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko. Nangona kukho inkxaso kawonke-wonke yengcamango, imigaqo yeli gama ayikhange ifumane inkxaso eyaneleyo yokuthunyelwa kumazwe ukuze kukhuthuzwe igosa.

Indima Yabemi Kwinkqubo Yocombululo

Nangona inkqubo yokulungisa ibandakanya amaziko karhulumente, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqaliseni, ekuxhaseni nasekuchaseni iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunika abavoti amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukukhuthala neNtlalo

Ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okunempumelelo kuye kwaqaliswa yimibutho exhasiweyo yobugqwirha kunye nentlalo eyakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika ukuze kutshintshwe. Umbutho wamabhinqa, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, neminye imigudu elungelelanisiweyo yabonisa amandla obumi bokuzilolonga ekufikeleleni utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko.

Ukusetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo kokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuna ukuzinikela okude, ukwakhiwa kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo, unxibelelwano olulungelelanisiweyo ukuphembelela abathandabuzayo, kunye nengcinezelo eqhubekayo kwiinkokeli zobupolitika. Abahlali bangafak' isandla kule migudu ngentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukusuka kwiingca ezilungelelanisa ukuya kwimfundo kawonke-wonke ukukhokelela ekuququqeleni abameli.

Ukubonelela nokuphendula

Abemi baphembelela inkqubo yokulungisa ngokuvota kwabo abaza kuqwalasela utshintsho olucetyiswayo. Xa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lungaphumi ngokwezobupolitika, abavoti bangabaxhasa abo baneembono ezifanayo ngeenguqu ezicetyiweyo baze bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo enziwe aphendule ngezikhundla zawo kwimibandela yomgaqo-siseko.

Kumazwe apho ukulungisa komGaqo-siseko kufuna ukuhlaziywa okuthandwayo, abemi bavota ngqo kutshintsho olucetyiswayo. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba ngqo kunika abavoti impembelelo ekhawulezileyo kwinkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezingundoqo zixhaswe kakhulu. Ukuvota ngokuveliswa kotshintsho olusemgceni-siseko kufuna ukuqonda oko ukuguquka okuya kukwenza, indlela abaya kuchaphazela ngayo amalungelo nokulawula, kunye nendlela abanokuxhasa nokuchasa ngayo.

Inkululeko Kawonke-wonke Nemfundo

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ziyangenelwa kwingcebiso karhulumente eqinileyo. Xa abemi bebandakanyeka kwingxubusho engolwazi ngeenguqu ezicetyiweyo zomgaqo-siseko, bayakwazi ukuphawula iingxaki ezinokubakho, iingcebiso zococeko, kunye nokwakha isivumelwano. Ingcebiso yoluntu ikwakhulisa ukufaneleka kotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zibonisa ukuqonda nokuxhasa okuqhelekileyo kunokuba zibonise ukuphatha okanye iminqweno ephakamileyo yexeshana.

Abami bangaba negalelo ekuzicebiseni ngomgaqo-siseko ngokuzifundisa ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiingxoxo neengxoxo zikawonke-wonke, ukuba nentlonelo nabo baneembono ezahlukeneyo, nokunceda abanye baqonde oko kuthethwa kukulungisa okucetyiweyo. Ubuchule bokuzicingela bufuna inkcazelo echanileyo, ukuganana ngokholo olulungileyo, nokukulungela ukuqwalasela iimbono ezininzi.

Ukuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko Ehlabathini Lonke

Ukuhlolisisa indlela amazwe awahlukahlukeneyo asebenzisa ngayo ukulungiswa komGaqo-siseko kunikela imbono exabisekileyo yothelekiso yaye kutyhila izicombululo ezahlukahlukeneyo kucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo.

UmGaqo-siseko Obhetyebhetye

Amanye amazwe anemithetho-siseko ebhetyebhetye enokuthi ilungiswe ngeenkqubo ezinokufuneka ngokufanelekileyo kunomthetho oqhelekileyo. Urhulumente weUnited Kingdom, onemithetho-siseko engamiswanga, unokwenza iinguqulelo kumgaqo-siseko ngomthetho wepalamente othe rhoqo, nangona ezinye iinguqulelo ezisisiseko zisenokufuna iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo okanye ukuvunywa okuthandwayo.

Umgaqo-siseko waseNew Zealand ngokufanayo ungalungiswa ngomthetho oqhelekileyo, nangona amanye amalungiselelo efuna inkxaso egqithisileyo. Oku kuguquka kuvumela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lomgaqo-siseko kodwa kunika ukhuseleko oluncinci kwimigaqo esisiseko kwiinkalo zokwexeshana.

UmGaqo-siseko oGqityiweyo

Amanye amazwe anomgaqo-siseko ongqongqo kakhulu ekunzima ukuwutshintsha. Umgaqo-siseko waseJapan, umzekelo, ufuna imvume ephindwe kabini kwizindlu zombini zepalamente elandelwa luvumo lwenkoliso kwisebe lesizwe. Nangona zininzi iingcebiso, umgaqo-siseko waseJapan awuzange uguqulwe ukususela ekumkelweni kwawo ngo 1947, ukuwenza omnye weyona mimiselo yehlabathi ezinzileyo.

Ukuzinza komgaqo-siseko waseJapan kubangele impikiswano yokuba ingayicombulula ngokufanelekileyo na imingeni yale mihla, ingakumbi malunga nemikhosi yomkhosi kunye nokhuselo lwesizwe. Abaxhasi benkqubo yangoku baphikisa ngelithi uzinzo lomgaqo-siseko luye lwayinceda kakuhle iJapan, ngoxa abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi ukungakwazi ukuphelisa ukutshintsha kubangele iingxaki ekusebenzeni nasekucaciseni.

UmGaqo-siseko onokuthatha inxaxheba ekuxhaseni

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lufuna ii-arhente ezisetyenziswayo ukuze kulungiswe iinguqu eziqhelekileyo zomGaqo-siseko, zinika abemi ulawulo olungqalileyo kwiinguquko ezisisiseko. ISwitzerland inenye yeenkqubo ezizizo ezohlukeneyo, ezisoloko zikho kwimiqathango yokulungisa ecetywa ngurhulumente nangabemi. Le nkqubo ibonakalisa izithethe zaseSwitzerland zedemokhrasi ezingqalileyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko zinenkxaso ethandwayo.

I-Ireland ifuna zonke izindululo zomGaqo-siseko zivunywe yi-arhenteum, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni abantu badibane ngemibandela engokomGaqo-siseko. Iingxelo zakutshanje zase-Ireland ezithetha ngokulingana nokuqhomfa kwamalungelo okuqhomfa zabonisa indlela ukuxhaphaka kokulungisa umGaqo-siseko okunokuyilungisa ngayo imicimbi yentlalo ngeenkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Amalungiselelo Anokubizwa Ngamagama

Ezinye iziko lomgaqo-siseko ziquka amalungiselelo angenakutshintshwa, akhusela imigaqo ethile esisiseko nakweyiphi na iinguqulelo. UMthetho osisiseko waseJamani uyakwalela ukutshintshwa okuchaphazela isidima somntu, idemokhrasi, ulawulo-mpukane, kunye nomthetho-siseko. Umgaqo-siseko weFransi uyalela ukupheliswa kohlobo lukarhulumente weriphabliki. La malungiselelo angenakulungiseka abonakalisa imigwebo yokuba imigaqo ethile ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba ifanele ikhuselwe ngokusisigxina.

Ingcamango yamalungiselelo angalungisekiyo iphakamisa imibuzo yentanda-bulumko ngegunya lomgaqo-siseko nolawulo-demokhrasi. Ingaba esinye isizukulwana singabopha izizukulwana ezizayo ngokwenza amalungiselelo athile angaguquguquki? Ngaba amalungiselelo angenakuguqulwa akhusela imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo okanye athintele ukhetho lwedemokhrasi? Le mibuzo ayinazo iimpendulo ezilula kodwa ibonakalisa inkxwaleko ebalulekileyo kwindlela elungiselelwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo NgeziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Iingcamango eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngokutshintshwa komgaqo - siseko zinokubangela ukudideka ngendlela iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko ezisebenza ngayo. Ukucacisa ezi ngcamango ziphosakeleyo kunceda abemi balapho bakuqonde kakuhle ulawulo lomgaqo - siseko.

Umgaqo Ophosakeleyo: IziHlomelo Zikuphela Kwendlela ImiGaqo-siseko Etshintsha Ngayo

Njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, umgaqo-siseko uguquka ngobuchule obuninzi obungaphaya kokutshintshwa okusesikweni. Utoliko lwezeejaji, uqheliselo lorhulumente, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo zonke zinegalelo ekuphuhlisweni komGaqo-siseko. Nangona zibalulekile, zimela umlinganiselo omnye wotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abemi baqonde ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko neendlela ezininzi abanokuphembelela ngazo intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo: Wonke amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko abaluleke ngokufanayo

Asingawo onke amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko anobunzima obulinganayo okanye abalulekileyo. Amanye amalungiselelo amisela amalungelo asisiseko okanye imigaqo yesiseko engundoqo ekulawuleni komGaqo-siseko. Amanye athetha ngemibandela emincinane okanye iimeko ezithile ezingokwembali. Ukuqonda oku kwahluka kolu mahluko kunceda abemi balapho baphucule imibandela yomgaqo-siseko baze banikele ingqalelo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Ophosakeleyo: IziHlanziso zoMgaqo-siseko zisoloko ziphucula umGaqo-siseko

Ngelixesha izilungiso ezininzi ziphucule imigaqo ebalulekileyo kwaye zilungise okungekho sikweni, azizizo zonke izilungiso eziye zaphumelela okanye zanceda. Ukwaliwa kweSindululo seshumi elinesibhozo sotywala kujongwa ngokubanzi njengovavanyo olungaphumelelanga oluye lwalungiswa ekugqibeleni. Ezinye iziphendu ziye zafumana iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye zangqineka zingasebenzi ngendlela ebezingalindelekilenga. Abahlali kufuneka baqwalasele ngokunzulu ukupheliswa kwento kunokucinga ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lulungile ngokwemvelo.

Imbono Ephosakeleyo: Inkqubo Yohlaziyo Isemthethweni

Nangona utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lubandakanya iinkqubo zomthetho, inkqubo yokulungisa ixhomekeke kwezobupolitika. IziHlaliso eziphumeleleyo okanye ezisilelayo ngokusekelwe kwimibutho yezopolitiko, ekwakheni, ekwakheni, nasekulawuleni. Ukuqonda imiqathango yezopolitiko yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko kunceda abemi ukuba babandakanyeke ngokunempumelelo kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko kwaye baqonde ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lufuna inyathelo lezobupolitika, hayi nje impikiswano engomthetho.

Ikamva Lohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuya kuhlala kubalulekile ekulungiseni umthetho osisiseko kwiimeko ezintsha. Imeko neengxaki eziliqela ziya kuyilo imigudu yexesha elizayo.

Utshintsho lobugcisa kunye namalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha engomgaqo-siseko malunga nokuzimela, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuqwalasela namanye amalungelo asisiseko. Unxibelelwano lwamanani, ubuchule bokuyila, ubugcisa bebhayoloji nezinye izinto ezintsha zidala iingxaki abangenakuzilindela abaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko. Ukulungisa okuzayo kungafuneka ukucombulula le mingeni nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko luhlala lunentsingiselo kwiimeko zobugcisa.

Imibuzo ephathelele ukubekwa kolwazi, ukuhlolwa koorhulumente, ukwenza izigqibo ze-algorithm, namalungelo amanani sele ibangela iingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubeka buguquka, uxinzelelo locaciso lomgaqo-siseko okanye utshintsho lusenokunyuka, ingakumbi ukuba imimiselo ekhoyo yomgaqo-siseko ingqineke ingenakwanela ukucombulula izisongelo ezintsha zenkululeko nokulingana.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Namalungelo Okusingqongileyo

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu nokuwohloka kwemekobume kuye kwabangela ingxubusho yokuba ngaba umgaqo-siseko ufanele ukukhusela ngokungqalileyo amalungelo okusingqongileyo okanye ubeke iimbopheleleko zokusingqongileyo koorhulumente. Amanye amazwe aye atshintsha umgaqo-siseko wawo ukuze aqonde amalungelo emeko-bume okanye amisele ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume njengomgaqo-siseko. Njengoko iingxaki zemeko-bume zisanda, amazwe amaninzi asenokucinga ukuba ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukusingatha imicimbi yemekobume.

Utshintsho Olulawulwa Yidemokhrasi Noyilo Lweziko

Inkxalabo ngokungasebenzi kwedemokhrasi, ukuhlaziywa kwemimandla, kunye nokusebenza kombutho wezindululo zenkqubo yezomthetho-siseko ezithetha ngeenkqubo zonyulo, iphulo lezemali, iinkqubo zezenkcitho, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho nenkqubo karhulumente. Ngoxa utshintsho oluninzi olunjalo lunokuphunyezwa ngomthetho oqhelekileyo, abanye abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kuya kunika izisombululo eziqinileyo kunye neempawu ezisisiseko zokuzinikela ekuphuculweni kwedemokhrasi.

Izindululo zokulungisa umgaqo-siseko ezithetha ngamalungelo okuvota, ulawulo lonyulo, ukuhlahlela, nemali kwezobupolitika zibonakalisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngendlela yokomeleza amaziko edemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba ngaba ezi zicelo zifumana inkxaso eyaneleyo yokufumana umiliselo lomnye ziseza kubonwa, kodwa zibonisa umdla oqhubekayo ekusebenziseni ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko ukucombulula iingxaki zolawulo.

Ukwenelisa Ingqondo Nocelomngeni LweConsenus

Ukuthatyathwa kweepolitiki kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-bume kwenza ukufikelela ukulungelelana okubanzi okufunekayo ukuze kulungiswe umGaqo-siseko ngokuya kusiba nzima. Xa amaqela ezobupolitika namaqela entlalo ahlukene ngokunzulu, ukuseka imibutho emikhulu yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kuba lucelomngeni. Oku kuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kusenokukhokelela ekungahlaziywa komGaqo-siseko, yaye iinguqu ezifunekayo zingafumani lunyukelo ekufumaneni ukutholwa ngenxa yokwahlulwa-hlukana kwemibutho yabantu.

Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuhlaziywa kommandla kusenokudala uxinzelelo lweenguqu zomgaqo-siseko ezilungiselelwe ukunciphisa iingxabano zocalucalulo nokuphucula ukusebenza kwedemokhrasi. Ukuba abemi baphazamiseka ngokwaneleyo ngokuhlaziywa nokutyhalwa kwezahluka-jiko, bangaxhasa iinguqulelo zomgaqo-siseko ezijolise ekukhuthazeni ulwahlulo kunye nentsebenziswano. Ulwalamano phakathi kokudityaniswa komgaqo-siseko kunye nokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko luza kuhlala lubalulekile kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokuphelisa Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo

Xa abavoti bedibana nezindululo zomgaqo-siseko ezicetyiweyo, enoba zikwiphondo okanye kumgangatho wesizwe, bafanele bafikelele kwezi zigqibo ngokuqwalasela nangokulungeleleneyo. Ukhokelo olulandelayo lunganceda abavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi ngeenguqu zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqonda Oko Okuya Kwenziwa NguMhlaziyi

Funda ezona nkcukacha zolungiso olucetyiweyo, hayi nje ukushwankathela okanye ukukhupha ulwimi. Ulwimi lomGaqo-siseko lungaba lobugcisa noluchanekileyo, kwaye uqonde kanye oko ukupheliswa okuyakufuna, ukuthintelwa okanye ukugunyaziswa kuyimfuneko. Jonga uphando oluvela kwimithombo emininzi, kuquka abaxhasi nabachasi, ukuqonda iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo ngoko ukupheliswa kwesiphelo kungayi kukufeza.

Qwalasela iziphumo ezithe ngqo zotshintsho kunye neziphumo ezingangqalanga. Ingxaki ingasebenza njani namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko? Ziziphi iingxaki ezinokuvela? Ziziphi iziphumo ezingalindelekanga ezinokwenzeka? Ukuqiqa okucokisekileyo kufuna ukuba ucinge ngaphaya kweziphumo ezingalindelekanga zexesha elide.

Hlola enoba Kuyimfuneko na ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko

Asiyonjongo yonke yenkqubo efuna ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Cinga ukuba injongo inokuphunyezwa ngomthetho oqhelekileyo, ngesenzo solawulo, okanye ngokutolikwa kwezomthetho. Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko kufuneka zigcinelwe imicimbi engundoqo efuna ukuba nemeko ekhethekileyo nokuhlala njalo okubonelelwa ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko.

Buza enoba le mbambano ibandakanya amalungelo asisiseko, isiseko sikarhulumente, okanye imigaqo efanele ikhuselwe kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zezobupolitika. Ukuba impendulo isithi hayi, ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kusenokungabi sisixhobo esifanelekileyo, kwanokuba usukelo olusisiseko lufanelekile.

Cinga Ngeembono Ezininzi

Funa iimpikiswano zombini kunye neziphendu ezicetyiweyo ezivela kwimithombo ethembekileyo. Imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko idla ngokubandakanya imilinganiselo yokukhuphisana nokungavumelani okusemthethweni. Ukuqonda iingxoxo ezomeleleyo kuzo zonke amacala kunceda abavoti benze izigqibo ezilungeleleneyo kwaye baphephe ukuphenjelelwa bubuchule obunye.

Lumka kumntu oxhasayo nochasayo, kodwa gxininisa ngokuyintloko kwinqanaba lengxoxo kunokuba uqonde ukuba ngubani oxhasayo. Iingxoxo ezilungileyo zinokuvela kwimithombo engalindelwanga, kwaye inkxaso ethandwayo ayithethi kuthi iinguqu ithetha ubulumko.

Cinga Ixesha elide

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko zenzelwe ukuba zibe zezisisigxina okanye ubuncinane ezihlala ixesha elide. Izilungisi ezicetyiweyo azicetyiswanga ngokweemeko zangoku kodwa ngendlela eziza kusebenza ngayo ukunqumla iimeko ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika kunye neemeko zexesha elizayo. Utshintsho olubonakala luyingenelo phantsi kweemeko zangoku lungangqina ingxaki ukuba iimeko ziyatshintsha.

Qwalasela indlela utshintsho olunokuchazwa luze lusetyenziswe ngayo ngoorhulumente bexesha elizayo, iinkundla, nangabemi abasenokuba banemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo okanye izinto eziza kuqala. Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko kufuneka aqine ngokwaneleyo ukuze asebenze kakuhle kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo nakulawulo.

Jonga kumaVimba anokuthenjwa

Sebenzisa imithombo ethembekileyo yolwazi malunga nokulungisa okucetyiswayo. Iisikhokelo sovoti, uhlalutyo, kunye nobuchule bobujongi obulungeleleneyo bunganika umxholo obalulekileyo kunye nohlalutyo. Yiba namathandabuzo kwimithombo ephezulu edibeneyo enikela icala elinye lengxoxo yomgaqo-siseko. Iintlangano ezifana neNgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures yeSizwe [[[FLT:]] kunye namaziko emfundo asoloko enika ulwazi olunenjongo malunga nemithetho-siseko.

Kwimiba yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, oovimba abafana ne- i-Custitution Ancodity esuka kwiThala leencwadi leeNgqungquthela zinika inkcazelo enegunya ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nenkcazelo yawo. Abaphengululi bomthetho kunye neengcali zomgaqo-siseko banganika iimbono ezichaziweyo ngokulungisa okucetyiweyo, nangona iimbono zabo zifanele ziqwalaselwe ecaleni kwezinye imithombo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukufunda Okubhaliweyo Okusemthethweni Kubalulekile Kulawulo - melo

Ukuqonda iziphene zomGaqo-siseko kuyinxalenye yokusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko obanzi, ngezantsi, ukwazi indlela esebenza ngayo imimiselo, oko inokukhusela, nendlela enokutshintshwa ngayo. Ukufunda umGaqo-siseko kubalulekile ukuze ube ngummi wedemokhrasi ophumelelayo.

Xa abemi beyiqonda imigaqo neenkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, banokuwakhusela bhetele amalungelo abo, bagcine urhulumente enetyala, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko. Ukufunda nokubhala emgaqo-siseko kwenza abavoti bakwazi ukuyiqonda xa izenzo zikarhulumente zingaphaya kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko, xa kusongelwa amalungelo, naxa kufuneka kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko.

Ngaphezu koko, ukufunda nokubhala komgaqo-siseko kukhuthaza ukuhlonelwa kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko nomthetho. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuba kutheni imigaqo-siseko ikho nendlela esebenza ngayo zisengozini yokuxhasa imigaqo-siseko naxa iimfuno ezithile zomGaqo-siseko zingqubana nezinto ezikhethwayo. Lo mGaqo-siseko ukuzinikela okuyimfuneko ukuze kugcinwe idemokhrasi ilawulwa ngokuzinzileyo, idemokhrasi ehlonela amalungelo.

Imfundo, imibutho yezemfundo, kunye namajelo eendaba zonke zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukubhalwa komGaqo-siseko. Imfundo kufuneka iquke ingqalelo enzulu kwimigaqo yesiseko, izakhiwo, kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa. Iingxoxo zoluntu ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko kufuneka zifikeleleke kubantu abangengobaphengululi ngoxa begcina ucoselelo nobunzulu. Xa ukubhalisa komGaqo-siseko kusasazekile, imisebenzi yedemokhrasi engcono namalungelo omgaqo-siseko kukhuseleke ngakumbi.

Isiphelo: IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko njengeZixhobo zeDemokhrasi

Utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko lumela enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zedemokhrasi zokuguqula uxolo, ngokusemthethweni. Zivumela uluntu lulungise okungekho sikweni, lulungele iimeko ezintsha, lukhusele amalungelo asisiseko, luphucule nezakhiwo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kovukelo okanye ugonyamelo. Inkqubo yokulungisa ibandakanya imigaqo yedemokhrasi ngokufuna ukuvumelana nokuzibophelela okubanzi kwienguqu ezingundoqo.

Ukuqonda utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko , oko bakuko, indlela esebenza ngayo, nesizathu sokuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba kuvavanywa ukuphengululwa, ukukhuthaza utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, okanye ukufuna nje ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wabo, abavoti bayangenelwa kulwazi lwenkqubo nemigaqo ehlaziywayo.

Imbali yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ibonisa ukuba iinguqu zinokwenzeka kunye nocelomngeni lotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. IziHlanzi ziye zaphelisa ubukhoboka, amalungelo ovota anwenwe, inkululeko esisiseko, kunye nezakhiwo zikarhulumente ezihlaziyiweyo. Kodwa ukulungisa kuye kwasilela maxa wambi, ukubuyiselwa, okanye ukuba neziphumo ezingalindelekilenga. Le ngxelo idityanisiweyo ibonakalisa ukubaluleka kokucinga ngocoselelo nangenza izigqibo ngolwazi ngeenguqu zomgaqo-siseko.

Njengoko imibutho iqhubeka iguquka ize ijongene neengxaki ezintsha, ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kuya kuhlala kusekho iindlela ezibalulekileyo zokuvumela umthetho osisiseko utshintshe iimfuno kunye nemilinganiselo. Ukulungisa kuvumela isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba sifake igalelo kwinkqubela-phambili yomgaqo-siseko ngoxa sihlonela ubulumko kunye neempumelelo zezizukulwana ezidlulileyo. Ngokuqonda nangokuzinziswa komGaqo-siseko, abemi baya kufeza iimbopheleleko zabo njengabathathi-nxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yaye bayazinceda ukuba imimiselo iqhubeke isebenza kwinjongo yokusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nokulawula okunempumelelo.

Ukuze bafumane ulwazi olongezelelekileyo oluphathelele ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezentlalo, abavoti bangajongana nezibonelelo kwimibutho efana yoovimba bobuzwe , enika ukufikelela kokubhaliweyo nembali yokulungisa komGaqo-siseko, kunye S.S. iiNkundla[, ezinika izinto zokufundisa ngomthetho-siseko kunye nenkqubo egweba.