Xa abemi bekhokelwa kuphando, imithetho eguqulela amavoti abo kwizihlalo kwibhunga okanye kwimeko yepalamente phantse zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente ophumeleyo. Ukhetho phakathi iPropotional (PR) kunye [[FLT]]] ne[FULT] iinto zonke (WTA) [[FLT]) — maxa wambi ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto zokuqala ezingezokuqala-mphambili siseko — zimisela indlela amaqela amaninzi anokuthi ngayo, indlela aziva ngayo isebe eliphetheyo, kwanendlela ezibambenento yokuvota. Nangona iinkqubo zombi ziye zasetyenziswa iinkulungwane, iziphumo zawo zokwenene zehlabathi zisoloko zidityanizwa ngoohlalo-luvoluko, kunye nabalungiseleli beenkqubo. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo abaziqhelanisindisi abasebenzisayo; ukusetyenziswa kookanye nabaphi nabani abasebenzi abasebenzi bezifundo zedebo.

Eli nqaku linikela uthelekiso olubanzi lwePR neWTA, ukugquma amakhandlela, urhwebo, kunye neziphumo eziphawulwe kumazwe amkele indlela nganye. Ngesiphelo, uzakuba uxhotyiswe ukuvavanya ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo enokuthi isebenzise amaxabiso anikiweyo ebutho labantu.

Yintoni Umfuziselo Ovela Kulo Mhla?

Embindini wayo, umelo lwePropogal lusapho lweenkqubo zonyulo olulungiselelwe ukwabela izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngomlinganiselo orhabaxa kulwahlulo lwevoti kwiqela ngalinye okanye abatsha abamkelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba iqela liphumelele 30% yevoti yesizwe, ingalindela malunga nama-30% kwizihlalo. Injongo ecacileyo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iqumrhu lemithetho libonisa ukwahlukahlukana kwezobupolitika zabavoti-voli ngokona kunokwenzeka.

Iinkqubo zePR zisetyenziswa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-80, kuquka ininzi yeYurophu, iLatin America, kunye neenxalenye ze-Afrika ne-Asia. Imithetho echaziweyo iyahluka ngokubanzi, kodwa uzalisekiso oluninzi lukwindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: uluhlu lwePR kunye nevoti enye etshintshekayo (STV).

Umelo loluhlu

Kuluhlu lwenkqubo yePR, abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba babe ngumvoti ngamnye (nangona ezinye iintlobo zivumela ukuvota komlandeli phakathi koluhlu lweqela). Iintlanganiso zinikela uluhlu olunomyalelo lwabavoti; emva kokuba bebaliwe, izihlalo zinikwa iqela ngalinye kulandelelwano lwendlela yabo yokuvota, esekelwe kwisabelo sovoti yeqela. Ulwabelo lwemithetho lungasekelwe kwindlela eshiyekileyo okanye kwindlela yodidi efana neD’Hondt okanye iSaint-Laguë. Indlela yeD’Hondt ixhasa amaqela amakhulu, kanti iSaint-Laguë ayithathi cala.

Amazwe anjenge Sweden, Norway, neSpeyin asebenzisa uluhlu lwePR kunye nemimandla emininzi. ESweden, iRiksdag inamalungu angama-39 anyulwe ukusuka kuma-29 e-constituence, kwaye iqela kufuneka linqamle umqobo wesizwe wama-4% ukuze lifumane izihlalo. Lo mqobo unqanda amaqela amancinane aphembelelayo ekungeneni epalamente ngexa usavumela ububanzi bomfanekiselo.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV luguqulelo olukwintsalela yePR. abathathi-nxaxheba abakwisikhundla esiphezulu ngokohlobo lokhetho, kwaye izihlalo zigcwaliswe ngokomlinganiselo. Abagqitha umlinganiselo bakhethwa; iivoti eziseleyo zidluliselwa kumntu olandelayo okhethwayo, kwaye inkqubo iyaqhubeka de zonke izihlalo zigcwaliswe. Le nkqubo inika abavoti ulawulo olungakumbi kubakhethwa, kunokuba kunyulwe nje amaqela.

STV isetyenziswa e-Ireland kwipalamente yayo yesizwe (Dáil Éireann), eMalta, nakolunye unyulo lwasekuhlaleni eSkotlani nase New Zealand. Enye yamandla ayo kukuba inciphisa “ivote” — iibhola zomvotelo eziphoswe abo banganyulwanga — kodwa inkqubo yokubalwa kuntsonkothile kakhulu kunobuninzi obulula. Uphando lwe-Electoral Reformation Society[ lubonisa ukuba i-STV ibonelela iziphumo ezithelelwe ngokwahlukeneyo ngelixa kugcinwa uqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi kwabameli kunye nee-contifitime.

Ezinye Izinto

Imele ukukhankanywa ku-MEMber Proportionel kuba idibanisa iPR nesithili esinye. IVoters iphosa iibhola ezimbini: enye yommeli wasekuhlaleni kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zisetyenziselwa ukulungisa nabuphi na ubunjani be-proportation ukusuka kunyulo lwesithili. I-Jamani, i-New Zealand, kunye ne-Scotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. Ngelixesha ezinye izitatishi zisebenzisa i-MMP njengendlela exutyiweyo, ilungelelanisa kwiziphumo zayo.

Yintoni Ithatha yonke imisebe?

Umvumi-Zonke, owaziwayo njengokuqala-phambili-umva (FPTP) okanye uvota, yeyona nkqubo ilula nedala kakhulu esetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwisithili ngasinye, umvotelwa onenkoliso yamavoti uphumelela kwisihlalo — nokuba umgama omde ufutshane kakhulu kuninzi. Kuphela komntu ophumeleleyo kwisithili ngasinye ovumelekileyo; zonke ezinye iivoti zilahlwa ngokunempumelelo ukwenzela umelo lwaloo mmandla.

Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kwiUnited Kingdom (yaseNdlu yamaQela), eUnited States (yaseNdlu yabameli neyamaninzi amaqela owiso-mthetho karhulumente), eKhanada, eIndiya, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi anelifa leBritane. Ubomi bawo bobude bubangelwa kukulula kwaso kunye notyekelo lwaso lokuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo becandelo elinye.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo

  • [[UMTL:0] Izithili ezikwilungu elinye: Ummandla ngamnye womhlaba ukhetha kanye ummeli omnye.
  • Umthetho wokwahlula: uloyiso lufuna kuphela uvoti enye ngaphezulu kwembaleki- phezulu, hayi uninzi (50%+1).
  • Ukuvota okunesandi: Ivoti kufuneka ilahle ukhetho lwazo lokuqala lokuphepha “ukuvota” kwivoti kumntu ongaziyo ithuba, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiganeko esaziwa njengoMthetho kaDuverger — utyekelo lweenkqubo ezizintlobo ezininzi ukuvelisa ukhuphiswano olunezahluka ezibini.
  • Ibhonasi yeMajority: Iqela eliphumeleleyo lisoloko lifumana izihlalo ezininzi kuneemvumelo zalo ezixelwe kwangaphambili. Ngonyulo lwama-2019 lwaseKhanada, iLiberal Parti yowiso lwe 33% yevoti ethandwayo yesizwe kodwa likhusele 47% yezihlalo, linika urhulumente ocacileyo.

Uhlalutyo lokuthelekisa: PR vs WTA

Ukhetho phakathi kwe-PR neWTA lubandakanya urhwebo olunzulu oluchaphazela umelo, ulawulo, kunye nehambo yokuvota. Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo; nganye ingaphezulu kwezinye indidi xa ihluleka kwezinye.

Umelo kunye noKhuseleko

I-PR ibalasel'ephezulu ekuguquleleni amavoti kwizihlalo ngokulinganayo. Amaqela amancinane — anjengezingcali, abahlali, okanye amaqela amancinane esizwe — asoloko efumana izihlalo phantsi kwe-PR, ngoxa phantse evalelwe phantsi kwe-WTA. Umzekelo, iGreen Partity yaseJamani inezihlalo kwi-Bundestag kamashumi eminyaka, ngoxa iGreen Party yase-United States ingakhange izuze wine kwisihlalo eKhonkla. Phantsi kwe-WTA, iqela elifumana i-15% yevoti yesizwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo esasasaza izihlalo; phantsi kwe-PR, ingawina malunga ne-15% yezihlalo.

Kwakhona iintlanga neengingqi ezimbalwa ezincinane zingenelwa kwiPR. EIndiya, inkqubo yeFPTP iye yagxekwa ngokungathetheki kweenkonzo ezincinane kumazwe athile, ngoxa iinkqubo zePR ezifana neziseMzantsi Afrika (ezisetyenziselwa indibano yesizwe) ziye zanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo elizwe eli aneemvelaphi neelwimi.

Ukuzinza kukaRhulumente

I-WTA inenzuzo ecacileyo xa kufikelelwa ekubumbeni oorhulumente abazinzileyo, abanecandelo elinye. Ngenxa yokuba amaqela amabini alawula phantsi kobubanzi, omnye udla ngokuphumelela izihlalo ezininzi kwanango 40-45% yovoti. Lo rhulumente angawudlulisa umthetho ngaphandle kokudibana namaqabane ahlangeneyo. Kwinkqubo yePR, iminqophiso iqhelekile. Ngoxa iminqophiso inokuzinziswa — njengaseJamani okanye eNetherlands — inokuba buthathaka. I-Italy inabo oorhulumente aba-61 phakathi ko 1946 no-202020 ngaphantsi kwenkqubo yolwahlulo oluphezulu, nangona ulungiso olusandula ulungiso luye lwazisa ukuzinza okungakumbi.

Ngoko, isiphumezi-miyalelo sozinzo sinqumla zombini iindlela. Oorhulumente abathatha icandelo elinye bangazinzi, kodwa bangangakuthandi ukuzuza amaqela amakhulu abantu. Iqela elizuza uninzi olunama-48% evoti lilawula ngokungathi ligunyazisiwe ukusuka kwikhulu elinamashumi alithoba abantu. I-PR yonkcenkcelelo, enokukhokelela kwiinkqubo eziyalela ukuvuma okubanzi nokuba inkqubo iphazamisane.

Ubungqina nokubuya

Uphando lubonisa ukuba umvoti udla ngokujika abe phezulu kwiinkqubo ze-PR, ingakumbi phakathi kwabaxhasi bamaqela amancinane. EWTA, abavoti abaninzi bavakalelwa kukuba abavoti babo abakhathazeki ukuba bahlala kwisihlalo esikhuselekileyo apho iqela elinye lisoloko liphumelela khona. Phantsi kwe-PR, yonke imiba evota kwiqela elipheleleyo, ukwandisa imvakalelo yommi yokuphumelela. Ngokutsho [FLT:]] idata evela kwi International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Intective Transive [, umlinganiselo wokujika kwiPR umalunga nama-72%, uthelekiso kuma-6% akwinani, ulawulo kwezinye izinto.

Ukuphendula kwabameli

I-WTA inika unxulumano olunamandla lwelizwe: zonke isithili zinammeli omnye obonakalayo onokubekwa ityala kwimiba yasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo zePR zidla ngokwenza buthathaka olu qhagamshelwano kuba abatshakazi benyulwe kuluhlu lwamaqela kunokuba bakhethwe kummandla othile. I-STV ne-MMP zingalingana zombini umelo kunye nokuphendula, kodwa uluhlu lwe-PR lubonakala lubuthathaka kakhulu kule meko. IiVoter azinakukwazi ukuba ngubani “okhoyo", ingakumbi kwimimandla emikhulu yamalungu amaninzi.

Ubuntsonkothile Neendleko

IWTA ngokungenakuthandabuzeka ilula kubavoti nakubaphathi bonyulo. Abavoti badwelisa amagama, abavoti bakhetha omnye, kunye nomvuzo wevoti ophezulu. Iinkqubo ze-PR zisoloko zifuna isithili esikhulu (ilungu le-algorithm), ubalo olunzima ngakumbi, kwaye imfundo eninzi kubavoti. Uluhlu lwePR lufuna abavoti ukuba baqonde indlela abasebenzi ngayo; i-STV ifuna indawo ephezulu. Noko ke, xa abavoti beqhelekile, ukuntsonta kunqabile ngumqobo. Indleko yokusebenzisa uvoteko lwe-PR ingabalukhulu ngenxa yokubala kakhulu amaphephandaba ebhola kunye nokubala imijikelezo, kodwa ezinye iindleko zikhutshwa ngaphezulu ngeenzuzo zomelo zommelo zombonisi.

Ufundo lwetyala: PR in Crime

INew Zealand: Impumelelo

Perhaps the best modern example of a country deliberately switching from WTA to PR is New Zealand. In 1993, after decades of FPTP, New Zealanders voted in a referendum to adopt MMP — a mixed proportional system. The change transformed the political landscape. Where previously the National and Labour parties dominated, now several smaller parties — including the Green Party, New Zealand First, and the Māori Party — regularly hold seats and often participate in coalition governments.

Unyulo lwaphucula ngokuphawulekayo. Phantsi kwe-FPTP, unyulo lowe-1990 lwanika uSizwe 47% wevoti kodwa 69% yezihlalo. Phantsi kwe-MMP, unyulo lwama-2020 lwanika i-Labour 50% yevoti kunye ne-65 yezihlalo ezili-201 ze-intshi eninzi kakhulu. Ulwaneliseko lovotelo lwanyuka kwakhona: uphando lubonisa ukuba malunga nee-3 ezimbini zabemi baseNew Zealand ngoku zikhetha i-MMP kwinkqubo endala. Uzinzo loorhulumente bengingqinelani belulungile jikelele, nangona bekukho amaxesha okuthethwana okunzima.

ESweden: Impumelelo elungelelanisiweyo

I-Sweden isebenzisa uluhlu lwe-PR olunamalungu ahlukahlukeneyo angama-29 kunye nomqobo wesizwe. Isiphumo yipalamente (i-Riksdag) ehlala rhoqo amaqela asibhozo okanye asithoba. Oorhulumente basoloko beyimiqolo okanye oorhulumente abambalwa abaxhomekeke kwinkxaso egadiweyo. Phezu kwayo nje le nkxaso, i-Sweden ifumene izizinzo ezingaqhelekanga zezobupolitika. Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi II, oorhulumente bayo bebekwazi ukumisela izindululo ezinde kwintlalo entlanganisweni, kwimfundo, nakwimigaqo yangaphandle. Imikhosi yenkqubo iyanikezela, elungelelanisa inkqubo neyakha ngokusemthethweni.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala: WTA incatshulwa

IUnited Kingdom: Ukwahlukahlukana Kwezinto

Indlu ye-UK’s House of Commons inyulwa yi-FPP ngo-650-ilungu elinye lonyulo. Kunyulo oluninzi, amaqela amabini amakhulu — iConservative kunye ne-Labour — winela malunga ne 85-90% yezihlalo, nangona bebonke bafumana kuphela 70-75% yabavoti. Amaqela amancinci anjengeLiberal Democrates, i-Greentick, kunye ne-Bretit Par ihlelwe phantsi-lective. Umzekelo, ngo- 2015, i-UK Independent Party (UKIP) yaphumelela i-12,6% yevoti yevoti kuphela kodwa i-1.2% yezihlalo ezi-0.2 ze-R.

Oku kungahambelani kunyuse imfuneko yokuguqula izinto. I-arhente yowama-2011 yokutshintsha i-Vote (inkqubo engundoqo, hayi i-PR) yalahlwa, kodwa iyaqhubeka impikiswano. Okwangoku, oorhulumente benziwe ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo — njengorhulumente wama-2019 ozinzileyo — bayalawula ngokungathi bagunyaziswe ngokucacileyo, nangona bephumelele kuphela, 43,6% yevoti.

EKhanada: Umahluko

Inkqubo yeFPTP yaseKhanada ivelisa umahluko ocacileyo kwimimandla. Iqela lingalawula ummandla ngesabelo esincinane sovoti besizwe. Kunyulo lwama-2021 lwe-Conservative Party, i-Conservative Party yaphumelela 33.7% yevoti kodwa yakhusela izihlalo ezili- 119 (35.5%), ngoxa i-Bloc Québébécois iphumelele kuphela 7.6% yevoti kodwa ama-32% (9.5%) ngenxa yokuba inkxaso yayo igxininiswe eQuebec. IQela elinguGreen le-ocer liphumelele 2.3% yemivoti kodwa izihlalo ezi-2 kuphela.6%). Ezi mizekelo zibonisa indlela oo-WTA abanokuphumelela ngayo kumaqela aphezulu naphantsi kwe-omatilo-omatila axhasayo. Amaphondo amaninzi aseKhanadadina aye azama ukuzama ukuhlaziya ii-evotiopera, kodwa awamkele umgangatho wolawulo.

Iinkqubo Zecobrid Nezezinye Iindlela

Asiyonkqubo yokhetho elingana kakuhle ne PR vs WTA yesibini. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo ezidibanisa iimpawu.

  • [[FLT: 0] Iindlela ezimbini ezi-Rounds (umpu): ezisetyenziswa eFransi ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli kunye nononobumba wepalamente. Ukuba akukho mvo ufumana uninzi kwisangqa sokuqala, umphezulu wobuso obubini jikelele. Oku kutyekela ekuveliseni ubhaqo oluninzi kodwa lungakugqwetha ulungelelwano. Ayithathwa njenge PR.
  • I-Alternifiditity Vote (AV) / I- i-i-i-ivinoff: Abathathi-nxaxheba; ukuba akukho mntu ufumana uninzi, umvotezi wokugqibela uyasuswa kwaye amavoti abo agqithiswa. I-AV yinkqubo engundoqo, hayi elungelelanisiweyo, kodwa iphucula kwi FPPP ngokuqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele uxhaso oluninzi. Isetyenziswa e-Australia kwiNdlulo yabameli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo-MEMber Majoritarian (MMM): Njenge MMP kodwa izihlalo zoluhlu azilihlawuleli igalelo lobuqhetseba; ziyafana. Oku kusoloko kuphumela kwiziphumo ezincinci. IJapan neMexico zisebenzisa iMMM.

Intlaselo nganye izama ukubamba ezinye zeengenelo zezo zombini ezikhoyo ehlabathini — umelo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolungelelwano olukhoyo okanye uninzi lulawula ngokunokhetho lomvoti. Kodwa akukho nkqubo ilungelelanisa ngokupheleleyo zonke iinjongo.

Ukukhetha Phakathi KwePR NeWTA

Isigqibo sokuba yiyiphi inkqubo emele isetyenziswe sixhomekeke kwizinto eziza kuqala kwibutho labantu. Ukuba eyona nto iphambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi yokuvota yommi ngamnye nokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ibonelela ngokhetho olunyuliweyo, iPR lukhetho olusengqiqweni. Ukuba oorhulumente abazinzileyo, icandelo elicacileyo, ukuphendula ngokucacileyo, kunye nevoloti ezilula zinokuba zezona ziphambili, iWTA ingakhetha kakuhle.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi oluninzi luye lwaguqula iinkqubo zabo ukuphendula iimpazamo ezicingwayo. INew Zealand kunye noMzantsi Afrika ofunyenwe yiPR; iFransi isebenzisa inkqubo engqukuva ezimbini; i-UK iye yaphikisana ngotshintsho kangangamashumi eminyaka. Utyekelo kulawulo-melo olutsha — njengalo lwaseMpuma Yurophu emva ko 1989 — luye lwajolise kwiPR, kodwa akukho lugwebo lwendalo.

Kukwafuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba iPR yenziwe ikunciphisa ubuthathaka bayo: iimfuno zomda (umz. 4% okanye 5%) zithintele amaqela amancinane aqhekeziweyo ekungeneni epalamente, kwaye avule uluhlu okanye amaqela e-STV agcina ukhetho lwevoti phakathi kwabavoti. Ngokufanayo, iWTA ingalungiswa ngokusebenzisa izithili ezithe xhaxhe okanye iyadityaniswa nokubaleka, nangona esondela kwinkqubo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Isiphelo

Umelo lwepropotigal kunye neZithathi- Eziphumele phambili zimela iintanda-bulumko ezimbini ezahlukileyo zedemokhrasi yabavoti. I-PR imisela ulwandiso olufanelekileyo lwezinto ezikhethwayo, ngokufuthi ngendleko yolula nolugqibekileyo kurhulumente. I-WTA ilungelelanisa abaphumeleleyo nabanqobi abacacileyo, ngokufuthi ngendleko yokufumana umelo oluncinane kunye nemvume ebanzi. Akukho nkqubo igqibekileyo; nganye ivelisa ulahleko kunye nabaphumeleleyo. Inkqubo engcono kulo naluphi na uhlanga olunikiweyo ixhomekeke kwizithethe zayo zezobupolitika, umlinganiselo wendawo, iiyantluko yezizwe, kunye namava embali.

Ngokuqonda amakhanikha, inzuzo, kunye neziphendu ze-PR neWTA, abemi kunye nabenzi bomthetho bangabandakanyeka ngobuchule kwingxoxo malunga notshintsho lonyulo. Nokuba ilizwe libambelele kwindlela yalo yangoku okanye likhetha ukutshintsha, olona sukelo lupheleleyo luhlala lufana: isakhiwo solawulo esisebenzayo nesisemthethweni emehlweni abo sisebenza.