Ukujonga Ngokunzulu Umahluko: Ukuwaphelisa Amalungelo Okuhlanganisa Nokucel ’ Isicelo

Ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zoxolo, alikokuthetha nje ibinzana elisemthethweni, ``kuko oku kuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi'. Le nkululeko ibini, efakwe kuMphengululo Wokuqala, ivumela abemi ukuba balungelelanise, bangabi nalizwi kunye nokufuna ukuphendula. Kodwa ke kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, ezi zikhuselo zisetyenziswa kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe. Yayiyimfundiso yokubandakanya, esekelwe kuMphengululo we-14, eyathi ngokuyintloko yaguqula eli lizwe ngokunyusela ikhaka kweBhili lamaLungelo kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda olu tshintsho kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela amalungelo okuhlanganisa nokufaka isicelo korhulumente wale mihla.

Yintoni IBhulorho Esemthethweni?

I-corporation yimfundiso yomgaqo-siseko esebenzisa ukhuseleko lweziphene zokuqala zeshumi leshumi, --ukumisela urhulumente woorhulumente ngokuqhutywa kweNkqubo kaClaus yeSigunyaziso se-145. Igalelo lithi akukho rhulumente uya "kuphelisa nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. Ukuqalisa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokuthe ngcembe ibambelele kwelokuba inkululeko ethile kwiBhili yamaLungelo ibaluleke kangangokuba le nkqubo iyaziwa ngokuba [[FLT:]] inguqulumo olufanelekileyo , esetyenziswa ngumntu omnye, kunokuba isetyenziswe lilo lonke ilungelo lamaLungelo.

Ngokomzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba lingenele, urhulumente unokuthintela ukuqhankqalaza kwezobupolitika okanye ukohlwaya abemi ngokuhambisa isicelo ngaphandle kokwaphula uMphengululo Wokuqala, ngenxa yokuba oko kulungisa kuphela okunyanzeliswe yiKhomishini. Ingqiqo yokubandakanya oku yayiguqula ngokuvakalisa ukuba isiqinisekiso senkululeko yeshumi elinesine Lo Amenziswano siquka le nkululeko engundoqo, ngaloo ndlela ithintela amandla karhulumente. Le mfundiso iye yaba ngundoqo kuyo yonke imizabalazo emikhulu yenkululeko yabemi benkulungwane edluleyo, ukusuka ekuthetheni ngokukhululekile nasekushicileleni kwintlanganiso nakwisicelo.

Ilungelo Lokuhlanganisa Ngoxolo: Ukusuka Kwimida Yasekuhlaleni Ukusa Kwisiqinisekiso Sesizwe

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa livumela abantu ukuba bahlanganisane ngenjongo yokuchaza ngezantsi, enoba kuhlangane iholo yedolophu, ukuqhutyelwa ukusetyenziswa kweziqendu, okanye ukuqhankqalaza. Ngaphambi kokuba angenelele, amarhulumente ayenegunya elibanzi lokulawula iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ngokufuthi ngokuzifihla ukuba ulungelelwano lukawonke-wonke. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuwavala amaqela athile ukuba angadibani kwiindawo zikawonke wonke, abeke irhafu eninzi yemiqathango yemvume, okanye anyanzele imithetho echasene neentlanganiso eziphikiswayo. Ngaphandle kokungalawulwa ngurhulumente, le miqathango inokuthi ithinte ukungqubana.

Incam yokutshintsha yafika . Ityala eliphawulayo apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi inyanisene ngokuthi ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo linelungelo elibalulekileyo elikhuselweyo kwiphondo elichasiweyo. Ityala libandakanya intlanganiso yamakhomyunisi eyayisemthethweni kodwa igqalwa njengengekho mthethweni phantsi komthetho weOregon's syndism. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba khona nje kwintlanganiso yoxolo akunakwenziwa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Njengokuba kubhaliwe nguJaji Hughes, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liyimfuneko ngokulinganayo. Ityala libandakanya nezinye izicwangciso zolawulo zokuqala, kwaye liyi-"inyanisekusebenza kwamanye amalungelo okuzinzisa."

I-corpootion ayizange inike mvume yokuvala ngokukhululekileyo ukuvalela amalungelo endibano. Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham [1969]] , iNkundla yawisa phantsi umthetho weBirmingham owanika amagosa esixeko iqhinga elingathintelwanga ukukhabazisa imvume yomboniso. INkundla ibambelele kwimigaqo yemvume mayisekelwe kwinjongo, iqulathelwe, imo, inxalenye engundoqo yamaLungelo eMbutho yamakhaya, iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni angenakusebenzisa imithetho evala ngokuchasa uxolo.

Ngokubhekele phaya, amabhaso v. uMzantsi Carolina [1963] waqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa liquka ilungelo lokuvakalisa iimbono kuwonke wonke kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente. INkundla yarhoxa ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamalungelo oluntu abahambisi-mthetho abakwindlu karhulumente, ivakalisa ukuba uHlaliso Lokuqala (ukuhamba ngenqanawa) kukwindibano yabo yoxolo. Ngaphandle kokuquququzelelwa, aba bagxeki bezongxengxengxezo bebengenakukhange bavume ukuchasana nomthetho nxamnye nomthetho wemeko.

Ilungelo Lokucela: Inkuselo Ekubuyiselweni

Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo zetyala lelona lungelo lidala kakhulu kumalungelo oMphengululo Wokuqala, onemvelaphi kwiMagna Carta kunye neSigqibo samaNgesi samaLungelo. Likhusela amandla abemi okunxibelelana nawo onke amasebe karhulumente //legislative, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nejaji--ukungasoyiki ukuphindwa. Ukukhuselwa komthetho kwadluliselwa kurhulumente nakwizenzo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka izibongozo ezinikezelwa kumabhunga, kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, okanye kwana kwiinkundla.

Enye yeemeko ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa impembelelo yokuququzelela amalungelo esicelo [FLT][FLT]NAACP v. Alabama ex ex rel. Patterson (1958). Umbuso wase-Alabama wawufuna ukunyanzela ukuba amalungu awo akhuphe uluhlu, ngokunempumelelo amandla awo okucela urhulumente ukulingana kobuhlanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekunyanzeleni ukuhlahlelana kwenkululeko yamalungu. [[FLTLT:3] [[FLT]] [iinkulu inkundla elungileyo ibisele ifakelwe ngokucace ngokukwiSigqibo sokuqala. Esi sigqibo sikhusela iNaACP kunye namalungu ayo ukucela urhulumente ukuba aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde angene.

. Ityala elixhalabisayo le Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacacisa ukuba i-Revolution Claus isebenza kurhulumente nakubaqeshi bengi bengingqi. Ityala linxulumene negosa lamapolisa elifake ityala kunqanyulo lwalo, kwaye iNkundla ibambe ukuba ilungelo lokucela linyuselwe kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-redres, kuquka nokuziditya. Nangona isiphumo silinganisela umlinganiselo wesicelo kumbandela womsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, imeko ebonakalisa ukuba iqhubeke isenza iprojekti yezenzo zokuchasa kwisenzo sokulunga.

Ukongeza, Down of Lakewood v. Umthengi Ocacileyo Wopapasho Co. [1988] ubhekisa ekulilungelo ukucela ngomatshini wokushicilela, uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako ukulungiselela ukusasazwa kwamaphephandaba `indlela yokufaka isicelo nentetho/ukuchaza okungavunyelwayo phambi kokuba kufumaneke. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba ukuququzelela kwesixhobo esisebenzayo sokuvavanya imigaqo yesizwe nemimiselo.

Ityala Eliyintloko Elichaza Ukuphambuka Kwendibano Nesibongozo

Ngaphandle kwemizekelo eyaziwayo, ezinye izigqibo eziliqela ziye zaguqula indlela la malungelo asebenza ngayo phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente:

  • [FLT] Gitlow v. New York (1925): Nangona yaxhasa ubhetyebhetye lwe Benjamin Gitlow yokuxhasa inguquko, ityala laliyimbali kuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqikelela ukuba `a ngaphandle kokugqiba' ukuba uGawulayo Lokuqala lusebenzise umlomo wenkululeko kwaye lucinezele ukhuseleko kumazwe ngakwi-Celas Clauslee. Oku kwavula ucango kamva lokuququluzela indibano nokucela.
  • [FLT]Stomberg v. California [1931] INkundla yawisa umthetho karhulumente othintela ukuboniswa kweflegi ebomvu njengophawu lokuchasa urhulumente olungelelanisiweyo. Isigqibo saquka ukhuseleko loFirst Amendment lolwimi olufuziselayo, olusoloko ludityaniswe nendibano kunye nesicelo.
  • HAgue v. COO (1939]]: Kwimeko emalunga nabaququzeleli bomanyano lwabasebenzi abathetha ezitratweni zesixeko, iNkundla yaseka ukuba izitrato zikawonke-wonke kunye neepaki ziphathiswe ukuthemba ukusetyenziswa kukawonke-wonke kwindibano nentetho, kwaye loo mazwe akanakubeka imithetho yamalungelo angaphambili ngaphandle kokutsalwa, imimiselo equlethwe yi-injini.
  • [FLT][FOM] . Collins (1945): INkundla yabetha phantsi umthetho weTexas owawufuna abaququzeleli bomsebenzi ukuba bafumane iphepha-mvume phambi kokuba bafune amalungu. UJaji Rutledge wabhala ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokufaka isicelo liquka ilungelo lokuthetha nokulungiselela, kwaye loo mqobo kufuneka ujongene novavanyo olungqongqo.
  • I-Citizens United v. IKhomishini yoNqumlo (2010): Ngelixesha ityala lemali lephulo, isigqibo saphinda saqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu anelungelo lokukhupha uLawulo lokuqala `kuquka ilungelo lokucela ngenkcitho ezimeleyo yezopolitiko] kwaye la malungelo ngoku adityaniswe ngokupheleleyo ngoku ngokuchasene noorhulumente. Oku kuhlala kungelinye lolwando olunempikiswano lokuququlungela.

Ubalo Lobubanzi: Indlela Ukuthathi - nxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi Okuguqulwe Ngayo

Ukuququzelelwa kwamalungelo entlanganiso nezicelo kuye kwaba nempembelelo enzulu kubomi bentlalo-ntle yaseMelika. Kuye kwenza ukuba intsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle (ukusukela ekusebenzeni ukuya kumalungelo abemi ukuya kulingana ngokulinganayo) ukuya kutsho kukwandiswa komtshato (ukulungiselela ukuququzelela imigca yesizwe ngaphandle kokujongana nemilinganiselo engokwahlukene ngokupheleleyo esemthethweni. Ingxwabangxwaba e-Alabama ifumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko njengaleyo yaseKhalifonini, ubuncinane ngokwengcamango. Oku kufana kudala umgangatho wesizwe wenkululeko, apho amazwe angaphantsi angenakuhla.

Ukuququzelela kwanika inkundla yesizwe amandla okuhlola urhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni ethintela isicelo. Abahlali banikwa uvumo lwemvo ngokungavumi kwebhunga lesixeko ukuva isibongolo sabo okanye umthetho karhulumente obohlwaya ababhexeshi besicelo sokujikeleza unokuzisa ityala phantsi 422 U.S.C. . . . .1998[FLT], ovumela umonakalo kunye nokukhululeka kokuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Lo mthetho uyakwazi ukuzisa ukumangalelana ngaphandle kokuquququzelelwa ko- Claus.

Imingeni yangoku iyaqhubeka ivavanya imida yala malungelo. Ukunyuka kwezixhobo zezentlalo-ntle kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ilungelo lokucela likwandiselwe kwi-intanethi elungiselelwe ngurhulumente okanye elawulwayo. Ingaba umthetho wesigqeba uthintela i-Twitter ungquzulwano lwe-Ilasce? Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziqalile ukulwa nale miba, kwaye iimpendulo zixhomekeke kwindlela uGawula-zi Wokuqala olusebenza ngayo kumaqonga amanani.

Indima Yemibutho

Ukuququzelela akuncedanga mntu ngamnye. Iintlangano, kuquka imibutho, ziye zalicela ngempumelelo ilungelo lokucela ukuphembelela umthetho, imimiselo, kunye nokufuna izivulo kwiinkundla. [FLT]][FLT][1] uPificial Gas & Genetic Co. v. uququzelelo lwamaqumrhu oluluququzeleyo [ [1986] [FLT], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba inkampani enoluhlu lokuqala lokuHlulela izicelo ngokuthumela izingeniso kumatyala ayo. Oku kulwandiswa kwamalungelo ezicelo kwiqumrhu eliqulu-qulurhwayo luye lwabangela ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokulungele ukulingana phakathi kwabaminyaziso nabami boqoqosholo.

Sekunjalo, umgaqo ongundoqo uhleli: ukuququzelela isiqinisekiso sokuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi afumane ilungelo lokudibanisa utyikityo, ukuthetha ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke-wonke, okanye ukumangalela urhulumente ukuze kukhululwe. Nokuba lowo ucelayo ulumanyano lwasekuhlaleni lwabanini-makhaya okanye liqela lobugcisa-mvume besizwe, uMmiselo weMimiselo yeshumi elinesine uqinisekisa ukuba ucango lwephondo aluvalwanga.

Imibandela Yangoku Nekamva Lendibano Edityanisiweyo Namalungelo Afunayo

Ngoxa ukuququzelela icandelo elisisiseko lokhuseleko, amajelo asenesibanzi sokubeka ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango kwiindibano kunye nokutyhilwa kwezifo ezifunekayo zezicelo. I-COVID-19 ivavanya le mida yokuhlanganisa, njengoko amazwe amisela imida ngelixa abemi befuna ilungelo lokuqhankqalaza imiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zomanyano zidla ngokuxhasa amanyathelo afanelekileyo empilo kodwa zabetha lawo angazange amkele iimbono ezichasiweyo.

Enye indawo ephumayo yi lungelo lokucela kumongo wamagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Matal v. Tam (2017]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagawula igalelo lomthetho weLanham, eyayisetyenziselwa ukukhanyela ubhaliso lophawu lokugxeka. Ngelixa kungenjalo isicelo somcimo ngamnye, igxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakukhanyela uhlobo lwesicelo solawulo lomthetho wolawulo. Uqikelelo lwendlela yokucingela lunokukwenza oko.

Ukongeza, ukudityaniswa koMphetho wesibini [[FLT:] ku McDonald v. Chicago (2010]) maxa wambi kuye kwathethwa ukudibanisa namalungelo endibano, njengoko ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo linokuchaphazela ukhuseleko lweendibano zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, iNkundla ayinxulumani ngqo neemfundiso ezimbini. Uklungiso oluqhubekayo kwimithetho yemipu yelizwe luzavavanya ukuba ngaba indibano namalungelo okucelayo kufuneka amaqela axhotyiswe.

Isiphelo: Impembelelo Ehlala Ihleli Yocalulo

Imfundiso yokuququzelela iguqule ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokufaka isicelo kwisiqinisekiso esinyanzelekileyo kurhulumente nakummandla. Ngaphandle kokuququzelela, iNkundla yamaLungelo yabemi inokuba ivalelwe ngamaqhinga emvume karhulumente, amaqhina abasebenzi asenokuba atyunyuzwe yimithetho yasekuhlaleni echasene nolungiselelo, kwaye abemi abaqhelekileyo babenokusohlwaywa ngokusayina izibongozo. Ngokusebenzisa uGaqo-mva-mva-mva-phambili kumazwana, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo akangoombono nje engaziwayo kodwa aphila.

Kodwa uloyiso asilulo uloyiso olumileyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye sijongene nocelomngeni olutsha ``i-FLT', ukucela iqumrhu, imiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke, efuna ukuba iinkundla zigqibe ukuba lingakanani na ilungelo eliququzelelweyo. Ilifa lamatyala anjengo [[FLT: 0] Jonge kunye [FLT] Shutlesworthworth"[[[[FLTL:3]]] lisikhumbuza ukuba ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokufaka isicelo libuthathaka ngaphandle kokuba likhuselwe rhoqo. Ngenxa ye-Contenation, ukhuseleko lungathatha indawo kwinkundla yenkundla yetyala yesizwe, nobunzima obupheleleyo bomGaqo-siseko ofuna ukuthetha, ukuhlanganisa, nokufuna intengo yobulungisa.