Isiphoso sowama - 2016: Indlela Ukwenziwa Kwedemon Okwayiguqula Ngayo Indawo YaseIndiya Entle

NgoNovemba 8, 2016, uMphathiswa oPhathiswa oMongameli waseIndiya uNarendra Modi wavakalisa ukurhoxa ngequbuliso kweebhanki ezingama-76500 kunye nezingama-761,000, ezathi ngoko zathi zayilwa malunga nama-86% emali yelizwe ekujikeleziseni. Iinjongo ezichaziweyo yayikukukukuthintela imali emnyama, ukukhohlisa, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nenkxaso yabanqolobi. Ngoxa isiphithiphithi-mali esikhawulezileyo nemali eninzi elawula izihloko zemali kangangeenyanga, iziphumo zexesha elide zenkqubo yerhafumfazelo yeIndiya ziye zatshintshwa ngendlela efanayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela ukuguqula irhafu, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu, kwano kukwandiswa kwerhafuthelo, ngoxa kuqwa nokuqwalasela ukulinganiselwa kwayo kunye nezifundo zenkqubo yoqoqoso-mali.

Ukufakwa kwemali ngeli thuba kunyanzelisa umlinganiselo ongakaze ubonwe ngaphambili wemali . Oku kuqokelelwa kwemali eninzi ngokungazange kuxelwe kwangaphambili . Kunyaka olandelayo, iibhanki zanikela ingxelo yogcino olungaphezulu kakhulu lwe 7615 lakh crore (malunga nama - R230 ezigidi ngeli xesha). Oku kurhoxiswa kwemali ngequbuliso kwanika abaphathi berhafu ingqokelela yedata ekhethekileyo yokukhangela ukunqamleza ngokuchasene nokugcinwa kweminxeba. Esi siganeko sasebenza njengovavanyo lwendalo ekuboneni okucacileyo, sinyanzela ubutyebi obufihliweyo ngaphambili ukuba bangene kumnatha werhafu okanye iso phantsi kwemiqathango entsha echazayo.

Ukurhoxa kwezoqoqosho nokukhutshwa kwerhafu kunye nolwando

Iiveki zokuqala emva kokufakwa kwedemon kwabakho ukunqongophala okunzima kokufumana amacandelo adiza imali afana nokulima, ukuthengisa, kunye nokuvelisa imveliso encinane. Imveliso yasekhaya (GDP) inyuswe ngokugqithisileyo, kodwa inkqubo eyayicetyiswe ukuba ibe nempembelelo kwisiseko serhafu yakhawulezile: izigidi zee-akhawunti zebhanki ezazingakhange zidityaniswe kwingeniso yerhafu efunyenweyo kwinkqubo. Urhulumente wasebenzisa le nkcazelo ukuchaza ingeniso yexabiso eliphezulu engazange ingqinwe nemali efunyenweyo.

NgoMatshi 2017, iSebe leMali leNkokhelo lerhafu lathumela malunga nezigidi ezi-1.8 zezaziso kubantu kunye namashishini agcina imali angaphezulu kwengeniso yawo etyhiliweyo. Oku kwandisa uhlolo lomnatha werhafu ukusuka malunga nesihlanu% seminxeba yabemi ebuyela kwisiseko esibanzi esiquka iifayile zokuqala. Inani lerhafu zengeniso linyuka ukusuka ku-25.8-4.8 lezigidi kunyaka woqikelelo 2016-16 ukuya kunyaka wama-6.5 ezigidi kunyaka woqikelelo 2017-18-18-18-18-18-30% ulwando lwemali yonyaka omnye.

Ugcino-lwazi olufunekayo njengesixhobo sokunyanzelisa esitsha

Ukusetyenziswa kwedemon kwavelisa ithuba elinye lokufanisa iimali ezigciniweyo nengeniso ebhengezwe kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Urhulumente wandulula i- “Operacned Money”, evumela abanikazi berhafu ukuba ngokuzithandela bachaze imali eshicilelweyo engasohlwaywanga ukuba ifakwe kwifestile echaziweyo. Abo bangazange bachaze iimfuno zerhafu kunye nesigwebo se-200% kwimali engaxelwanga. Eli cebo lonyanzelo lonyanzelo linyuse ingozi ecingelwayo yokuba libhata irhafu, libangela ukuba litsale ngaphezu kwekhusi.

Okokuqala, abathengi abancinane, abarhwebi basekuhlaleni, kwanabantu abahlawulwayo ababenemikhwa ephantsi kwengxelo yengeniso kwafuneka baphinde bahlolisise uqheliselo lwabo lokunika ingxelo. Ugcino-lwazi oluvela kwiSebe lerhafu [[FLT: 1] lubonisa ukuba iirhafu ezithe ngqo zanda ngonyaka wemali 2017-18, kunye nolwandiso oluphezulu olubangelwa kukuthobela iposi yedemon.

Uququzelela ukhuthuzo lwerhafu nocwangciso lwezeeDislam

Ukukhuthaza ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kobutyebi obungaxelwanga, urhulumente wasungula udweliso lwezibhengezo lokufumana (IDS) 2016 ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kweedemon, evumela ababuthi berhafu ukuba bahlawule irhafu nesohlwayo ngexabiso elipheleleyo le-45% kwimpahla ezingachazwanga. Kamva, iMantri Gari Garib Kayan Yyjana (PMGKY) yanikezela ngenye ifestile nge 50% edityaniweyo yerhafuthelo neso. La maqhinga akhokelela ekutyhileni ii-'alor exabiso elingaphezulu kwe-IDS kunye nenye i-9000 engaphantsi kwe-PMYYK.

Okubaluleke ngakumbi, ezi zicwangciso zabonisa ukutshintshwa kokuzimisela kukarhulumente ukusebenzisa ikharethi kunye nokuncamathela. Abo babeza phambili ekuphepheni ukutshutshiswa kwezaphuli-mthetho, ngeli xesha abo bangazange bajongene neemfuno zerhafu kodwa kwakhona bamangalelwa phantsi kweBlack Money (Ingeniso Engafunwa Ngamazwe kunye ne-Assets) kunye nokubekwa kwe-Tax Act, 2015. Le ndlela idibeneyo yaphakamisa ngokunempumelelo indleko yokungadibaniselwa irhafuzeli lerhafu.

Impembelelo kungenelelo oluncinci noluphakathi (SMES)

Icandelo leSME, elalisebenza kakhulu ngokwembali yemali, labethwa nzima. Abanini bamashishini abaninzi abancinane bazama ukudibanisa ubalo lwabo kunye nentengiso yabo kunye nogcino-lwazi lwebhanki olucace gca. Kodwa, olu xinzelelo lwabanyanzelisa ukuba bafumane iindlela ezingcono zokugcina iincwadi kunye nokubhalisa i-Leta yeSebe (GST), eyaveliswa ekuqaleni kweye-Julayi 2017. Udibaniso lwezobudemon kwaye i-GST lwadala uqhutyekelo olunamandla olubhekisa phambili kumthetho: inani leencwadi ze-GST lakhutshelwa ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-12,4 ekuqaleni konyaka wama-20202020, xa kuthelekiswa nezi-8 zezigidi zerhafu engekho ngqo.

Uhlolisiso olwenziwa yiSiko loLuntu leMali neMgaqo-nkqubo (NIPFP) lwafumanisa ukuba ukwenziwa kobudemoni kwandisa amathuba okuba abantu bahlawule irhafu nge-10-15 yeepesenti, ingakumbi phakathi kwezo zikwimimandla yasedolophini kunye nezibiyeli zengeniso ephezulu. Oku kwaqhubeka nangaphaya kwexesha elikhawulezileyo lokuzinziswa kwemikhwa yokuzinziswa kwemali, nto leyo ecebisa ukutshintshwa okuhlala ixesha elide kwesimilo sokuthobela.

Ingeniso: Ukwanda Okubalulekileyo Kwimiqokelelo Ethe ngqo

Eyona mpembelelo ibonakalayo yokusetyenziswa kwerhafu yayikukunyuka okubukhali kwengeniso yerhafu engqalileyo. Ngo-2016-17, ingqokelela yerhafu ngqo yamiswa ku-768.46 lakh crore. Ngo-2017-18, yayinyuke yaya kutsho ku-7610.02 lakhrore, ulwando lwe-18,4%. Olu nyuko lwadlula unyuko lwe-GDP egama malunga ne-11% ngelo xesha, ibonakalisa oko kuthobela okuphezulu kwengeniso yezoqoqosho kuphela.

Kwaye okona kuphawuleka ngakumbi yaba kukukhula kwerhafu yokuzihlawula ngokwayo (ihlawulelwa ngokuzithandela ngabaqeshwa ngexesha lokubuyiselwa) kunye nerhafu ephambili (ngokunjalo ihlawulwa ngamashishini nabantu abafunyenweyo). Iminikelo yerhafu ephambili yanda ngama-40% kwezinye iindawo emva kokuthotyelwa koodemon. Oku kwabonisa kungekuphela nje ukuthotyelwa phezulu kodwa kwanonciphiso ekuxelweni phantsi kwengeniso yoshishino.

Imirhumo yerhafu engajongwanga nayo yangenelwa, nangona ingenayo ngqo. Ukutshintshela kwimali ukuya kwintlawulo yamanani kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwentengiselwano, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngamashishini ukucinezela ukuthengwa kwentengiso. Umthamo wentlawulo yamanani eIndiya ungaphezulu kokuphindiweyo phakathi konyaka ka-2016 no-2018, ucetyiswe nguMdibaniso Ongaqinisekiyo (UPET), owakhula ukusuka ku-ANUSETSGeneS , owathiselwa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-700 zentengiso ngenyanga ngeminyaka ngeminyaka engamashumi amabini alithoba1919.

Iinguqu zokwakha eziziindawo ezinde kwinkqubo yerhafu

Ngaphandle kwengeniso ekhawulezileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwedemon kwabangela utshintsho oluninzi lwexesha elide olujolise ekwenzeni inkqubo yerhafu ibe yeyona icace ngakumbi kwaye isebenza kakuhle.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani nokuphela kwenkcitho yemali

Urhulumente waphakamisa ngamandla ukuhlawula izibonelelo zamanani emva kokusetyenziswa kweedemon. Izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo zemali (BHIM) i-app yandululwa, iindleko zentengiselwano kwintlawulo yamanani zancitshiswa, kwaye kwanikelwa izindululo zorhwebo zokwamkela incopho-----soale (POS). Ezi zinyathelo zanciphisa ungenelo lokuphatha imali, eyayicebise irhafu yerhafu. Uhlolisiso lweReser Bank of India lwafumanisa ukuba izahlulo zemali kwixabiso elipheleleyo lentengiselwano zehla ukusuka ku-88% 88% 118 ukuya ku-78 ngo-2019192010.20.

Olu tshintsho lwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu kumashishini ukuchaza iintengiso ezingaphantsi kwentengiso kuba intlawulo yamanani yashiya indlela esisigxina, ephicothwayo. Amava okunika iidemon akwanyusa ukwamkelwa kwemali ekhoyo endleleni phantsi kwe-GST, efuna uxwebhu lwe-elektroniki ukuze kuhanjiswe impahla ngaphezulu kwexabiso elithile. Ngokwenza uthengiso olubonakalayo, igunya lerhafu lingalingana nothengiso lwemali kunye namagalelo athengwayo, ukunciphisa inkohliso yokukhongolelwa kwemali yerhafu.

Ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yogcino-lwazi ukwenzela ukuqokelelwa okungcono

Enye yezona ziphumo ezinamandla zexesha elide yaba kukunyanzeliswa kukarhulumente ukudibanisa ii-database ezininzi. I-Innute dokement yeSebe lerhafu yiye-Info:0] Project Insight[ .A imigodi yogcino-lwazi kunye ne-alytics plat----grays zoncedo kusetyenziswa i-data egcinwe kwidemon. Le nkqubo ngoku ifaka ulwazi kwintengiso yebhanki, ubhaliso lwempahla, ukuphatha izitokhwe, ukuchithwa kwekhadi letyala, kunye ne-remitances zangaphandle kwimistance ephuma kwiminxela yeflegi.

Iingcali zerhafu zisoloko zibhekisela koku ngokuthi “umnatha werhafu wenkulungwane yama-21,” apho ubugcisa, kunokuba buphicothe ngezandla, bulandele i-drowa. Impumelelo yale ndlela iyabonakala kwinani elikhulayo lamatyala afunyenwe ngokulahlwa kwedata kunye nokusetyenziswa koomatshini abafana nayo. Umzekelo, ngowama-2020, isebe lathumela isaziso esingaphezulu kwama-50 000 kwabarhafu abafumana imali engahambelani nemali yabo.

Ulwandiso lokuThwaliswa kwerhafu kuMthombo (TDS)

Ukwenziwa kwedemon ekwanikezelwe ngesigqubuthelo sokwandisa umlinganiselo wamalungiselelo eTDS. Kuqingqo-mali lonyaka luka 2017-18, urhulumente wehlisa umqobo we-TDS kwirendi ukusuka ku-762.4 lakh ukuya ku-761.8 lakh ngonyaka kwaye wazisa i-TDS kwintlawulo yothutho kubathunywa be-inshorensi. Ezi nguqu, nangona zibonakala zibubugcisa, zaziyinxalenye yendlela ebanzi yokuzisa uthengiselwano olungakumbi kwi-nethi yerhafu esemthethweni ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthobela kokuzithandela.

Ucelomngeni Nemiphumo Engalindelwanga

Ngaphandle kwempumelelo yenkqubo yerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwedemon bekukude nomgaqo-nkqubo ongahlawulwayo. Iziphazamiso zayo kunye nokungafezeki kwezoqoqosho kuhlala kusezingxakini zengxoxo enzulu.

Uxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho olufutshane lweCandelo elingacwangciswanga

Icandelo elingacwangciswanga, elisebenzisa malunga nama-85% abasebenzi baseIndiya, lachaphazeleka ngokugqithisileyo. Abavuzi bemali yonke imihla, abanini-venkile abancinane, nabasebenzi bezolimo babengenayo imali yokubhanki esemthethweni yaye bejamelene nokunqongophala okunzima kwemali. Abaninzi banyanzeleka ukuba bathengise imveliso ngamaxabiso axinezelekileyo okanye baboleke ngemali eninzi ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno ezikhawulezileyo. Ukulahlekelwa kwemveliso yezoqoqosho kwikota yokuqala ka-2017 kwaqikelelwa malunga ne-2% ye-GDP yabahloli abathile.

Abahlalutyi bathi ngoxa isiseko serhafu sandisa, ixabiso lomntu lokuziphilisa elilahlekileyo, ukuncitshiswa kwemali, kunye nonyuko lwetyala lendlu, kwaye iphezulu kakhulu. Ingxelo ye- ye-Centre yophando lwemithetho[ yaphawula ukuba inzuzo yomgaqo wokuthotyelwa kwerhafu yaphazanyiswa ngokwenxalenye ngokudityaniswa kwengeniso yerhafu kwicandelo elingacwangciswanga, nto leyo ngokwayo ingumthombo ongundoqo wengeniso yerhafu esetyenziswa ixesha elide.

Ukhuseleko olungapheliyo lwemali

Phezu kwayo nje intsebenziswano yamanani, imali ihlala iqinile kuqoqosho lwamaIndiya. Ngonyaka wama-2021, imali ejikelezayo iye yadlula umgangatho wayo wangaphambili wokusetyenziswa kwemali, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba abemi abaninzi babuyela kwimali xa ithe yaphela ingxaki. Umkhwa wokugcina imali engabhalwanga, nangona kunjalo ngononophelo olukhulu. Ukungangeni imali eninzi kuyaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwindawo yokwenzelwa kuyo, ukurhweba ngezinto zemali, kunye nezinto zobunewunewunewu apho kuxhaphakile ukusetyenziswa kwemali.

Isiphumo sokusebenzisa idemon kwisizukulwana semali emnyama sasisikelwe inxaxheba. Inxalenye enkulu yobutyebi obufakweyo yayisemva kwe window yobhengezo, ibuyele ngokusemthethweni kumnini njenge phetshana elitsha. Le nkqubo ayizange ifumane imali emnyama; ngokuyinyanzelisa ukuba ibe mhlophe ngokugcinwa kwemali ebhankini kwaye ihlawule irhafu eyalandelayo. Ngoxa le ngqokelela yerhafu ephuculiweyo ngexesha elifutshane, ayizange isuse unobangela wengcambuyiselo yemali emnyama , njengenkokheli yemali yezobupolitika, kunye nexabiso elingeyiyo irhafuthensi.

Utshintsho Olubangela Ukusetyenziswa Kwerhafu

Ukusetyenziswa kwedemon kuphela kwakuza kuba nempembelelo ende ngaphandle kokuxhasa utshintsho lwesakhiwo. Urhulumente waphuhlisa iinkqubo eziliqela ezingundoqo ezazikhuthaza ukuguquka kwenkqubo yerhafu.

Ukusetyenziswa kweeNtloko neeNkonzo

GST, endululwe ngoJulayi 2017, yakha ulawulo lwerhafu oludityanisiweyo olungangqalanga olwathatha indawo yomsebenzi werhafu karhulumente nerhafu esembindini. Udityaniso lwezijungqe zemali ezidityanisiweyo, iinvoyidi, kunye neendleko ze-e-e-translay (ezininzi zazo zakhawuleziswa kukunyanzeliswa kwemiqathango yokusetyenziswa koodemon) .

Ukuqinisa UMthetho Wenguquko KaBenami

Ngonyaka ka-2016, iBenami Transactions (Isivumelwano) UMthetho woLawulo waqalisa ukusebenza, uvumela urhulumente ukuba athathe izinto zekhompyutha ezigcinwe kumagama ekhompyutha enegunya lobumnini ngaphandle kobungqina bobumnini. Ugcino-lwazi lokwahlula ii-demonfazi lwanceda ukuchaza iindawo apho iinkcitho ezinkulu zazisetyenziswa ukufumana i-benami (iprojekthi). Isebe lerhafu elindululwe ngaphezu kwe2 200 entengisweni yebheni phakathi ko 2017 no-20222, kunye nexabiso lezigidi zezigidi zezigidi ze-rupea ezidiweyo.

Unciphiso lwerhafu

NgoSeptemba 2019, urhulumente wanciphisa umlinganiselo werhafu eqokelelelwe kwi-2% (unyuso lwerhafu) kwiinkampani ezikhoyo kunye ne-15% kwiifeme ezintsha zokwenza. Oku kuncitshiswa, ngokwenxalenye kuxhaswa kukuthotyelwa kwentsebenziswano okuphuculiweyo, okujolise ekubangeleni iIndiya ikhuphiswane ngakumbi nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa kwerhafu ngokusemthethweni.

Isiphelo: Impazamo Eyabangela Ukuba Kuphunyezwe

Ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu yeIndiya kunegalelo elichaphazela inkqubo yerhafu engacwangciswanga, libali leziphumo ezizizo nezingalunganga. Le nkqubo yaphazamisa izigidi zabantu kodwa ngexesha elinye yanyanzelisa umgangatho wemali yokuba amashumi eminyaka okuguquka okuthe ngcembe ayeka ukuphunyezwa. Isiseko serhafu sanda, inkcitho engqalileyo yanda, kunye nentlawulo yamanani yenza iindlela zokuhamba ngokusisigxina zexesha elizayo ezenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukubhalisa.

Kanti, ingeniso yafikelela kwixabiso eliphakamileyo: iintlungu zezoqoqosho zexeshana elifutshane, ukungoneli kwemali okuzingisileyo, nokuqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweedemon kukodwa akunakucombulula ukubhatala kwerhafu okuneengcambu ngaphandle kotshintsho olunzulu lwezepolitiki, ukubhaliswa kwempahla, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemithetho. Inkqubo yerhafu namhlanje isabela ngakumbi kwaye ingenisa ulwazi kunangonyaka ka-2016, kodwa imali emnyama iyaqhubeka ifumana iindawo ngaphandle koqoqosho oluqhelekileyo.

Kubenzi benkqubo, isifundo sicacile: unyango lokuthuthumela olufana nokusetyenziswa kwedemon lungasebenza njengezinto ezibangela intsebenziswano, kodwa kufuneka zidityaniswe nenkqubela-phambili eqhubekayo yerhafu ekhoyo-"ikhowudi ezilula zerhafu, ubugcisa bokugcina intsebenziswano, kunye namanyathelo angetshintshiyo okulwa nokonakala. Isiphumo senethi kwisixokelelwano serhafu yase-India sisebenza kakuhle, kodwa uhambo olusuka kwimali-injini yomthwalo, ukubhalisa inkqubo ekhanyayo, ukuthobelana nomnye ohlala engaphelelangaphelelanga. Ulawulo lwe-demonia, olunamabhanti, olunamabhanti, olunothiswe ngobulumko, lungaphinda lukwazi ukuphinda lube nokwakhiwa kwakhona ngempumelelo yendlela yolawulo kunye nokuthembana.