Ukwahlukana Kwamandla: Inyaniso Yemihla Ngemihla Kumntu Wonke OseMerika

Inkoliso yamaMerika ayifane icinge ngesakhiwo sikarhulumente wayo ngexesha isebenza ngexesha layo. Kodwa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya `imfundiso yesiseko ehlula amasebe amathathu alinganayo'. Iphantse ijongene nayo yonke inkalo yobomi bangoku. Ukukhuseleka kokutya okutyayo ukuya kwi-intanethi yakho yonxibelelwano, ukusuka kwirhafu ohlawula isantya sempendulo yentlekele, lo mgaqo wesiseko ulawula ngokuzolileyo imithetho ophila ngayo. Ukuqonda indlela ukwahlulwa kwamandla okusebenza okungekhona nje kwisifundo somthetho woluntu; sisixhobo sokuqhuba amalungelo, iimbopheleleko, kunye neendawo zezobupolitika.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, waseka inkqubo apho amandla ahlukene ngabom. Abalawuli, abaphapheleyo begunya emva kokwaphulwa kuKumkani George III, beyilwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iCongress (legislative) yenza imithetho, uMongameli (owesicatshulwayo) anyanzelisa imithetho, kunye neenkundla (zezasebukhosini) zokuchaza imithetho. Isebe ngalinye linommandla walo wegunya, kodwa likwadityaniswa ne-web ye-' kunye nemilinganiselo yemithetho ethintela elinye isebe ekulawuleni. Le nkqubo ayichaphazathyo. Le nkqubo ayichaphazamisi ngendlela ezenzekelayo, icekwa, kwaye iyaphikiswa kuluntu.

Isebe Lomthetho: Apho Kuqala Khona Imithetho

IBhunga linamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yabameli (435 amalungu, ahlulwe ngabemi baseburhulumenteni) kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso (amalungu ali-100, amabini kwiphondo ngalinye). Imithetho nganye kufuneka idlule omabini amagumbi ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokufikelela uMongameli. Esi sakhiwo se-kameral siqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amakhulu namancinane anelizwi. Umzekelo, umthetho wotshintsho lwezonyango onokuthi uchaphazele izigidi zabantu kufuneka ziphile ekuchongweni kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, ii-antementmentation, kwaye ngokufuthi ikomiti yenkomfanezelo ukunxibelelana kweengxabano. Inkqubo icotha ngobuchule kwaye inika abemi bamaqela ixesha elikhanyayo, ukukhuthaza, ukubhikiselana, ukuxhasa okanye inkxaso.

Impembelelo yosuku ngalunye: Xa iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho ophakamisa umvuzo ongaphantsi, utshintsho lwemigangatho yongcoliso, okanye imisebenzi yezezimali, ezo zigqibo zidlula kwi-check yakho yobhato, umoya owuphefumlayo, kunye neendlela ohamba ngazo. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lilapho iimfuno zikawonke-wonke ziba yimithetho ebhaliweyo ngezantsi kuphela emva kokulalanisa nokuxolelwa. Ngenxa yokuba omabini amagumbi kufuneka avumelane, umthetho udla ngokumela umhlaba ophakathi kunokuba ubonise ngokusulungekileyo ucwangciso lweqela elinye. Oku kunokuphazamisa abo bafuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kodwa kwakhona bathintele, ukutshintshana kwemithetho.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

UMongameli, kunye noMongameli onguVimba, iKhabhinethi, kunye namawaka amasebe karhulumente, banomthwalo wokumisela imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. Eli sebe linika imiyalelo yabalawuli, lilawula amaqumrhu alawulayo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye ne-Food and Drug Administration (FDA), lilawula inkqubo yangaphandle, lize liyalele umkhosi. Umlinganiselo wamandla olawulo oluphezulu unyuke ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idlulileyo, kodwa umGaqo-siseko usabeka imida ecacileyo: uMongameli akanako ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo ngaphandle kwemvume yolawulo.

Isiphumo sosuku ngalunye: Xa ufaka iirhafu zakho zengeniso, iSebe leMpahla yeNguqu (umbutho olawulayo) liqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yerhafu inyanzeliswe. Xa kufikelelwa kwintlekele yendalo, iFederal Emergency Managency Agency (FEMA) iyaququzelela isiqabu. Xa ufaka isicelo sepassspop okanye ikhadi lokhuseleko loluntu, usebenzisana nesebe eliphetheyo. Imiyalelo yegunyaziso njengezo ziphuculo lokunyanzelisa ukufuduka okanye imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, iyakwazi ukutshintsha amalungelo nezibophelelo zakho ngobusuku, nangona ihlala iphantsi kwemingeni esemthethweni kunye nolawulo loburhulumente.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Ukutolika Le Mimiselo

Ijaji yesizwe, ekhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezili-13 zezibheno kunye neenkundla zesithili ezingama-94, ichaza imithetho kwaye iphinda iphinde iyenze ngokwemigaqo-siseko. La mandla ophindo lwe- lwasemthethweni , amiswe kwityala lemveli (1803 uMarbury v. Madison , uvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGawula. Ijajidiary igqunywe ngokukhethekileyo kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngenxa yokuba abagwebi bakhonza ubomi (ngokulawulwa kwehambo elungileyo). Le nkululeko ikhusela amalungelo amancinane kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo, kwana xa ikho ukuthand ’ ukuthandlwa komthetho.

Isiphumo sosuku ngalunye: izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Cinga [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), ephele ukukhetheka kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, okanye [ imanda v. Arizona[ (196], efuna amapolisa akuxelele ngamalungelo akho ngexesha lokubanjwa. Ngokukhawuleza, amagunya anye kumtshato owe-express ([[[FLT:]]-eyebbergebs v. [[FFLT]] [FLT: 5,5], 2015], ukuqhomfa [[FLT], uluntu oluqhelekileyo] Dobs.[2] Ibutho lama-Aption [2], kunye ne-Act.[2]

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkcubeko yenkqubo ilele kungekuphela nje ekwahluleni kodwa ekujongeni. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuthintela ezinye. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawukhupha umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga, kodwa iBhunga lingawuyeka loo mbandela kunye namaninzi amabini anesithathu kumagumbi omabini. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwalela ukutyunjwa komongameli kwisebe lejaji elilawulayo. Iinkundla zingavakalisa imiyalelo yegunya okanye imimiselo engagunyaziswanga. Yaye iNgqungquthela ingamsusa uMongameli okanye umgwebi wesizwe we-"e-"eheampere-ro ezinkulu kunye nabagwebi abaphezulu."

Oku kudlala kudala amandla achaphazela ngokunzulu inkqubo. Umyalelo womongameli olawulayo kwinguqu yemozulu ungacelw'ucelw'ulwelo enkundleni, kwaye ekugqibeleni ubekwe endaweni okanye ucoceke ngolawulo olutsha. Ikhonkxa ye-graftility ```inyani sisenzo singumsebenzi onyanzelisayo'. Inyanzelisa uphakamiso olubanzi phambi kokuba utshintsho olukhulu lube ngumthetho. Noko ke, xa uluntu lufuna ukuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo enjengesibetho okanye ingxaki yezoqoqosho, isantya sangaphakathi sinoluva unxunguphaza. Ukuqonda olu xinzelelo lunceda abemi bazive benoluvote oluzinzileyo kwaye baxabise ixabiso lokuzinziswa, ulawulo.

Umzekelo wehlabathi lokwenene: Umthetho wokukhathalela ongenakufikeleleka

Ukudlula nokusinda koMthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo (ACA) kubonisa ngokucacileyo uvavanyo kunye nolwahlulo. IBhunga ladlula i-ACA ngo-2010 kwimigca yeqela, uMongameli wayisayina, kwaye phantse ngoko nangoko amaphondo amaninzi kwaye aququzelela ukuvavanywa komGaqo-siseko wawo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ulungiselelo oluninzi [ku-[FFLT:0]] lwe-National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[FLT] [[FLT] [20202], kodwa yawisa umthetho othi unokuzimisela ukuba kunyuke ulwando-Médiad. Kamva, iNkundla ixhasa intlawulo lwe-inshorensivelvers (e). Okwangoku, isebe eliphethe umthetho, likhupha imimiselo elungiselelwe yi-inshorensidensivel, i-AU.

Indlela Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okubuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Impembelelo yale sakhiwo ixhaphakile, nokuba ingabonakali. Qwalasela imimandla emithathu: ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, inkululeko yobuqu nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.

Ukubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko

IBhunga limisela ulwakhiwo olubanzi lwemisika yemali, imithetho yezemali, kunye nokhuseleko lwabathengi. Isebe eliphetheyo likhupha iinkcukacha ngoothunywashe abanjengeSecureties kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC) kunye ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). Iinkundla ziqwalasela imingeni kule mithetho. Xa uthatha ityala, la mithetho ilawulwa yimithetho egqithileyo kuwo onke amasebe. Xa inkampani ilahlekisa abathengi, iFedera Trade Commission (FTC) inokwenza ukuba isohlwaye, ibekwe phantsi kwemiqathango. Le nkqubo yokulungisa izinto ezininzi ingakwazi ukuthoba isantya kodwa ithintela ukugcinwa kwemithetho esemthethweni okanye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Umzekelo wemihla le: Ingxoxo yamatyala yokungathathi-nxaxheba kwe-net ``Iingingqi zenkonzo ye-intanethi' zingabeka indawo yazo iinqwelo-mafutha ezithile . Ukudlula kwiKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano-luNxibelelwano, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekuchotshelweni kwequmrhu. Amava akho okukhangela kunye nezolwazi zixhomekeke kwindlela la masebe anxibelelana ngayo amandla. Ngokufanayo, imimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya kwi-FDA ichaphazela oko unokukuthenga kwivenkile yevenkile, kwaye imithetho yokhuseleko yomsebenzi evela ku-OSHE ichaphazela iimeko zakho zomsebenzi.

Ukukhulula Kwabantu Basekuhlaleni Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Isebe elilawulayo lingumgcini-sango wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kodwa amanye amasebe anendima ebalulekileyo. IBhunga linokumisela imithetho yokwandisa okanye yokwahlula amalungelo (umz., iSivumelwano samaLungelo, iPatriot Act). Igunya linyanzelisa loo mithetho kwaye linokunikela imigaqo echaphazela indlela amapolisa ajongene ngayo nokukrokreleka okanye indlela izikolo ezivumelana ngayo neentetho zonqulo. Iinkundla ngoko ziyalawula ukuba semthethweni. Ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekile, ukuphatha izixhobo, ukufihla imicimbi karhulumente, nokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi kwalo mthetho zizinto eziveliswa ngalo mthetho.

Isiphumo sobunyani: Emva kohlaselo lwe-9/11, iKhomishini yaphumelela kuMthetho we-USA PRITIOT, amandla okujonga. Isebe eliphetheyo lasebenzisa loo mandla ukuqhuba amasebe angenazintlupheko, awathi kamva acelw'eyiswa enkundleni. Izigqibo zakhokelela kwiinguqu kuMthetho weNgqibo yeNgqilaniso yeSurveildance (FISA). Namhlanje, ukhuseleko lwezimfono zakho kunye nee-imeyili zenziwe ngamadabi aqhubekayo phakathi kwawo onke amasebe. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokutshata nomtshato owenyanisemgangathweni omnye alizange linikwe yisebe elinye: imigaqo yentlalo kunye nemithetho yezomthetho, isebe eliphetheyo layeka ukukhusela ukhuselo loMgaqonga womtshato, kwaye ekugqibeleni iNkuNkundla ePhakade yawuhlasela.

Ukhuseleko loLuntu noKhuseleko lweSizwe

Xa inkanyamba isondela, isebe eliphetheyo liququzelela iFEMA kunye neNational Guard, kodwa iKhomishini kufuneka ivume ukuba kuxhaswe ngemali yongxamiseko. Iinkundla zinokungenelela xa amanyathelo ongxamiseko engquzulana nenkululeko yabemi (umz., imiyalelo yokufuduka enyanzelisayo engqubana namalungelo empahla). Emva kweSiphepho i-Prrankletus Katrinat, impendulo ecothayo , ibangelwa yi-"intelekiso-"ukuqhekeka-"ukungavumelani kwesebe eliphetheyo"/ukutshintsha ulawulo"""ukungavumelaniswa kwesebe elilawulayo nolawulo lwamazwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kukhuseleko lwesizwe, uMongameli angayalela ukuba kusetyenziswe iMkhosi woMkhosi (AMF) odluliselwe yiKhosi yolawulo, kodwa ulawulo olulinganiselweyo.

Ucelomngeni Kule nkqubo

Akukho siko lomntu lifezekileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukwahlukana kwamandla kungavelisa ugqatso-gqatso , ingakumbi ngexesha lolawulo olwahlulweyo xa elinye iqela lilawula iKhomishini kwaye elinye libambe i-desigrafe. Oku kungalibazisa iimpendulo kwiingxaki ezingxamisekileyo ezifana notshintsho lwemozulu, ukubola kwesiseko semeko-bume, okanye iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke. Ngaphezu koko, unyuko lwemiyalelo yegunya kunye nomthetho wolawulo lolawulo luye lwasusa amandla kuMbutho, unyusa inkxalabo yempatho yempatho. Isebe lejaji, ngobomi, lingaqhawu uluvo lukawonke wonke, ukanti amandla okubetha imithetho eqhutywa ngolawulo-demokhrasi.

Olunye ucelomngeni luthi inkqubo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizithethe kunye nokuhlonelana phakathi kwamasebe. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu ngokweephene kuye kwavavanya ezi zithethe: iNdlu yeeNkundla ePhakamileyo, izisongelo zokwandisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo, nokungavumi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-mthetho baye baluphelisa ulwamkelo. Abanye abaphengululi baxhalabisa le nkqubo ukuba iyaphuka kwaye ayinakusebenza kakuhle phantsi koxinezeleko olugqithisileyo. Kodwa ke, umGaqo-siseko uye wanyamezela ukunqongophala kwezoqoqosho, kunye neziphithiphithi-mfa, ngenxa nje yokwahlulo lwawo lwawo mandla alwayo nangoko.

Isizathu Sokuba Oku Kubaluleke Kuwe

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukunceda ube ngummi ophumelelayo. Xa uvota, awukhethi nje kuphela umntu oza kubhaptizwa; ukhetha oza kusebenzisa igunya eliphezulu, oza kuqinisekisa abagwebi, kwaye liliphi iqela eliza kulawula iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Ukwazi indlela imithetho enokwenziwa ngayo − kwaye indlela enokuthi icelwe ngayo imbambano. Ukuba ufuna ukulawula imipu enamandla, ungaphembelela iBhunga, kodwa kwakhona unikele ingqalelo kwizenzo zegunya elikhulu kunye namatyala enkundla. Ukuba uxhalabele imicimbi yemicimbi yecala, unokubandakanyeka nabameli bakho bobabini kunye nendlela yokulawula.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukwachaza isizathu sokuba iinguqulelo zenzeke kancinci. Oko kulibazisa kungenza uzinzo, kodwa kukwanika ukhuseleko namalungelo amancinane. Kumazwe apho amandla axineneyo, umlawuli omnye angatshintsha yonke into ebusuku/maxa wambi ukwenzela intlekele. Inkqubo yaseMelika yenzelwe ukuphazamisa isenzo sokungxama xa ikhuthaza. Ukwazi oko, ungakulawula oko ulindele nokujolisa phambili kwisivumelwano sebutho lelizwe elide.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akusiyo into ekhoyo ngenkulungwane ye-18; kusisakhiwo esiphilayo, esiphefumlayo esilawula yonke into ukusuka kuhambo lwakho lwakusasa ukuya kugcino lwakho lwemihlala-phantsi. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya kumasebe amathathu akhuphisanayo, umGaqo-siseko udala urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo okukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kodwa onyanzelwe ukuhlonela inkululeko. Iyaphazamisa, iyacotha, kwaye isoloko iphazamisa. Ukuqonda lo mgaqo kukunceda ukuba uhambele phambili kwisixhobo esintsonkothileyo somthetho, inkqubo, kunye nezobupolitika ezibumbanisa ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Kwixesha elizayo ufunda ngesigqibo seNkundla ephakamileyo, i-ve, okanye ingxoxo yengqungquthela, uqonda ukuba unikela ubungqina kwinkululeko.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, uhlolo lwe- U.S., iprojekthi yooyez kumatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye ne-Project I-Ofisi yoPhicotho yamaphepha owiso-mthetho. Ifunda ngakumbi kumaqumrhu asemthethweni.