Iinkqubo zolawulo-bume kunye nee-arhente zolawulo-bume oluthe ngqo, zisisiseko sezixhobo zedemokhrasi, zinika abemi amandla nemigaqo engaphaya kwesakhiwo sabameli. Ekuqaleni zimiselwe ukunika abantu abaqhelekileyo uvavanyo lwamandla owiso-mthetho, ezi nkqubo ziguqukele kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo ezinezinyathelo ezibalulekileyo zezobupolitika, zezoqoqosho, kunye nezobuntlalo. Le ndlela inika uvavanyo olugunyazisayo lwendlela yokuhlola oko kuthethwa kwezixhobo kunye neenyathelo lobuchule, indlela abasebenza ngayo, amandla abo kunye nemiqobo, kunye nendima yabo ecacileyo kulawulo lwanamhlanje. Ngokuhlola iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, amanyathelo eemeko ehlabathi, kunye nezibonelelo ezivelwayo, abafundi baya kuzuza ukuqondwa okuphangalele kwezi zixhobo zomthetho.

Yintoni IReferendem?

I-arhenteendum yivoti engqalileyo apho uvotelwayo uphela ecelwa khona ukuba amkele okanye angasifuni isicelo esithile. Isindululo sisenokuba ngumthetho omtsha, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, isivumelwano sezizwe ngezizwe, okanye isigqibo somgaqo-nkqubo esingundoqo. Ii-Referendendum zidla ngokuqalwa ngurhulumente (ii-legislatendrendums) okanye ngamanye amaxesha ngabemi kwinkqubo yokucela (iintententeum). Umahluko ongundoqo ngowokuba i-arhenteum inika ivoti ngoevoti ngoethi ngoethi okanye u-ewe-okanye nokhetho olungukhetho lomthetho osele lucetyiwe okanye inkqubo, kunokuba bavumele ukuba bace umthetho omtsha osuswe ukusuka ekugraneni.

Iintlobo Zee-Referendendom

Ubophelelo lwe khowudi

I-binding revensums ifuna urhulumente ngokusemthethweni ukuzalisekisa isiphumo. Umzekelo, eSwitzerland, uninzi lwe-ovential ne-cattonal indendiums zibophelelekile. I-Advisory ithumela intententements[ [ibizwa ngokusemthethweni] (ibizwa ngokuba yi-atcatenums) uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa ayinyanzeli nyathelo. I-UK'Ammater Vote i-dendendium yayiselo, nangona isetyenziswa ngurhulumente isiphumo. Umgca phakathi kwesidibanisi ne-adviory ungenza ukuba kungabikho mdlali xa uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika lungachaphaza.

Imiqathango ehambayo. IiReferendendom ezikhethekayo

[[NTLT:0] i-arhenteaderums zifunwa ngokwemithetho-siseko kwizigqibo ezithile, ezifana nokulungisa okanye imibandela yamatyala. Kumaphondo amaninzi e-U.S., naluphi na umanyano maluvunywe ngabavoti. i-accomplication effendements [ xa i-sethi yomthetho-siseko okanye umphathi-siseko ekhetha ukubhekisa umba kubantu. Oku kusenokuba sisixhobo esicwangcisiweyo sokusombulula izahlulo zangaphakathi okanye izigqibo eziphikisayo.

IMithetho ePhathiswayo

[[FLT: 0]] Izicelo zommeli zokucela ukupheliswa kwemithetho edluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. zibekwe kurhulumente. ] isalatha-mbombo esiphangaleleyo sivela kwizicelo zommi ukucel ’ umngeni umthetho osele udluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokomzekelo, abemi bangacela i-brogrotteate encom ukuphinda ulwe umthetho. Le nkqubo isebenza njengesivalo sokukhusela nxamnye nomthetho ongathandwayo.

Yintoni Inyathelo Lokuqalisa?

Inyathelo lokuvota yinkqubo apho abemi bacebisa khona imithetho emitsha okanye ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko ngqo, ukudlula kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo ne-statendim, inyathelo lokuqala elisuka kuluntu lonke lize livelise inkqubo entsha, kunokuba nje livume okanye ligatye izicelo zikarhulumente. Amanyathelo eBallot aqheleke kakhulu eUnited States (kumazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, i-Oregon, ne-Colorado), naseSwitzerland, apho bahlala khona kunye ne-democracratics njengentsika yedemokhrasi engqalileyo.

Iindidi Zokuqala Zebhola

Izindululo zeMithetho eMisiweyo eziphikisanayo.

Iinyathelo ezithatyathwa ngumfundisi-siseko zicebisa imithetho enokulungiswa okanye ilungiswe ngezamva zendlu yowiso-mthetho. Inyathelo lobupolisa [ lokuphelisa urhulumente okanye umgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-siseko kunzima ukutshintsha, ezi ntloko zifuna umqobo ophezulu ukwenzela ukudlula (umz., iprocesss procession yeKhalifonia 13 0.88) waba ngumgaqo-siseko owendlela-mthetho othelwe irhafu yepropati; isiphumo sawo siyaqhubeka kuba iinguqulo zomgaqo-siseko zinzima ukujika.

Imibhrashi ethe ngqo. Izindululi ezingangqalanga

Kumthetho ophambili othe ngqo], emva kokuba utyikityo olwaneleyo luqokeleliwe, umlinganiselo uhamba ngqo kwivoti. inyathelo lokuqala elingangqalanga [ libekwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enethuba lokuyamkela okanye lokucebisa enye into. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayithathi nxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo, inyathelo lihamba kwivoti eyaziwayo. Inyathelo elingqalileyo lisetyenziswa kumacandelo afana neMaine neMassachusetts, kwaye bavumela abalungisi bomthetho ukuba bacoce okanye balalane phambi kwegalelo oluthe ngqo lukawonke-wonke.

Inkqubo yeeReferendendom kunye neenyathelo eziphambili

Nangona iinkqubo zingafani, isakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sisebenza kwiinkqubo ezininzi. Ukuqonda amanyathelo kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuba sesikweni kunye nemiqobo enokwenzeka.

Amanyathelo e-Referendedum (Igunya okanye i-Oversity)

  • Utyikityo: Kumthetho owisiweyo, urhulumente ukhupha izicelo kunye neevoti zokuyibhekisa ebantwini. Kuzo ii-assendum ezithandwayo, abemi kufuneka baqokelele inani elichaziweyo lotyikityo ukukhupha ivoti kumthetho owisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ingxelo kunye nesiqinisekiso sokhetho: Abaphathi bokhetho bahlola izicelo zolwaneliseko olusemthethweni, kunye nee-counterum ezithandwayo, baqinisekisa utyikityo ukuqinisekisa ukuba luyasebenza.
  • Ixesha lokunika inkxaso: Abaxhasi kunye nabachasi babandakanyeka kwingxoxo kawonke-wonke, izibhengezo ze-media, kunye nezingca ezingca ezicwangcisiweyo. Ubude bexesha lephulo bungachaphazela ubunjani bolwazi lwevoti.
  • Ukukhupha:[[FLT: 1] Abami baphosa iibhola; amanye amagunya afuna incopho encinci okanye i-major ephezulu ukudlula iindidi ezithile ze-arendum.
  • Uzalisekiso: kwibhampasi ze-arhente, urhulumente kufuneka amisele iziphumo. Uzalisekiso lungalibaziseka ngemingeni esemthethweni okanye imiqobo yolawulo.

Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Imfazwe

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukurhweba: abaxhasi babhala umbhalo wesicelo somthetho okanye ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko. Ucoselelo olusemthethweni lubalulekile ukunqanda uhlaziyo lwamva.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uqokelelo lophawu: Inani elidityanisiweyo lotyikityo olusebenzayo (onke amaxesha ipesenti yamavoti aphoswe kunyulo lokugqibela) kufuneka iqokelelwe kwisakhelo esikhankanyiweyo sexesha. Le yeyona iqonga elithatha ixesha elininzi.
  • Uqinisekiso: Amagosa karhulumente akhangela utyikityo lwentsebenzo (umz., abavoti ababhalisiweyo, hayi iikopi). Iimfuno zosayino ezizaliswayo okanye uqinisekiso olungqongqo lungakhupha ezinye izicelo.
  • Ubalo: Umlinganiselo uvela kwi block, isoloko ikhatshwa sisishwankathelo, uhlalutyo olungakhethiyo, kunye neempikiswano ze/ ngokuchaseneyo. Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ingxelo yempembelelo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulungelelaniso:[ Ukuba inyathelo lidlulisiwe, liba ngumthetho (okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko). Ulungiso-nkqubo lwamanyathelo lusoloko luphantsi kwemvume eyongezelelweyo yomvoti, uzikhusela kwimposiso yemithetho.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso ngapha kwemiqathango

I-United States

Amanyathelo ebhola akhoyo kumaphondo angama-24 nakwi-Washington, D.C. Iimfuno zohluka ngokubanzi (ukusuka kwimiqobo yokutyikitya (umz., 5% yabavoti eKhalifoniya ukwenzela imimiselo, 8% yemithetho ekwintloko enye eyenzelwe ukukhusela imilinganiselo entsonkothileyo ye-omnibus. Le nkqubo iphenjelelwa kakhulu yimali: amaqela enza inzala ephambili angaqesha abaqokeleli bemiqathango abaqeshiweyo kwaye basebenzise amaphu eendaba abiza imali eninzi. Ngo-20222, ngaphezu kwe-R1000 000 000 echithelwe kwi-U.S. Imilinganiso e-ebhalo. Abagxeki abagxeki baphikisa ukuba inyathelo lisoloko libhalwa ngabagwebi ukwenzela izilangazelelo abakhethekileyo, hayi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

I-Switzerland

I-Switzerland yinkokeli yomhlaba wonke kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo. I-mitura ingaqalisa inyathelo lokuzihlaziya ngokweziqendu ezingephi zomGaqo-siseko ezinotyikityo olumalunga ne-2% lwabavoti) phakathi kweenyanga ezili-18. Kwi-asethi yowiso-mthetho (ukhetho), kuphela ngu-500,000 utyikityo olufunekayo ukuvavanya nawuphi na umthetho we-ogxakene. I-Turtout ilungelelanisa (40-50%) kodwa izigqibo ziyabopheka. Imodeli isoloko icatshulwa njengenkqubo elungeleleneyo kuba iquka isigaba sokunganikezeli: iPalamente icebisa ukuba inyathelo lokuqala, inika ukhetho oluchaphakanyisiweyo.

Amanye Amazwe

I-Itali ine-astendum ethandwayo efuna i-500 000 yotyikityo. Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa njengemithetho kumandla enyukliya, incedise ulwakhiwo, kunye notshintsho lokhetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Ireland isebenzisa ii-avensum kuphela ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko; amanyathelo angekho. I-EU ayinayo inkqubo yedemokhrasi engqalileyo, nangona i-European Citizetizens’s Initivetion ivumela abemi bani ukuba bacele iKomishini yaseYurophu . Ulawulo-democraclationsss ezintsha ezininzi eLatin America kunye ne-Afrika zikhonjiswe njengendlela yomgaqo-siseko.

Izicelo zoMphathiswa

Ezi zixhobo zineziphumo ezinzulu zokulawula ngokusemthethweni, ubulunga benkqubo, nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu.

i-Seed:

  • I- I-demokhrasi: Abami banikwa igalelo elithe ngqo kwimicimbi ephezulu enokuphetshwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi.
  • Inkcazo eyongezelelweyo: Amanyathelo ebhola angaqhuba umvoti aphumele ekunyuseni nokwandisa ukuqondwa kweenkcukacha zenkqubo, ingakumbi kumazwe akhawulezileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo olupheleleyo: Ukoyika ii-avensum eziqhelekileyo zingenza iindlu zowiso-mthetho zinike ingqalelo engakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, iikomiti zepalamente zaseSwitzerland zisoloko zilungisa iindleko-mali ngokungenanjongo ukuze ziphephe ukuncinwa.
  • Imposiso yeProcessing: imigaqo-nkqubo yobuvulindlela ihambisele phambili kwimimandla efana nokuzonwabisa ngomjuxuzo, ukwenziwa koncedo lwezamayeza, unyuko lwemivuzo encinane, kunye nokhuseleko lwemeko-bume.

Iingozi

  • UbuPopu kunye neMajority Tyranny: amavoti athe ngqo angawagqitha amalungelo amancinane okanye akhusele iimfuno ezisemgangathweni. Iprojekthi yesi-8 (2008) yokwalela umtshato omnye ogqithisiweyo odluliselwe ngama- 52% kodwa kamva wabethwa enkundleni."Ii-demokhrasi elawula ngqo kunye namalungelo omGaqo-siseko.
  • Ukulandela kunye nokukhupha izimvo: Amanyathelo amaninzi okufaka ibhola ade, asemthethweni, kwaye azele ngomgaqo. Iivoter zingaxhomekeka kukhuphiso okanye intetho ezigunyazisiweyo kunokuba zihlalutywe ngocoselelo. Amagama ngokwawo anokuba nekhethe. Umzekelo, “Uewe ku 5 ukukhusela amalungelo obuzali” angafiphaza isiphumo somlinganiselo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukudinwa okuphezulu nokuTyhubha: iziphumo zokurhoxa rhoqo kunyulo olufanayo zingaboyisa abavoti. Unyulo oluphantsi lungalawulwa lukhuthuzo, amadala, okanye abavoti abazizityebi, iziphumo zokutsala kude nomdla kawonke-wonke.
  • Impembelelo ekhethekileyo yoMdla: Ushishino lokudibanisa kunye namaphulo aphinda-phindiweyo edityanisiweyo angenza inkqubo ibe sisixhobo sabaxhasi abazizityebi. Abachasi banokuchitha imali eninzi ukoyisa amanyathelo.
  • Ukungagqibeki: xa igqithisiwe, imithetho emiswa ngokuqaliswa isoloko kunzima ukuyilungisa (kuphela ngenye ivoti. Oku kungatshixa kwimigaqo engalunganga okanye amalungiselelo aphelelwe lixesha, njengomthetho wesigwebo onzima weKhalifoniya wesithathu.

Uvavanyo Lomzekelo

Iprogramme yaseKhalifoniya 13 (1978)

Ipropati yomthetho 13 yeyona ntshukumo iphambili ye-iconic i-U.S. incopho yerhafu ekwi 1% yexabiso lovavanyo kunye nonyuko olulinganiselweyo lwaminyaka le ukuya kwi-2% de kuthengiswe. Abaxhasi bathi ikhusela abanini-khaya kwiirhafu ezirhoxileyo; abachasi bayilumkisa ukuba izakulamba iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Umlinganiselo ogqithisiweyo ngenkxaso yama-65%. Eshumini lamathutyana kamva, unconyezwe ngokuswela kwepetroli yezindlu (ngokudimaza) kwaye wenze inkqubo yerhafu yempahla emibini ephezulu. Ilifa yayo ibonisa indlela enokuthi ngayo inyathelo elibalulekileyo linokuba neziphumo ezingalawulekiyo. [FLD] [FG]] [FLD]

Breut Referendem (2016)

I-UK's 2016 i-arhendendum ejongene nobulungu be-EU yayingumzekelo oqhelekileyo wokufumana i-advisory ephezulu ejongene neziphumo ezibophelelekileyo zezobupolitika. Umbuzo othi “Ngaba uManyano lwe-United Kingdom luhlale lulilungu le-European Union okanye lushiya i-European Union?” wabonakala ulula, kodwa le miba yayintsokothile kakhulu ``````itrade, ukufuduka, ulawulo, kunye nobuzwelo. Iziphumo zaba ngumqondiso wokuba i-Dandrum inokuba ngumkhosi we-P; ngoko u-Khalenda ubiza i-P' ukuba i-voti ye-Ps e-erlateactive, kunye noxandulo lomthetho we-octal kwi-Rwestersboxpolactives, ngeziphumo ze-ogroptions, i-Breat.

Isithathi-nxaxheba SaseSwitzerland

Inyathelo elidumileyo lacebisa ukuba kungabikho kumthetho-siseko wokwakha iiminarets. Urhulumente waseSwitzerland nepalamente zancomela ukukwala, zicaphula inkululeko yonqulo. Kodwa, abavoti bavuma ukuvalwa komsebenzi nge-57.5.5%. Isiphumo sagwetywa zwenibanzi kodwa asikwazanga ukutshintshwa ngokusetyenziswa komthetho oqhelekileyo (kuphela kukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko). Eli tyala libonisa ukuxinezeleka phakathi kolawulo-melo olungqalileyo namalungelo asisiseko, kwaye lakhuthaza impikiswano yokuba imida engaphantsi kwemidatha yokuqalisa inyathelo (umz.., ukuhambelana neNdibano yeNtlanganiso yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu) kufuneka ibekwe.

Ulwando Oluphambili LwaseMaine (2017)

Emva kweminyaka yolwandiso lwe-drock yowiso-mthetho ekhankanyiweyo kuMdicaid weNtolongo, abavoti-Maine bagqithisa inyathelo lokusebenza lolwandiso ngo-2017 ukwandisa ukhupho. Irhuluneli ngexesha (Paul LePage) ekuqaleni eyayingalwani nokuzalisekiswa, ikhokelela kumadabi asezinkantolo. Ekugqibeleni, ulwando lwasongwa, lwagqunywa, lugquma ngaphezu kwama-70-70-e-ezangenayo abemi. Lo mzekelo ubonisa indlela amanyathelo okubala anokunyanzela ngayo kwimigaqo eqhelekileyo evaliweyo evaliweyo evaliweyo enqanwe yimithetho yowiso-mthetho-* kodwa nendlela inkcasolulo yegunya enokuthi ilibazise ngayo ukuphunyezwa kokuphunyezwa kwayo. (Udwenda kwimicimbi kwimicimbi yempilo)

Ukulingana Komtshato WaseIreland (2015)

I-Ireland yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa ngokomthetho umtshato ongokwasemtshatweni ngovoti ethandwayo, ngemvume ebanzi yama-62%. Isethi-ntenteum yalungiselelwa ngobuchule emva kwendibano egunyazisiweyo. Iphulo labonisa ukuganana kwabemi nokwaziswa okuthe kratya koluntu. Isiphumo sabonwa njengesiqalo senkqubela-phambili yebutho labantu kunye nokuvunywa kwamandla okukhulula, ukuqulunqwa kwedemokhrasi. Imodeli ye-Ireland .

Ikamva Ledemokhrasi Engqalileyo: Utshintsho Nezindululo

Abahlalutyi nabaxhasi ngokufanayo bayaqonda ukuba iinkqubo zangoku zifuna ukuhlaziywa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganceda iintlobo ezithe ngqo zedemokhrasi. Zifana “nedemokhrasi ekhankanyiweyo” apho abavoti banokurhoxa khona ivoti yekhompyutha esebenza njengomgunyaziso kwimibandela ethile. Noko ke, ulumko luyafuneka: ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke kunye nokulula kokusebenzisa amaqonga amanani kusongela uzinzo. Ikamva alikho ekufakeni indawo karhulumente wabameli kodwa ekudibaniseni kwawo ngemiqathango yabemi.

Isiphelo

Isiseko solawulo-lwazi oluthe ngqo sikwinkqubo eqwalaselweyo elungiselelwe ubuchule, kodwa ayifezekanga. Zinika abantu abaqhelekileyo imibutho kwiisigqibo esirhabaxa, kodwa ziyakwazi ukwandisa ikhethe, ukubeka iziphumo ezintlukwano, kwaye zibanjwe zizinto ezithe kratya. Isitshixo sokufumana idemokhrasi ecacileyo sikwisicwangciso sobuchule: imida eyaneleyo yokuphepha imilinganiselo ephantsi, imithetho ephantsi eyodwa yokuthintela ukudidektha, imigaqo engundoqo yokuthintela ukudidelwa kwempembelelo engundoqo, iingxelo ezingundoqo ezinxulumene nolwazi olunzulu, kunye nemigangatho ekhuthaza ukuthembeka kwemithetho enzulu ekhuthaza ukuthembeka kwizindlu zolawulo-mthetho-siseko, ezikhoyo, ezi zinto zimele zihlale zisembindiphe ukucinezelwa kweso sisixhobo solawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwiinkqubo zomthetho kunye neengcamango zotshintsho, kuphembelela iNgqungquthela yesiZwe yoMthetho weSizwe kunye nesiseko se-memo-siseko se-IDEA yezizwe ngezizwe kwizixhobo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo.