Ukwazisa: Indima Ekhulayo Yeenkundla Kurhulumente Wokusingqongileyo

Amanyathelo okuzinziswa kwemekobume aqhutywa yizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, umthetho wesizwe, okanye amaphulo engca, ngokufuthi axhomekeke kubuchule bokunyanzelisa imithetho kunye nokucombulula iimbambano. Isivumelwano sabemi, inkqubo apho iinkundla zilungisa khona iingxabano ezingabangakho ngamatyala phakathi kwamaqela, iye yaba sisiseko esiphambili kule ndawo igcinwa kuyo. Iinkundla zichaza imimiselo, zilinganisa iimfuno eziphisanayo, kwaye zikhupha imiyalelo enokuqhubela phambili okanye inkqubela phambili kwikamva elizinzileyo. Ukuqonda iziphumo ezizinzileyo zokungaguquguquki kwemeko-bume zamakhaya ziyimfuneko kubasunguli bemithetho, iingcali zezoshishino zezomthetho, iinkokeli zezoshishino, kunye nabameli abafuna ukuphatha igunya le-judiary ngoxa besenza inkcawaleko.

Yintoni Ukucalucalulwa Kwabemi?

Isivumelwano sangaphakathi sibandakanya inkundla engoondilele ngezantsi kwejaji okanye ijaji eligwebayo (ukuva ubungqina neempikiswano ezivela kumaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu) nokunika isigqibo esibophelelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezijolise ekubohlwayeni ububi obunxamnye norhulumente, amatyala asekuhlaleni athetha ngamalungelo, izibophelelo, kunye namatyala. Kwimekobume yemekobume, ezi mpikiswano zingavela:

  • Unyanzelo lomthetho: Inkampani etyholwa ngokwaphula umoya okanye umgangatho wamanzi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amalungelo afunekayo: Umnini-mhlaba ucela ucel ’ umngeni umyalelo karhulumente othintela uphuhliso lwethayitha.
  • Izibophelelo eziqukunjelweyo: Umbhekisi phambili ovuselelweyo wamandla ophinda afake isibonelelo sokuphuka kwesivumelwano sokuthenga amandla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala letort: Uluntu olufuna umonakalo wongcoliso olusuka kwindawo yoshishino.

Le nkqubo ilawulwa yimithetho yenkqubo yamakhaya eyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokwemithetho yasekuhlaleni kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo iquka ukuncenga, ukufumanisa, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kunye nesibheno. IiNkundla zisenokukhupha iingxelo zonyango ezifana nomonakalo wemali, imiqathango (imiyalelo emele yenziwe okanye enqandwe ekwenzeni okuthile), okanye imigwebo yokususa ityala (inkcazelo ecacileyo yamalungelo asemthethweni).

Indlela Ukunqandwa kokuzikhusela okumiyo kwamakhaya okuphembelela ukulondolozwa kokusingqongileyo

Ulwalamano phakathi kokungqubana kwabemi nokulondolozwa kwendawo engqongileyo luneendawo ezininzi. Iinkundla zingenza njengabanyanzelisi, abasebenzi, yaye ngamanye amaxesha imiqobo. Uthendeleko olungezantsi lushwankathela iindlela ezingundoqo apho ukukhusela indalo kuphembelela iziphumo zemeko-bume.

  • [[NKQUBO:0] Unyanzeliso lwemithetho yemo yezulu: IiNkundla zimisela izigwebo okanye zinyanzelisa ukuthobelana nemithetho (umz., uMthetho woNcococoko loMmoya, uMthetho weZiphicotho Ezisengozini). Oku kuthintela ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yexesha elizayo kwaye kwenza umgangatho wokudlala wabadlali abanoxanduva.
  • Ucalulo lwemigangatho esemthethweni: ucalulo lwezeejaji lwemimiselo edidayo okanye imimiselo lungaqinisa okanye lunciphise ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume. Imithetho yophawu lwelizwe isoloko iguqula umlinganiselo wegunya lombutho okanye amalungelo amaqela achaphazelekayo.
  • Isigqibo somhlaba saleli cebo kunye neengxaki: Izigqibo kwimigodi, ukugawulwa, amalungelo amanzi, okanye inkqubela-phambili yonxweme zingachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yokuhlala, ukusetyenziswa kwekharbon, kunye nentlalo-ntle yasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokwenza umonakalo wemekobume: iisuti zabemi ngokuchasene namaqumrhu ongcoliso, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, okanye ifuthe lemozulu elinyanzela iinkampani ukuba zinyanzele iindleko zangaphakathi kwaye zithabathe iindlela ezizinzileyo.
  • Ukuhlahlela kwe-Statugligic ngu-NGO: Imibutho yendawo engqongileyo isebenzisa ukumangalelana kwamakhaya ukuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente okanye imisebenzi yeshishini esongela indalo okanye impilo kawonke-wonke.
  • Libazisa nokungaqiniseki: Iligiga yobude inganqanda imisebenzi yamandla ebuyiselwayo, izicwangciso zokulondoloza, okanye utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, lwenza iziphumo ezicaphukisayo kwingeniso kunye nolwakhiwo olutsha.

Uphando lwetyala: Ukugwetywa kwemibutho yoluntu

Amatyala ehlabathi okwenene abonisa isithembiso nemigibe yokungenelela kokugweba ekulondolozweni kwemekobume.

Massachusetts v. EPA (2007) – United States

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yathi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yoKhuselo lweNkathi yeNkathi yoMbindi (EPA) yayinegunya phantsi koMthetho we-Ceat olawula ukufudumala kwegesi. Umthetho wavela kwisuntswana lelizwe eliziswe yimibutho yamazwe nemekobume echasene ne-EPA ngenxa yokusilela ukulungisa imozulu. Isigqibo sanyanzela ukuba le nkampani ithathe inyathelo kwaye yamisela iqhinga lokusebenzisa umthetho okhoyo ukuhlangabezana neengxaki zokusingqongileyo.

Copicenda Foundation v. Netherlands (2015) – eYurophu

Abemi base-Netherlands kunye neCollenta Foundation bagweba urhulumente, bephikisa ngelithi inyathelo elingafanelekanga lemozulu laphula amalungelo abantu (ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuphila). Inkundla yeSithili yeHague yayalela iNetherlands ukuba inciphise ukukhutshwa kwayo kwegesi eshushu nge25% ngo-2020 (ukususela kumyinge wowe-1990). Eli yayilityala lokuqala eliphumelelayo kwimeko yemozulu nxamnye norhulumente esebenzisa i-tort syndic, ebangela ukumangalelwa okufanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Sierra Club v. Trump (209) – United States

Amaqela emekobume amangalela ukuvala imigudu yolawulo lweTrump yokucombulula iprojekthi yemiqathango yelahleko yemfuza yemfuza ngaphandle kokuhlola imekobume phantsi koMthetho weSizwe weNkcubeko. Iinkundla zangenelela, zamisa imvume nokufuna iziphumo ezipheleleyo. Eli tyala libonisa indlela imithetho yezoburhulumente enokuthi ithobe okanye ithintele ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo yengozi yemekobume.

Idolophana n. Vedanta (2017) – Indiya

EIndiya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iVedanta Resources azinakukwazi ukufumana iindawo ezigcina imithombo ye-bauxite kwiiNtlanga yeeNtlanga eNiyamgiri ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu bomthonyama, abaphila kunye nezenzo zonqulo zixhomekeke kwihlathi. Isigqibo esidibanisa ukulondolozwa kwemekobume kunye nokulondolozwa kwentlalo, sibalaselisa amandla okukhusela abantu kunye nendalo ephila ngokungephili.

UJuliana v. United States (2010-2020) – United States

Iqela labathathi-nxaxheba abaselula lamangalela urhulumente worhulumente ngokuphula amalungelo abo asemthethweni ngokukhuthaza inkqubo yamandla ashicilelwe phantsi esekelwe kwimiqathango. Ngoxa ekugqibeleni eli tyala lathi lapheliswa ngenxa yezizathu ezimileyo, labangela impikiswano yehlabathi lonke kunye neenkundla ezinyanzelekileyo ukuba zixhathise ukuxhathisa imilinganiselo elandelelanayo yengozi yemekobume. Eli tyala libonisa ukufaneleka nokusikelwa kwemiqathango yezonyango yezomthetho kwiimeko zendalo.

Oomatshini abangundoqo ekukhutshweni kwemibutho engqongileyo

Iinkundla zisebenzisa izixhobo eziliqela ukubumba iziphumo zokuzinziswa. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abaxhasi bakhangele indlela iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ezinokuvela ngayo.

Ukufumana Uncedo Olungacombululiyo

Umyalelo wenkundla oyalela ukuba iqela lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza into ethile. Kwimeko zemekobume, imiqathango ingamisa ukwakhiwa kombhobho, inyanzelisa ukuhlanjululwa kwendawo enetyhefu, okanye ifuna umbutho ukuba ulungiselele ingxelo yempembelelo yemeko-bume. I-injctions zinamandla kuba ziyakwazi ukukhusela ngokukhawuleza umonakalo ongalungisekiyo, kodwa zikwanokubhenela ekubangeleni iminyaka emininzi yokungaqiniseki.

Umonakalo Wenetha

Iinkundla zingahlawulwa ngembuyekezo yengozi edlulileyo okanye yexesha elizayo. Kwimeko zongcoliso, umonakalo ungagquma iindleko ezicocekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwempahla, okanye iziphumo zempilo. Amabhaso amakhulu athintela ukwaphulwa kwezaphula-mthetho zexesha elizayo kwaye anikezele ngezixhobo zokubuyisela. Noko ke, ukungqinela imicimbi yokusingqongileyo (umz., ukunxulumanisa ummangalelwa othile kwingozi entsonkothile njengenguquko yemozulu) kunokuba nzima.

Imigwebo Yokuvakalisa

Umgwebo ohlasimlis ’ umzimba yingxelo esesikweni yamalungelo okanye iimbopheleleko zamaqela, ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo. Le mithetho icacisa imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni kwaye iyakwazi ukukhokela indlela yokuziphatha kwixesha elizayo. Umzekelo, inkundla ingavakalisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwenkampani kuchasene nemeko ethile evumelayo, nto leyo ekhuthaza umphathi ukuba athathe inyathelo lokunyanzelisa.

Iintshukumo

Udidi lwetyala luvumela iqela labantu (umz., abemi abakufutshane nendawo engcolileyo) ukuba baququzelele ityala. Le nkqubo inyusa ukufikelela kokusesikweni kubantu abanobungozi obuncinane kwaye ithumela uphawu olomeleleyo kubangcolisi. Izenzo zodidi olungenakubonwa ziquka ingxowa yonikezelo lwe-oyile enzulu kunye nokuchasana nabenzi bemichiza yokungcoliswa kwamanzi.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Nendima Yabo

Ukumanyana kwengingqi yendalo kubandakanya iqela labadlali abahlukeneyo, ngalinye elinosukelo nobuchule obahlukeneyo.

Imicimbi karhulumente

Ingxamiseko efana ne-U.S. i-Agency yoKhuselo lweNzalo-ntle (EPA) okanye i-European Environmental Agency izisa izenzo zokunyanzelisa nokukhusela imimiselo yayo enkundleni. Kwakhona ixhomekeke kwiinkcazelo ezigwebayo ukuchaza igunya labo. Amagqwetha e-Agency adla ngokuba ngabadlali abaphindayo ekuhlaziyweni kwemekobume.

Imibutho namaqela oshishino

Amashishini axhomekeke kwimvume yokusingqongileyo okanye ajongene nesuti yokukhusela imisebenzi yawo kunye nabaxhasi. Asenokuyicel ’ umngeni imithetho emitsha, imimandla yokuhlahlela, okanye intumekelelo yokuguqula imida eyingozi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqela eemeko-bume asebenzisa igalelo elikwisixhobo sokukhuthaza intlalo-ntle. Iintlangano ezinjenge Greenpeace, Earth Trust, kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni afuna ukukhusela indalo, ukunyanzelisa okanye ukunyanzelisa ukuqhutywa kwemozulu.

Ilizwe nemimandla yasekuhlaleni

Imimandla echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemekobume iya ijongiselwa kwiinkundla ukukhusela amalungelo elizwe, ilifa lenkcubeko, nempilo. Kwimimandla emininzi, imithetho emileyo iye yakhululeka ukuvumela amaqela abantu ukuba amangalelwe kwanaxa engenalo ilizwe elichaphazelekileyo.

ABagwebi Nabaphengululi Bezomthetho

Abagwebi banendima eqatha ebantwini: ukuqeqeshwa, imilinganiselo nokuchazwa kwemigaqo ecacileyo. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphembelela intsimi ngokuvelisa iimfundiso ezinjengokukholosa kwabantu okanye ilungelo lokuhlala kwindawo entle, ekhokelela kwisigwebo.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kokwandiswa Kwemeko - bume

Nangona ibalulekile, izivumelwano zoluntu aziloncedo.

Indleko Nokulibazisa

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali ekusingqongileyo kudume kakubi kwaye kucotha. Ukuxilonga kungatsala kaninzi kangangeminyaka, kwaye ukubhenela kusenokuthatha ixesha elide. Uluntu oluncinane okanye imali ekhutshiweyo yi-NGO, ngokufuthi ayinakukwazi ukubona ityala xa kuvavanywa, ngelixa abamangalelwa abanzulu benkampani engqiniweyo benokusebenzisa ulibaziseko kwinzuzo yabo. Ngeli xesha imvume ikhutshwayo, umonakalo wemekobume usenokuba sele ungalungiseki.

Ukungabikho kobuchule

Abagwebi namatyala abasoloko beqeqeshelwa inzululwazi yemekobume okanye yezoqoqosho. Iinkundla kufuneka zixhomekeke kubungqina obungoochule, obunokuphikisana nobudidayo. Oku kubangela ukuba izigqibo ezizizo zingabi namdla kwindalo entsonkothileyo okanye zixhomekeke kulwazi oluneempazamo.

Unyanzeliso Lonyanzelo

Kwanaxa iinkundla zikhupha imiyalelo engqongqo, ukunyanzelisa ukwenziwa komthetho kusenokungabi namali, imicimbi ingatshintshwa kwezobupolitika, okanye abamangalelwa bangayihoyi imithetho. Kwamanye amazwe, izigqibo zenkundla azinakulawulwa okanye zinyanzeliswe, zisenzakalisa iziphumo zokuthintela.

Izithintelo Zokuma Nokusesikweni

Imithetho yesiko enokuthi ibeke umda onokuthi uzise ityala. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, amachaphaza kufuneka abonise ikonkrithi, ingozi yobuqu elandelelwa kakuhle kwihambo yommangalelwa. Oku kwenza kube nzima ngabemi ukuvavanya imigaqo-nkqubo ebanzi yemeko- bume okanye iingozi zexesha elizayo (njenge inguqulelo yemozulu). Ityala lika-Juliana libonisa indlela imfundiso emileyo enokuthintela kwanakwezona zinto zinyanzeleka ngayo.

Umngcipheko wokufikelela ngokugqithisileyo kwezeejaji

Abahlalutyi bathi maxa wambi iinkundla ziyayigqitha indima yazo ngokwenza izigqibo ezilunge ngakumbi ezishiyelwe kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kumasebe. Xa abagwebi beyalela ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwegesi ethile okanye bemisela ucwangciso lwendawo olusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, basenokungabi nakukwazi ukuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule obufunekayo kukhetho olunjalo. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kwamandla ejaji nakulwahlulwa kwamandla lumxholo oziphindaphindayo kwimiqathango yokusingqongileyo.

Utshintsho Nemikhwa Eyandayo

Ukuqinisa impembelelo elungileyo yesingqinisiso soluntu sokuzinziswa, kucetyiswe okanye kuphunyezwe utshintsho oluninzi kunye nohlaziyo.

Iinkundla Zemekobume Ezikhethekileyo

Amazwe aliqela aye amisela iinkundla zokusingqongileyo ezinikezelweyo (umz., eOstreliya, eNew Zealand, eTshayina, nakwamanye amazwe ase-United States). La matyala aqukuqelayo, akha ubuchule bokugweba, kwaye ngokufuthi avumela ukuma okubanzi. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iinkundla eziphuculiweyo zemeko-bume zinokunciphisa ixesha elimalunga ne-76 kunye nokuphucula ukungaguquguquki kwemithetho.

Enye iNkxaso

Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuhlaziywa kunokuzisombulula ngokukhawuleza iimbambano zemekobume nangamaxabiso aphantsi kunexabiso elipheleleyo lesikali esisikali esipheleleyo. I-ADR iluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwiingxoxo ezininzi, ezifana nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso zokubuyisela okanye ukunikezela ngamalungelo amanzi. Ezinye imikhosi igunyazisa i-ADR phambi kokuba iqhubeke ukuya kuvavanywa.

Imithetho Emisiweyo

Utshintsho olunika amaqela amele izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke, izizukulwana zexesha elizayo, okanye indalo ngokwayo (umz. umgaqo-siseko ophawula u-Ecuador onika amalungelo kwindalo ngowama-2008) lungavula iingcango zenkundla zifumane uludwe olubanzi lwengxelo. INkundla yamalungelo abantu yeInterpanenta American iye yandisa ukuma kwimicimbi yemekobume.

Ukusetyenziswa kweZicwangciso zoNcedo zeSazi-

Ezinye iinkundla zimisela iingcali ezizimeleyo okanye zisebenzise iingcali ezimiselweyo zenkundla 76 ukuvavanya ubungqina bobugcisa. Oku kunciphisa ukuthembela kumangqina olwazi olulawulayo kwaye kusenokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezingakumbi zenzululwazi.

Ukunxulumana kweQembu neNtlanganiso

Ingxoxo yezomthetho yamazwe iyanda. Iinkundla zikhankanya izigqibo zomnye kumbandela wemozulu, amalungelo abantu, kunye nolondolozo lwezorhwebo. Ngokomzekelo, ityala leCopyragenda lakhankanywa kwimithetho yamva eIreland, eJamani naseKhanada. Oku kunqumla ku-"% Robisonson kunakho ukukhawulezisa ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso engokwasemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakukwaziwa Yeenkundla

Ukuzimela kwabemi akusiso isixhobo esigqibeleleyo okanye isithintelo sokuphepha; luphawu olungenakuphepheka lolawulo lwemekobume yale mihla. Iinkundla ziza kuqhubeka zichaza imithetho, zisombulula iimbambano, zimisele imida yokusebenza koluntu kunye nokuzimisela. Ucelomngeni lwabameli abaxhasayo kukubandakanyeka ngokwakhayo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni , ukuxhasa utshintsho olubangela ukuba iinkundla zifikeleleke kwaye ziphumelele, nokunika imvume yokuba izigqibo zekomiti ziyinxalenye enye yengxaki enkulu equka umthetho, imiqathango, imiqathango, izikhundla, kunye nokukhuthaza intluthazo yentlalo.

Njengoko iingxaki zemeko-bume zisanda, ukufunwa konyango olusebenzayo olungokwasemthethweni kuya kukhula. Ngokuqonda amandla okungavumelani kwabemi, abagcini-tyala banokuyilindela kakuhle indlela iinkundla eziza kulibumba ngayo ikamva lokuthatha inyathelo lokuzinzisa, kwaye zisebenze ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikali sobulungisa sixhasa isijikelezi - langa esiphilileyo, esinamandla.

[[UMTLL:0] Ukufunda okuphinda-phindiweyo: