Ulawulo lolawulo-demokhrasi lusisiseko solawulo loluntu, kuqinisekwa ukuba amagunya anyuliweyo namagosa asekuhlaleni anokuphendula izigqibo zawo, izenzo, kunye nokusetyenziswa koovimba babantu. Ngokwenyani, lilungiselelo lokuba abemi balubeke ulawulo olunembopheleleko, benze inyathelo eligunyazisayo eliqhuba inkqubo engcono, elinciphisa ukulahlwa, kwaye liqinisa ukuthembana namaziko karhulumente. Xa ukuphendula kubuthathaka, ukunganyaniseki kuphumelela, iinkonzo zidodobala, kwaye ukugxeka kunciphisa isivumelwano soluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokungqongqo zinxulumene nokuphumelela korhulumente, zilinganiswa ngomgangatho ophezulu, ngokomthetho, nokubekwa komthetho, nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Olu hlolisiso olunwenwe olunzulu luye lufikelela ngaphaya kwingqiqo, ukuvavanyaniswa kobungqina obudityaniweyo, ukunikezelwa kobuphicothotho, ukubonakala kovavanyo oluqhubekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo ezithe rhoqo, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluthe rhoqo kwimicine

Ukuqonda Ukuphendulelwa Kubantu Bonke

Ukuziphendulela kukawonke wonke asiyongcamango yobunyani; ibandakanya imbopheleleko yabaphathi-mandla ukuchaza nokuthethelela izigqibo zabo, ukuzithoba ekuhloleni, nokujongana neziphumo ````````````Izinyuko''',' exhomekeke kumsebenzi wabo,' esekelwe kumongo karhulumente, isebenza ngobukhulu obuninzi: [[ i-styhene (iiiiityala elibanjwe ngamagosa anokubuzwa ngonyuko kunye nokuthelelwa ngqo), i-hene[FLT] [[FLT] [[FLT]] (iiiiiintegnee, (iiiiiizinto ezibambe ezinye ii-xandulo, njengeee-evolustration, njengeevolution, njengeevolution, i-ograngethi yesebe lanamhlanje, apho iveza ulawulo loburhulumente, apho i-ogradiognezelelekagne, apho ingaphezulu, kunye

Imigaqo Esisiseko: Ukubonisa ngaphaya Kwecala, Ukuphenduleka Nokunyanzelwa

Abaphengululi basoloko beqhawula ukuphendulana kwamalungu amathathu angundoqo. uphazamiso-magama luqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi olumalunga nezenzo zikarhulumente luvulekile luye lwafikeleleka, lunika abemi ithuba lokuqwalasela ukusebenza. Ngaphandle kokubonakala, ukuphendula kuba abanako uluntu kuba abanako ukuhlolisisa oko kwenziwe ngamagosa. ithetha ingxelo ekufuneka ibekwe ngamagosa ukuthethelela izigqibo zawo nokuphendula imibuzo evela kubaphathi okanye kubantu. Ekugqibeleni, ukunyanzelisa kuthetha ukuba ubuchule bukho ukubeka iziphumo ezikhoyo zomonakalo olusemthethweni okanye ukususwa kwe-ofisi. Xa abalawuli beyenye iimfanelo zabo ezintathu zingaphumeleli.

Isizathu Sokuba Imibandela Yokuziphendulela Izeyiseko Zikarhulumente

Ukuphumelela kukarhulumente.. uphando lwezibonelelo zenkonzo zikarhulumente, ubuchule benkonzo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nokuthembeka kweembopheleleko zikarhulumente, kuxhomekeke ngokuqatha ekuphenduleni. Xa amagosa esazi ukuba aza kubekwa ityala ngeziphumo, asenokuba ayakwazi ukwabelana ngobuchule, amisele imigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kubungqina obunentsingiselo, kunye nokususa ukunganyaniseki. Uphando lwe-eProgrammestical kwimibutho efana ne- World Bank [[FLT: 1]] IBHANGEN [[FLT: 1] lubonisa ukuba amazwe anenkqubo yokuziphendulela iziphumo ezinamandla ngakumbi, kuquka umthetho kunye nolawulo lorhwebo. Umzekelo, i-Prometancestiesties (WGI) ngokuqhubekayo ibonisa ukuvalwa kolawulo olunamandla phakathi "lwemali kunye nolawulo" kunye nolawulo lwamazwe omabini aphukileyo" kuwo omandukile kuwo omabini nakuphumile

Ubuchule Bokuphendula Kubantu

Oorhulumente banamhlanje basebenzisa uludwe oluntsonkothileyo lweenkqubo eziqhelekileyo nezingacwangciswanga ukunyanzelisa ukuphendula. Ezi nkqubo zisuka kwii-checks zomGaqo-siseko kunye nolungelelwaniso ukuya kwimibutho yezotyani. Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo nganye (eye apho zisoloko zingaphumeleli khona) kubalulekile ekuyileni iinkqubo zolawulo ezisebenzayo.

Umatshini Oqhelekileyo

Imithetho, umgaqo-siseko nemithetho yequmrhu ilungelelaniswe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo ukuze kumiselwe ulawulo nokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

  • Ukulawula okuthe ngqo: Iipalamente okanye iingqungquthela zisebenzisa iikomiti, iindlebe, kunye namathuba okubuza ukuhlolisisa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Kwimithetho yepalamente, abalungiseleli banokuphendula ngqo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, uvelela kusoloko kusoloko kunguvavanyo olungundoqo. Ukuvunywa noqinisekiso lohlaziyo lwamagosa aphezulu ngamaziko olawulo olunamandla.
  • Izintlu zophicotho-zincwadi eziphezulu: Amaziko ophicotho-zincwadi aphezulu (umz., i-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoLawulo loMlawuli we-U.S., i-Comploller kunye noMphicothi-zincwadi Jikelele wase-Indiya) uqhuba ii-Pixelthi-zincwadi zemali kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wamaziko karhulumente. Iingxelo zazo zinguwonke-wonke wonke, zidala uxinzelelo lolungiso. Uphicotho-zincwadi olunekileyo lufuna inkululeko kulawulo oluphetheyo kunye noovimba abafanelekileyo.
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Impinda yeQumrhu: Inkundla iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zihambelana nomgaqo-siseko nemithetho. Uzimele-mthetho kuyagxeka; ngaphandle kwayo, ukuphendula koxanduva akunanto. Uhlolo lwejaji lungabetha imimiselo engekho mthethweni okanye lunyanzelise amaziko ukuba aphumeze imisebenzi yemithetho.
  • Ii-Ofisi zoombuds: Umenzi wobundlobongela uphando lwabemi ngesebe eliphethe kakubi. Nangona kudla ngokungabikho mandla okuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziyenzeka, banokukhupha ingcebiso ezinyanzelisayo okanye baxhokonxa isenzo sepalamente. Imodeli yokuqala ye-ombudsman yaseSweden yamkelwe ehlabathini lonke.
  • IiKhomishini zoNnyulo: ezizimeleyo zolawulo lweziqu zokhetho zonyulo zijonge unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, zimisela imithetho yezemali kunye nokungaqiniseki kwabatshatiswa abonakeleyo. Zilukhuselo oluphambili ekuthinteleni unyulo.

Umatshini ongacwangciswanga

Iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zixhomekeke kwizithethe zentlalo, kwimithombo yendaba nakwibutho labantu ukuze oorhulumente baphendule, zidla ngokuzalisa iingxaki ezishiyekileyo, ingakumbi apho amaziko abuthathaka okanye athinjwe.

  • [[FLT: 0] Iinvestigative Journalism: Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo ubhenca amahlazo, ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo kunye nokunganyaniseki. Uphengululo lweWatergate ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Izixhobo zamanani zangoku zikwandise ukufikelela koomatshini bokujonga, nangona inkululeko yejelo-ndaba isoyikiso kumazwe amaninzi.
  • Iziko loMbutho (CSOS):[[FLT] NGOS, amaqela e-aventication, kunye neentlangano ezisekelwe kuluntu ziqwalasela ukusebenza korhulumente, fayile Elungelani nezicelo zolwazi, kunye nedipokotholo lotshintsho. Umzekelo, i-Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions isebenzisa uphando lwabemi ukugcina oorhulumente benoxanduva.
  • IMisa yePublic Proteats kunye neNtlalo-ntle: ihlanganisa ``ukusukela kwiArabia Spring' ukuya kumbutho weIndiya olwa nokonakala--accan orhulumente ukuphendula izikhalazo. Iziphumo zidla ngokuba yeyona ndlela yokugqibela xa imijelo ingaphumeleli, kodwa zingakhawulezisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo.
  • Izikhuseli ezidityanisiweyo ze-Media kunye ne-Digital Watchogs: I-Platforms ezifana ne-Twitter kunye ne Facebook yenza ukuba ukujongana kwamaxesha oqobo kunye nokuchanabeka kweentsholongwane kwihambo engalunganga karhulumente. Noko ke, zikwabeka engozini yokusasaza ulwazi, kufuna ukupheliswa ngocoselelo lwemvelaphi.

Indlela I-DSD Enempumelelo ngayo urhulumente ekuxanduva

Unxulumano phakathi kokuphendula nokuphumelela akuthethi nje; ubungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba oorhulumente abanoxanduva banika abemi iziphumo ezingcono. Eli candelo lihlola iindlela ezibonisa ukuba kumele kwenziwe okuthile.

Ukuthunyelwa kweZibonelelo eziphucukileyo kunye nokuncitshiswa kwenkunkuma

Xa amaqumrhu ephantsi kovavanyo kunye nolawulo lowiso-mthetho, atyekele ekusebenziseni imali kawonke-wonke ngobulumko ngakumbi. Uhlolisiso lwe-International Bactal Privival Officeship lwafumanisa ukuba amazwe anolawulo olunamandla lwezemali kunye neenkqubo zokubonisa imbonakalo zoluntu afumana impumelelo ephezulu ekusebenziseni impilo nemfundo. Iinkqubo zokuphendula ityala zikwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba amagosa aphambukise ubuncwane kwimisebenzi yesithoba okanye abandakanye nokufumana ingeniso. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuhlola inkcitho kawonke-wonke (SIFI) kunye nophicotho lweenkcazo zemali zoomasipala zinciphise urhwebeko oluphezulu ekusebenziseni urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, akhulule imali yokufumana iinkonzo eziyimfuneko.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo enyusiweyo

Ukunikwa ingxelo kuphucula ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo kwangaphambili ngokunika abemi amandla angcono. Amakhadi e-community abonisa iingxelo zenkonzo. kunye nengxelo yengxelo yamakhadi [].]

Ukunikela Inkxaso Engakumbi Kwiimfuno Zabemi

Ubuchule obuthe nkqo bokuphendula buqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente zihambelana nokhetho lukawonke-wonke. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba, uqingqo-mali, uvulindlela ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kuvumela abemi ukuba bagqibe indlela yokunika inxalenye yoqingqo-mali kamasipala. Le nkqubo idibene nohlahlo-lwabiwo olungcono lotyalo-mali kunye nolwaneliseko oluphezulu lommi. Ngokufanayo, ukuva kwabantu kwimiba yesiseko sesiseko somsebenzi wesiseko kwenza abantu banikwe ilizwi, kuncitshiswe umngcipheko weeprojekthi ezimhlophe. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango ye-Elifaspons, kunyusa ukufaneleka kwezobupolitika kunye nokuthobela irhafuthelo yokuzithandela.

Ukuthembana Okuqinileyo Nobuchule

Ukuthemba kungundoqo wokulawula ngokunempumelelo. Abami abakholelwa ukuba urhulumente wabo uza kuphendula badla ngokuthobela imithetho, bahlawule irhafu, basebenzisane nolwalathiso lwempilo kawonke-wonke. I-OECD''s i-Pubilic I-Frames homedial shorection [ igxininisa ukuba iinkqubo zengqibelelo ziquka ukuba bhetyebhetyebhe, ukuphendula, kunye nokuthemba umgcini-mathi, ukuthembana. Okunjalo okubonwa kwidemokhrasi ezininzi kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo, i-coreactic syntiaryssssss synd synd synd syndroreary. Ukuphendula ityala kubalulekile ekuguquleni le meko.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzalisekisa Ingxelo Kawonke - wonke

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, ukuphenduliswa kwabantu kuzaliswe yimiqobo.

Urhwaphilizo Noxhathiso Lwaseburhulumenteni

Urhwaphilizo lukwenza kungabi lula ukuphendula amagosa ngokuwafihla izenzo zawo nokumohlwaya abavuli-mlozi. Xa ukonakala kusekwe kwinkqubo, iziqu zooveleli zinokubanjwa. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu okuphicotha kumazwe athile aswele inkululeko kuba ukhokelo lwawo lumiselwe ngumphathi ongenazo izikhuseli. Ikhomplip Perceptions Index[ isoloko ibonisa ukuba amazwe anobuqhetsekene norhwaphilizo oluphezulu nawo aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. Ukuqhekeza imijikelezo yawo ifuna kungeyo imithetho nje kuphela kodwa kuya kufuna ukhuseleko lwezobupolitika nokuchasene nokunganyaniseki.

Ubuchule bokuzilungiselela obubuthathaka

Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo aswele abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, ubugcisa, kunye nobuncwane bemali ukuze baqhube iinkqubo zolawulo ezisebenzayo. Ii-ofisi zophicotho-zincwadi zingangaphantsi kwabasebenzi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zisenokungabi nankxaso kuphando, kwaye iinkundla zisenokuvalwa. Ngaphandle kobuchule obuqhelekileyo, ubuchule bokwakha bungumgudu wexesha elide ofuna ukugcinwa kotyalo-mali noncedo lobugcisa kumaqabane amazwe ngamazwe.

Ulwazi lwe Asymmetary

Oorhulumente basoloko bephethe ulwazi oluninzi kunabemi okanye kwanabenzi-mthetho, bekwenza kube nzima ukuqwalasela ukusebenza. Imibandela enzima yenkqubo `njengenkqubo yesizwe, inkqubo yemali, okanye ulawulo lobugcisa' kunzima ngabantu bangaphandle ukuyivavanya. Kwanangokuba kukho imithetho elungileyo yolwazi, oorhulumente basenokulibazisa okanye bawahlule amaxwebhu. Ulwazi lunika amagosa amandla kwaye lukwenza buthathaka. Izicombululo ziquka ukukhutshelwa kokhuseleko olusemgcipheneyo, imilinganiselo yogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo, kunye nabahlalutyisi bemithetho abazimeleyo.

Ukungabikho Kwesabelo Sombutho Nokuthanda Kwezobupolitika

Ukuziphendulela kufuna abemi abakhutheleyo abavota, abathatha inxaxheba ekuchongeni, nabajonga urhulumente. Noko ke, ukungakhathali kwabavoti, umdla ophantsi wezopolitiko, kunye nokulawula kwezobupolitika kungakuphelisa ukufuna ukuphenduliswa kwetyala. Kwezinye iimeko, abemi bayabunyamezela urhwaphilizo ngenxa yeenzuzo zabaxhasi. Ngaphezu koko, abezobupolitika ababodwa badla ngokulwa notshintsho oluya kunika amandla amaqumrhu abo bajongeleneyo ngenxa yokoyika ukuphulukana namandla. Ukuyeka le nkonzo kufuna ukuquququzelela imibutho yotshintsho neengcinezelo zangaphandle, njengezivumelwano zamazwe okanye iimfuno ezigunyazwe.

Ubuchule Bokomeleza Ingxelo Yoluntu

Iziphumo zophando olunempumelelo kunye nezenzo ezintle ezizweni lonke, zikho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuphuhlisa ubuchule bokuphendula. Ezi ndlela kufuneka zihambelane nomongo wasekuhlaleni zidityaniswe ukuze zibangele okuninzi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obugudisayo kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Izixhobo zamanani zinokuwahlisa ngokuphawulekayo amaxabiso okwabelana ngolwazi kunye nokuhlola. [[FLT: 0]] E-e-avernance plat ezipapasha ugcino-lwazi, ukuphumeza uqingqo-mali, kunye nezivumelwano zikawonke-wonke ngexesha lokwenene zinika abemi kunye neentatheli ithuba lokubona ukungahambelani. Inkqubo yeIndiya yokhuseleko [[FLT:]] olu-ukhuseleko [iGM] kunye ne-Mexico'i-comprat's[ ithelk' elungele ukuthengwa komsebenzi woluntu (umzekelo., ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma okanye ukulungisa indlela) yenza inyathelo elilungele ukukhunjululwa koluntu, xa kudityaniswa nokuphumelela, ukusetyenziswa koqeqesho olusebenzayo.

Utshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni: Kukuhle Ukufumana Ulwazi Nokhuseleko Lomphumi - mlilo

Ngaphezu kwekhulu lamazwe ngoku anemithetho elungileyo yolwazi (RTSI), kodwa ukuzalisekisa akulingani. Ukuqinisa iRTI ifuna uthumelo lolwazi oluzimeleyo, izithethe ezizizo, kunye nezigwebo zokwalathisa, ezifunekayo kumazwe angadibaniyo. Ibalulekile ngokufanayo imithetho yokhuseleko olunobugocigoci-goci [[FLT: 0]] ekhusela abalungiseleli ababhebhebhedezayo ababhebhebhethekisa ukuziphatha okubi. Amazwe afana noMzantsi Korea ne-United States aye abona imiba ephezulu yokudubula ngempepho ngenxa yokuba ikhuselwa ngokusemthethweni bekukhona. Ngaphandle kwawo, ambalwa aya kuba yingozi ukubuyisa.

Ubuchule Bolawulo

Uthelekelelo lwengingqi kufuneka lushukumise ngaphaya konyulo oluqhubekayo kwintsebenziswano eqhubekayo. uqingqo-mali lwemali olunobungcakaxhaka, njengoko kuphawuliwe, lunika uluntu ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwimali. ISibambisene iirekhoda [[ (esetyenziswa eMalaysia nase Indiya)] (isetyenziswa kwimiqathango yenkonzo kunye neenkqubo zokubuyisela uhlaziyo) ezicacisa uhlahlo-mali. [[FLT:]] uphicolicalu lwamanani olukhoyo [[FLT] , uvulindlela kwiNational Moural Exective Active Active Act, ibandakanya iingxelo zomsebenzi kunye nenkciso-oct; oku kukwenziswa kuhla ngendlela ephawulekayo. Uqeqesho lufuna ukuphothontsiza.

IMibini ezimeleyo elawulayo kunye nokhuseleko lweziko

Ii-ofisi ze-ombudsman, iiKhomishini zokulwa nokonakala, kunye namaziko amalungelo abantu kufuneka akhuselwe ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko okanye ngokusemthethweni ekungeneleni kwegunya. Iinkqubo zedinga kufuneka ziquke abagcini-mathiriyeli abaninzi kwaye zifune ukuba kubekho izalathisi eziphezulu zokunciphisa ikhetheko. IKhomishini ye-Venice[ kunye ne-ECD inika izikhokelo zokuzimela ngokwayo. Uphicotho lweziquluko-mali rhoqo lwale mizimba ngokwayo lunceda ukulondoloza ukuthembeka.

Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nokumiswa komgangatho

Inyathelo lomhlaba wonke elinjenge Elivulekileyo uRhulumente uxinzelelo loontanga lweenguqu zokuphendula. Amazwe angamalungu abophelela ukwenza iinjongo zokubonakalisa, isithuba soluntu, kunye nokunganyaniseki. Ngokufanayo, iNdibano ye-UN nxamnye noHlomelo igunyazisa uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nolungiso lwenkxaso-mali, okomeleza ukuphendula okuthe tyaba kwimida. Amaziko emali amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ahlukeneyo asoloko ebeka iimali ezibolekiso kulawulo lolawulo, inika abaguquli belizwe.

Isiphelo

Umbuzo woluntu asiyonto iphambili kwidemo-mokrasi etyebileyo; lungumqhubi osisiseko wolawulo-bulunga olunempumelelo lukarhulumente kuyo yonke indawo. Ukusukela ekunciphiseni urhwaphilizo nokuphucula ukunikezelwa kwenkonzo kusenzela ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abazifunayo banokusikelwe umda, iinkqubo zokuphendula zitshintsha indlela abasebenza ngayo. Kodwa ukwakha ezi nkqubo kufuna umgudu ozinzileyo: utshintsho olusemthethweni, amandla ocwangcisiweyo, ubugcisa, kunye nobumi obusebenzayo kufuneka busebenze kwikomyutha. Ngoxa iingxaki zihlala zihleli `imeko zikarhulumente zokubanjwa nokungalawuleki komthetho, kwaye zibuthathaka kucacile ukuba umgaqo omele unikeze iziphumo ezingakumbi. Oorhulumente abamkela ukubonakala, ukunikezelwa kobungqina, nokugcinwa komsebenzi ofanelekileyo, kodwa kwakhona abasayi kwenza kube ngcono kusenzeka kakuhle kumgangatho ophambili wokuzinziwayo, ukuphumelela komthetho othenjiweyo, nokungantenga.