Kwiminyaka elishumi, emva kwe-United States Census, inkqubo ezolileyo kodwa enesiphumo ityhileka kulo lonke eli lizwe: ukuthatyathwa kwemida enyuliweyo kumisela indlela abantu abamelelwe ngayo kumgangatho wobulali, worhulumente, nowamagunya. Kude kumsebenzi wolawulo wehlabathi, ukuhlaziya kungundoqo osisiseko wedemokhrasi emele idemokhrasi.

Ingcamango "yomntu omnye, uvoti omnye" yaqiniswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko zophawu olufana Reynolds v. Sims (1964), imisela ukuba imimandla yemithetho mayifane nabemi. Noko ke, indlela ezizotywa ngayo ezi migca ishiyeke ingubuchule bezopolitiko obudityaniswe kakhulu. Eli nqaku laphula phantsi isiseko somthetho, inkqubo yobugcisa, iimpikiswano ezijikeleze igerrymanning, kunye nendima enzima yabemi balapho ingadlala ngayo ukulungisa ukumeleka kwabo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nesomthetho

Ukuhlenga-hlengisa akuyonkqubo yezobupolitika nje; kubotshelelwe luxinzelelo lwezindululo zomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, nemiqathango yenkundla. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela nesizathu sokuba imigca itsalwe ngayo.

Ubalo Njengelitye Leekhorali

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uyalela ukuba kubekho inani labantu rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi (I, iCandelo 2). Ugcino-lwazi oluphumayo loluntu lumisela ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ezingama-435 kwiNdlu yabameli phakathi kwamazwe. Amazwe ngoko asebenzisa olu gcino-lwazi lunemiqathango, umgangatho wesithintelo ukuzobala umthetho wesizwe kunye nephondo lombutho. Oku kuthintela ixesha lokubala okunempembelelo engqalileyo kusasazo zonke iimpembelelo zegunya lezobupolitika. U-202020Censustiki ijongene neengxaki ezingathethekiyo, kuquka idabi likarhulumente, ukuxabana kwezopolitiki kwiSebe lezorhwebo, kwaye kulibazisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-CHOVAID. Oku kushwa kwabangela ukuba abantu bafumane ixesha lokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kobuphicoceleleko lwe-data esetyenziswayo.

Amanani aphambili eNkundla Ephakamileyo

Izithintelo eziliqela eziphawula intsingiselo yemeko zisenza iliwa lomthetho odityanisiweyo kwaye zichaze imida apho abenzi bamamaphu kufuneka basebenze khona:

  • [[NT.:0] Baker v. Carr (1962): wavula ucango ukuze iinkundla zelizwe zive amatyala abomvu, ukuseka oko kufunyanisiweyo kulula kunokupheliswa kwemibuzo yezopolitiko.
  • Wesberry v. Sanders (1964): wamisa "umntu omnye, ivoti enye" umgaqo wengingqi zengingqi, ufuna ukuba zilingana kubemi ngokwezibalo.
  • Reynolds v. Sims (1964): Wasebenzisa "umntu omnye, ivoti enye" imigangatho yokumisela imimandla yowiso-mthetho, echaza ukuba zombini izindlu zendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente kufuneka zahlulwe ngokwesiseko sabemi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ruko v. Isizathu esiQhelekileyo (2029): Isigqibo esibalulekileyo apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha ukuba iququzelela ityala lezobupolitika linikela umbuzo ongaphaya kokufikelela kweenkundla zesizwe, ngokunempumelelo likhuthuza umba emva kwiinkundla zorhulumente nakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho.

ISibonelelo samaLungelo (VRA)

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, ingakumbi iCandelo 2, iyakunqanda ukuvota okanye inkqubo ephumela ekukhanyeni okanye ekuvalweni kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga okanye umbala. Esi sisixhobo esinamandla ngokuchasene nohlanga lwe-gerrymaning. Icandelo 5, elifuna amagunya athile akwimbali yocalulo "kuvota" naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yabo yokuvota ngeSebe lobulungisa, lwafakwa ngokunempumelelo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo iShelby County v. Harer [FLT:] [20] [20] [20]). Imeko yakutshanje ephakathi koluvolo luluni lohlanga (FLT) ifumana ukhupho lolu didi lwesizwe).

Ubuchule Bokwenza Umgangatho Omfutshana: Ubani Ozoba Imigca Nendlela Owenza Ngayo

Inkqubo yokuguqulela ulwazi olukwimaphu ekhetha ukubalwa kwabantu ekrwada ibandakanya abadlali abathile, imigaqo kunye nobugcisa. Ukuqonda aba balungisi kubangela ukuba ubume belizwe bezobupolitika buchanekwe.

Ngubani Ozoba Imigca?

Iqumrhu elijongene nokulungisa imimandla liyahluka kakhulu ngokombuso, lidala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wokuphendula nokubonisa ngokucacileyo kulo lonke ilizwe:

  • Imithetho Yomthetho: Kumazwe amaninzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ilawula inkqubo. Oku kudala ungquzulwano lwenzala, njengoko abalawuli bemithetho bezoba isithili bona ngokwabo bazakubaleka kuzo (okanye kwiqela labo). Le modeli inokuba sengozini kakhulu kwi-gerryandering.
  • IiKhomishini ezizimeleyo: Amanye amazwe (umz. California, Arizona, Michigan) ayisusa inkqubo yezopolitiko ngokupheleleyo, ifaka amandla kwisebe elizimeleyo okanye elizimeleyo lommi we-bipartis. Lo mzekelo uxhaphakile ngokuninzi njengotshintsho lokulwa nomthetho, kodwa unokujamelana nocelomngeni lwawo nge-gridbock okanye ngokutyunjwa kwezobupolitika.
  • iiKhomishini zamaPuritian: Yimodeli exutyiweyo apho amagosa anyuliweyo amisela amalungu, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kwimfazwe ebangela ukususwa kwesizwe ebonakalisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo.
  • IiKhomishini zoMkhosi: Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iintlanganiso ezizoba iimaphu, kodwa ezo maphu kufuneka zivunywe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, inika isalathisi esithethsi emva kwezopolitiko.

Ungabona ukuqhekeka okubanzi kwenkqubo yesizwe sakho kwiNgqungquthela yesizwe yeLegislatures (NCSL).

Imida Ehlaziyayo yesithethe

Ngaphandle kweemfuno zikarhulumente, uninzi lwamazwe luthathe iseti yemiqathango engokwesithethe yokuhlaziya esebenza njengezithintelo zokukhusela ukuzoba imaphu:

  • Ukulingana koMxholo-mpuma: Umgangatho ophambili. Iingingqi zeBhunga-ngqungquthela kufuneka zifumane ukulingana okuthe ngqo kwezibalo. Imimandla yemithetho yelizwe inganyamezela uphambuko oluncinci ukuba igwetyelwe ziinjongo zenkqubo zikarhulumente.
  • I- I-' onke amalungu esithili kufuneka adibane ngokomzimba. Isithili asinakuba neziqithi ezisusiweyo zommandla.
  • I-'[FLT'] Ubuchule: Indawo kufuneka ibe kufuphi kufuphi nemo yemo-metholi. I-Bizarre, isimo esithe tyaba sidla ngokuba luphawu olubonisa ijirbhandering. Imetrics njenge Polsby-Ppaper ukulinganisa oku.
  • Isivumelwano soMdla: Mhlawumbi olona mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo. Oku kujolise ekugcineni ingingqi ezidibeneyo, amaqela enkcubeko, imimandla yezoqoqosho, kunye nemimandla yedolobhan/indawo ezingqongileyo kunye ukuze bakhethe ummeli oqonda iimfuno zabo ezahlukeneyo. Ukukhupha nokubeka phambili "amaqumrhu omdla" yincopho enkulu yokhuphiswano ngexesha lokuvalwano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugcina iiCoress zeZithili ezingaphambili: Iimeko ezininzi zifuna abenzi bamamaphu ukuba baphephe abavoti bemapu abahlula ngokungeyomfuneko kwisithili esitsha, esinokuthi sidida abavoti malunga nokuba ngubani obameleyo kwaye baphazamise iinkonzo ezisunguliweyo zomanyano.

Indima yogcino-lwazi kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Uqikelelo lwangoku lumzamo ophezulu wetekhi. Abenzi bamamaphu basebenzisa inkqubo ye-software yobuchule yolwazi lwe-Gographic (GIS) njenge-Maptodium ukwenzela uvuselelo. Ukwanda kokufumaneka kogcino-lwazi oluthambileyo kwimiboniso yokuvota eguqukayo, ulwazi lobunani, kwanogcino-lwazi lwabathengi lwenze ukuba ijikeleze, iphumelele, kwaye kunzima ukubhaqa ngaphandle kohlalusho oluntsonko. Abenzi bamamaphu ngoku bayakwazi ukufanisa iziphumo zonyulo ngocotho ngokuchanekileyo kuyo nayiphi nayiphi na indlela yokuyila imaphu.

Gerrymandering: Ucelomngeni Lokunganyaniseki

Ngeli xesha ukuzoba imigca yesithili kuyimfuneko, uqheliselo lokusebenzisa ezo ntambo ukuze kungenelwe ezopolitiko okanye ubuhlanga lwaziwa ngokuba yi-gerrymanindering. Eli gama laqanjwa ngo1812 xa iGavent Grevern Gribridge Gerry yasayina imaphu yesithili efana nesamandela. Namhlanje, yinzululwazi entsonkothileyo ebangela ukuba kufuneke ukulawulwa yidemokhrasi.

Iparantisan Gerrymandering

Oku kwenzeka xa iqela elisegunyeni litsala izithili zalo ukwandisa izihlalo zalo nokuhlisa izihlalo zenkcaso. Iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zezo:

  • Ukuphendla: Ukusasaza iqela elixineneyo labavoti benkcaso kwimimandla emininzi apho baba bambalwa kwiqela ngalinye, bedambisa amandla abo okuvota.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhangela: ukuhlanganisa abavoti benkcaso kwisithili esinye, uvumela iqela elilawulayo liphumelele kakuhle kwisithili esingqongileyo.

Umzekelo ocacileyo uvela eOhio naseMntla Carolina ngo-2010, apho iziko lowiso-mthetho lweRiphabliki zazoba iimaphu ezanika iqela labo i 75-80% yezihlalo zombutho zowiso-mthetho phezu kokuba iphumelele kuphela 50-55% yevoti kazwelonke. Njengoko kuphawulwe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo i-Rhoupo] Rucho v. Imeko ePhakamileyo [[FLD]. [[FolP] i-Phondo]. Oku kwenza umgangatho we-ligggnlt nokhetho olubalulekileyo lwengingqi. I-Bernennan yemeko elungileyo.[2]

Ukwanda Kobuhlanga

UMthetho wamaLungelo uyasebenza apha. Isigqibo sesizwe sohlanga senzeka xa uhlanga lungu "umba ophambili" ekudweleni imigca yesithili, kwaye akunakugwetywa ngenzala yemeko enyanzelisayo. Oku kwahlukile ekudaleni "ubuchule obuncinane" isithili xa kufunwa phantsi kwecandelo 2 ukunqanda ukuhlazisa. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi [FOLT] i-allen v. Milligan (2023) yayilulo olukhululo lwamalungelo okuvota, ukubamba imaphu ye-Alabamagellam imele ukurhola ngokuchasana kweBlam. Inkundla yesizwe yayalela umthetho ukuba idibanise ime kwimaphu yesibini apho i-Blackworventia ephakathi apho i-omatilithili inokukhetha lemeko yayo. [Flkmanman)] [irgn imele ibonise ukurhoxiswa kwetyala lobuhlanga, imele ityala elingu elingu elingunxanxanxanxanxanxa-ka.

Indlela Yokufumana Amayeza Okusebenzisa Intsholongwane

Abaxhasi nezifundiswa baye baphuhlisa umlinganiselo wokulinganisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba imaphu ilungile na:

  • Umsantsa osebenzayo: Ilinganisa i-"wadityanisiwe" imivoti (ivoti yomntu olahlekileyo okanye ivoti yomntu ophumeleleyo ngaphaya koko kwakufunekayo ukuze aphumelele). Umgama ophezulu wokusebenza kakuhle ubonisa ukuba omnye usebenza ngokucwangcisiweyo edlala amavoti amaninzi kunamanye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Parisan Bias: Thelekisa indlela amaqela ayenzayo ukutyhubela imeko enikwe i-engile efanayo kwisabelo sovoti. Iyakalisha ukuba imaphu iphatha amaqela ngokulinganayo.
  • Umahluko weMean-Median: Umahluko phakathi kwe-avareji yesithili sovota kunye nevoti yesithili samajelo eendaba. Umsantsa obalulekileyo uthetha ukuba ihlolo-mfo-mfono exhasa iqela nesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi esisezantsi.

Amalungelo Namathuba Okubandakanyeka

Ukuvuleka asiyonkqubo yangaphakathi evaliweyo egcinelwe amaziko ezobupolitika. Abami banamalungelo anamandla kunye noncedo lokufuna umelo olulungileyo. Umgangatho wokubona ngaphaya nolwazi lukawonke-wonke uyahluka ngokwemeko, kodwa intsingiselo kukuchanabeka okungakumbi.

Uthathelwa ingqalelo kukawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yokuzoba imaphu

Uninzi lwamazwe kufuneka lube nokuva okuqhelekileyo apho abemi bakhona benokungqina indlela iimaphu ezicetyiweyo ezichaphazela ngayo uluntu lwabo. Indlela engaphezulu yokubandakanyeka kukunikezela imaphu yakho. Amazwana amaninzi ngoku avumela abemi ukuba banikezele iimaphu zabo ezipheleleyo kusetyenziswa ugcino-lwazi olukhoyo kunye ne-software. I-Platforms njenge I-Diquetroger yenza kube lula ukuba nabani na atsale aze anikezele imaphu yesithili esemthethweni kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwi-ofisi yephondo.

Xa usenza, kuluncedo ukucacisa ngokucacileyo into ebangela ukuba ube nomdla. Ingaba sisithili sesikolo? Isekoji yezoqoqosho? Lifa lenkcubeko okanye lobuhlanga? Okukhona kuchazwa ngokucacileyo oku, kokukhona kunzima ngabenzi beemaphu ukubahlula ngaphandle kokuthethelela. Ukunika amagqabaza abhaliweyo nobungqina obungakhutshelwanga ngexesha lokugqabaza kukawonke-wonke yindlela ephumelelayo yokuphembelela imaphu yokugqibela.

Ukubonakala ngaphaya kunye nokubuyiselwa okusemthethweni

Iimeko ezininzi zinoqilima "Imithetho Engacacisiweyo" efuna yonke imephu yemephu, yothungelwano, kunye neemaphu zedrafti ukuba zibe yingxelo kawonke-wonke. Ukuba ukrokrela i-gerrymanidering (indlu okanye i-transforming kwiinkundla zikarhulumente), iingxaki ezisemthethweni zinganyuswa. Amaqela afana neCLU, neNaACP Legavil Defense RGP ayazizisa la matyala. Abami baseburhulumenteni bangaxhasa iindlu zabo zokuxhasa i-rentipiki ezizimeleyo zomjikelo wonyaka wama-2030. Ukuqonda ixesha elikhethekileyo le-redini linethi yeCampligion kunye nemihlahlo esemthethweni kuyafuneka ukuze kusebenze i-ACLUKO-mvume.

Ikamva Lokubuyiselwa Kweendawo: Utshintsho Nobugcisa

Idabi phezu kwesithili esilungileyo liyaqhubeka. Ishumi leminyaka langoku libone utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela elawulwa ngayo uhlahlo-gobo, lumisela iqonga lomjikelo wama-2030.

Ukwanda KweeKhomishini Zokuzimela

Ukuphendula kwingxaki enzima, abavoti kumazwe amaninzi bafumene inyathelo eligunyazisiweyo lokwenza ii-oventials ezizimeleyo zokudityaniswa kwe-odoli. Michigan (Profical 2, 2018), Colorado (I-Amend Y/Z, 2018), kunye ne-Ohio (Issue 1, 2015) bonke baye bashukunyiselwa kwimodeli ezisusa abezobupolitika kwinkqubo yokutsala umgca. Aba bagunyaziswe basoloko benemithetho engqongqo malunga ne-birtarianshishishishishi, ukuva kwana abantu, nokubonakala. Lindela eli nyathelo lokufumana umjikelezo obalulekileyo kumjikelezo obalulekileyo kwi 2030, ingakumbi kumazwe apho iqela elinye lilawula inkqubo ebomvu epheleleyo.

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho-siseko kunye nobuntlola obenziweyo

Kukho umdla okhulayo wokusebenzisa i-algorithms ukuzoba "amawaka eemaphu" ngokumisela imilinganiselo ethile (njengokudibana okanye ukhuphiswano) ngeli xesha ungayinanziyo idata yezopolitiko. Noko ke, amaxabiso okuzoba imaphu angowemveli yezopolitiko: kufuneka i-algorithme yokwandisa ukhuphiswano, okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwengingqi alunakekanga? Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule bungasetyenziswa ukwenza amakhulu amawaka eemaphu ngemizuzwana, ukuvumela abenzi beemaphu ukuba bakhethe okona kungcono kweqela labo. Ngokuphikisana noko, izixhobo ze-AIA zinokuba luncedo kuluntu olunolwazi lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo lwendawo, ukucukubhenela ubuchule obuselelwe ngabenzi bezopolitiko.

ISicwangciso

Abasebenzi bomthetho, intatheli, kunye nabemi abatsha basele bebeka isiseko somjikelo olandelayo wokulungisa. Umlo wobalo lwabantu olupheleleyo noluchanekileyo uyaqhubeka. Amaqela ee-dvocacy aqhubela phambili kumgangatho oqinileyo wemithetho echasene nolawulo lombuso kunye neekhomishini ezizimeleyo. Ukuqonda imithetho yomdlalo ngoku kulolona lucwangciso olungcono lokuphembelela indlela imaphu ezoba ngayo iminyaka elishumi ukusuka ngoku. Oku kubandakanya ukulandelela imibalo ye-bhureau, ukuphendula kwemithetho yemithetho elawulayo, kunye nolawulo olujikeleza umhlaba osemthethweni jikelele kuMthetho we-Voting.

Ukulungelelanisa kukwakhelwa kwedemokhrasi engabonakaliyo yaseMelika. Imisela ukuba ngoobani abathethayo abanyusiweyo nabathule. Ngoxa inkqubo intsonkothile kwaye isoloko idibene kwiimfazwe ezidibeneyo, ayibaleki kubemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni, imigaqo yobugcisa, kunye nendlela yokungena kolwazi lukawonke-wonke, urhulumente wakho unokukuphendulisa ngokuzoba iimaphu ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuzibophelela kuyingozi. Umlo wokumela isigwebo esilungileyo awupheleli ngetyala lenkundla okanye umjikelo omnye wonyulo. Kufuneka ulumke ngokuqhubekayo. Hlala wazi ngemigudu yokuhlaziya iphondo lakho ngokulandela iindaba zasekuhlaleni, ngokuya kwiinkundla zikawonke-wonke, nokuxhasa imibutho enikezelwe ekuboneni gca. Ilizwi lakho kunye nevoti yakho zisisiseko sedemokhrasi esebenza.