Ilungelo lemfundo limiselwe kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe njengelungelo elisisiseko elinika abantu amandla kunye nokuguqula imibutho yabantu. Liqashelwe kwiQumrhu lama-26 leSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu kwaye licaciswe kwiSivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangeneyo Ngezoqoqosho, Sobuko neNkcubeko (ICESCR), ilungelo lemfundo eligunyazisa iimbopheleleko kumazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imfundo esisiseko nemfundo ephezulu efikelelekayo kuzo zonke. Kodwa ukuqondwa okusebenzayo kwalo lungelo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela imigaqo yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe eguqulelwe ngayo ekubeni imigaqo yenziwa ngokusemthethweni, ngokwezemali. Ingcamango yemfundo yezemfundo yamakhaya ekhuselweyo. [[FLT:] ] inkqubo egunyazwe ngokubanziswa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe kwimibutho layo elisemthethweni.[5]

Ukuqonda Ukungqinelana Kwamalungelo Abantu

I-florpooration yinkqubo esemthethweni eguqula izibopho ezivunyiweyo kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe zibe yimithetho ebambeneyo kwimithetho yelizwe elingaphakathi yomthetho welizwe. Indlela iyahluka-hluka kwiisithethe somthetho. iinkqubo, ezifana ne-France okanye i-Netherlands, izivumelwano ezigunyazisiweyo ziba yinxalenye yomthetho wesizwe kwaye zinokukhutshelwa ngqo enkundleni. i-actist[ iinkqubo, ezifana noBukumkani obumanyeneyo okanye i-Australia, izivumelwano zifuna isenzo esicacileyo sokuqulunqwa kwamalungu eeburhulumenteni. Ngaphandle koko, izibonelo zinokunyanzelwa kuphela kwinqanaba lezizwe ngezizwe, zishiya abantu ngaphandle kwemfundo esemthethweni ukuba ziyaphulwa ngokwasemthethweni.

[[QLT:0] Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe okwiMalungelo ezoqoqosho, eNtlalo neNkcubeko , umzekelo, unyanzelisa amaqela amazwana ukuba aqonde ilungelo lemfundo ngokuthe ngcembe ngazo zonke iindlela ezifanelekileyo, kuquka amanyathelo owiso-mthetho. Utshintsho lolu myalelo luguqula lo msebenzi ungabonakaliyo ube ngumgangatho oqinileyo. Inika iinkundla amandla okuhlola imigaqo karhulumente, ukubetha imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokulungisa xa izikolo zingafumaneki, zingafikeleleki, okanye zingenamfaneleki.

ISisakhelo Sasemthethweni Selungelo Lemfundo KuMthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Ilungelo lemfundo asilolungelo elinye, elifaneleke lilonke. Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uchaza ububanzi bayo ngezixhobo ezininzi ezibophayo. I-ICECR, kwiGatya 13, imisela eyona fomu ibanzi: imfundo yokuqala kufuneka ibe yeyonyanzelekayo kwaye ibe khululekile kubo bonke; imfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephakamileyo, kuquka ubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi, kufuneka ifumaneke rhoqo kwaye ikhululeke ngokuqhubekayo; le misebenzi iphezulu mayibe fikeleleke ngokulinganayo ngokwesiseko somsebenzi. IConvention on the Rights of the Child (CRCRC) iqinisekisa ezi mbopheleleko, isongezelelwe kwimigaqo yemiqathango engeyo-dicriminant, izilangazelelo ezingcono zomntwana, kunye nelungelo lomntwana lokuva. Zonke, ezi zivumelwano kufuneka zibe zenza umsebenzi olungele ukusebenza.

UGqibeshe jikelele uNo. 13 weKomiti yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo engobuNtlalo-ntle, inikela ukhokelo olugunyazisiweyo kumxholo oqhelekileyo wamalungelo emfundo, ukwahlulela iimpawu ezine ezibalulekileyo: [[FLT: 0]] ukufumaneka, ufikelelo, ukwamkela, kunye nokuvumelana. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba le milinganiselo ifaneleke qha, oko kukuthi, iyanyanzeleka enkundleni yomthetho. Ngaphandle kokungeyomfuneko, oorhulumente banokuyiphatha imfundo njengento efunwa ngumgaqo nje kunokuba babophe imbopheleleko esemthethweni.

Indlela Ukubotshwa Kwemali Okulomeleza Ngayo Ukunyanzelwa Kwamalungelo Emfundo

Xa amalungelo emfundo ehlabathi lonke eququzelelwa, umntu ngamnye namaqela afumana isixhobo esinamandla sokubeka oorhulumente bakhe ethanjeni. Umfundi akavunywanga ukuba amkelelwe ngenxa yobuhlanga, okanye umntwana onesiphene okhubazekileyo okhutshwe kwisikolo esiphambili, angazisa ityala ngqo kwinkundla yesizwe. Inkundla ngoko inokusebenzisa umgangatho wesivumelwano esiqulunqweyo, nokuba umthetho wasekhaya uthe cwaka okanye uyaphikisana. Le nkqubo ibonise ukuba iyaguqula kwiimo ezininzi.

[ kuMzantsi Afrika, umGaqo-siseko udibanisa ngqo ilungelo elifanelekileyo kwimfundo esisiseko. Oku kukhokelele kwimigwebo yephawu elifana uMbhobho---v kwisiXeko seRhawunifo[ kwaye okukhona kuthe ngqo [[FLT:] umPhathiswa wemfundo yezemfundo esisiseko [[FLT][FLT]]], apho iinkundla ziyalela urhulumente ukuba anikezele izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo zesikolo neencwadi. Amava oMzantsi Afrika abonisa ukuba ukuguqula isithembiso soluvo sisebenze esigunyaziso esinokuthi sinyanzelwe nge-judiary.

Indiya, nangona umGaqo-siseko wawuyithatha ekuqaleni njengemigaqo yomyalelo, ukutolikwa kwetyala kunye nokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko kwazenza zanelungelo lemfundo esisiseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo inike imiyalelo efuna iinkqubo zesidlo sesikolo, ukuvalwa kwesohlwayo sekhompoli, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko yamkeleka ngokususiweyo. Ezi ziphumo zazinokwenzeka kuphela kuba imbopheleleko yezizwe ngezizwe yayisekelwe kumthetho wemithetho-siseko wasekhaya.

Noko ke, ukudityaniswa akusombululi ngokuzenzekelayo yonke imiqobo. Amazwe amaninzi angenayo aphantsi aswele ubuncwane bokwakha izikolo, uqeqesho, kunye nokuphelisa iindleko. Kodwa kwanemiqathango yemiqathango yemiqathango ayikhululi iimeko zawo zokubonakalisa amanyathelo angobom, akhankanyiweyo ekuqondeni ngokupheleleyo. Umgaqo we uqhubekeko-phambili ufuna oorhulumente ukuba basebenzise ubuninzi bobuncwane obukhoyo kwaye bangawamkeli ngemposiso amanyathelo okubuyisa.

Ucelomngeni Lokunxibelelana Okunempumelelo Kwamalungelo Emfundo

Uzalisekiso olutshintshayo ngaphaya kwesigwebo

Ukwahlulwa kudla ngokuba nangcaba, ukudityaniswa, okanye ukuxhomekeka. Amanye amatyala aquka i-ICECR kodwa angawafaki phantsi amalungiselelo emfundo kuhlolo lwezomthetho. Eminye iquka i-CRC kodwa igcina imithetho evumela ukutshata kwabantwana okanye ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana, inciphisa ngokunempumelelo ukufikelela kwemfundo. Imiqathango yezemfundo, ukuthanda kwezobupolitika, nokukhuphisana kwezinto eziphambili kunokwenza kube nzima kwanomgaqo ongqongqo osemthethweni. IiNkuqulo ngokwazo zingathandabuza ukunyanzela amalungelo entlalo-ntle, ukuchaza ukwahlukana kwamandla okanye ukungabi nabuchule kwimigaqo yemfundo.

Impikiswano Esesikweni

Ukugxekwa okuzingisileyo kokubandakanya amalungelo entlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho, − kuquka imfundo −is ukuba ngokwemvelo abalungelelani. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla azinawo amandla okunikezela ngobuncwane, iprojekthi, okanye ukulawula iinkqubo zesikolo. Kodwa uluntu lwamalungelo abantu lwehlabathi lonke luye lwayichasa kakhulu le mbono. IiNkundla ziya ziwaxhasa ngokuphandle amalungelo emfundo emfundo esebenzisa umgangatho onobuchule: aziwanyanzeli inkqubo kodwa zinyanzelela ukuba oorhulumente babe neziphumo ezifanelekileyo, ezicace, neziqhubekayo zokuqonda okulungileyo. uGeneral Greversed things No. uxhasa ukunyanzelwa okusesikweni, igxininisa ukuthi kufuneka banikele iziphumo ezisebenzayo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umsantsa Ophakathi Kwesithembiso Esisemthethweni Nesasaphila Ngokwenene

Kwanaxa iinkundla zikhupha imigaqo ehambela phambili, ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho kuselucelomngeni olukhulu. Kumazwe amaninzi, amasebe aphetheyo ayawutyeshela okanye ayawulibala uthothotho. Imiqobo yezakhiwo enjengendlala, ucalucalulo ngokwesini, indawo yokwahlukaniswa kwabantu, kunye nemfazwe iyaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iingxelo ezisemthethweni. Ukuhlalisana kufuneka kukhatshwe zinkqubo ezinamandla, ukujonga uluntu ngokunempumelelo, kunye nokuzinziswa korhwebo loluntu ukuze kungenelele umsantsa phakathi komthetho noqheliselo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukufikelela Kwimfundo Ngokungangqinelani

Enye yezona zinto ziphambili ezithethelela ukulingana. Umthetho wemfundo yehlabathi lonke uyithintela ngokucacileyo ikhethe ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, isini, ulwimi, unqulo, iimbono zezobupolitika, imvelaphi yesizwe okanye yentlalo, impahla, ukuzalwa, okanye ukukhubazeka. Xa amaphondo equka la malungiselelo angengawo angenaluhlanga, ayayisusa imiqobo eye yasusa imimandla embalini.

  • Ukulingana okusemthethweni: I-Incorporation ifuna ukuba amazwe aphelise iindlela zokuthintela amantombazana ukuba angayi esikolweni, njengomtshato wamandulo, ugonyamelo olusekelwe kwisini, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni lwezifundo. Kumazwe apho amalungelo emfundo emiselwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko, iinkundla zibethelele imithetho ethintela amantombazana akhulelweyo esikolweni.
  • Abantwana abaneziphene: INdibano yamalungelo abantu abaneziphene, equka amalungiselelo emfundo, ifuna iinkqubo zemfundo eziquka ukqu. I-Acorporation ibophelele urhulumente ukuba anikezele inkxaso elungeleleneyo yokuhlala, izibonelelo ezifikelelekayo, kunye nenkxaso yokufunda.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Imfundo nengingqi zomthonyama: kufuneka ifaneleke ngokwesithethe kwaye ifumaneke ngeelwimi ezincinane xa kuyimfuneko. Umahluko we-ICESCR kunye neSindululo samalungelo abantu abahlala kwilizwe elithile sixhasa ezo ngxelo.
  • Imiqobo yezoqoqosho: Ukudityaniswa kungasetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni iindleko zesikolo, iindleko ezifihlakeleyo, kunye nemigaqo yokuvula ityala echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto iintsapho ezingamahlwempu.

Umgaqo we wofikeleleka ngokulinganayo awukho nje ekuvulweni kweminyango; kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba amaqela akwicandelo eliphantsi athatha inxaxheba ngokwenene kwaye aphumelele. Umgaqo-siseko unika isiseko esisemthethweni sokunyanzelisa unyanzelo olunjalo, kuquka iibhaso, iitraki, iinkqubo zokondla, kunye neenkonzo zesikolo ezikhululekileyo.

Ukuhlawuliswa nokupheliswa kocalulo kwimfundo

Umgaqo ongundoqo osebenza kuzo zonke izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu. Isivumelwano se-UNESCO esichasene nocalucalulo kwimfundo (1960) sithintela ngokukhethekileyo ukulahlwa okanye ukulinganiselwa kwamathuba emfundo kwizindululo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa amaphondo efaka le ndibano, aqalisa ukuqulunqa imfundo esemthethweni, kwaye akhuthaze umanyano. Oku kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumaqela amaqela angabantu abafana namaRom eYurophu, amaDalits kuMzantsi Asia, nabantwana bomthonyama eMelika.

Kwimimandla emininzi, ukuququzelela kuye kwanceda iinkundla ukuba zikwazi ukuphelisa iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukwahlulwa kohlanga. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu, ibhekisa kwiNkqutyana yaseYurophu engokwamalungelo abantu (ebandakanya amalungelo emfundo ngemithetho yeSigqeba 1, Inqaku 2), zifumene ukwaphulwa kwamatyala apho abantwana bamaRom babebekwe kwizikolo ezikhethekileyo ngaphandle kokugwetywa. Inkundla yayalela oorhulumente ukuba baphelise imigaqo enjalo baze baqinisekise ukufikelela kwimfundo enomgangatho olinganayo.

Ukuthatyathwa kwabantwana kukwakhusela ukucalucalulwa okungangqalanga ```imicimbi yobupolitika ebonakala ingathathi cala kodwa inempembelelo engathethekiyo. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokuvula isikolo efuna isiqinisekiso sokuzala ingabakhupha abantwana abangabhalwanga okanye abo bazalelwa kwiindawo ezikude ngaphandle kobhaliso lwamakhaya. Iinkundla ezisebenzisa imigaqo engeyoyalucalucalu-calulo zinokuyiphelisa imithetho enjalo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukuqhelisela Ukungqubana

Urhulumente: UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu 1998

I-UK iquka iNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yaMalungelo abantu ngoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1998. Nangona iNdibano ingaqulathanga nelungelo lemfundo ngokucacileyo ngokweenkcukacha ezifana ne-ICECR, iSigqeba seSigqibo 1, iSigqibo 2 sinikela ukuba akukho mntu ongayi kunyanzelwanga ilungelo lemfundo. Iinkundla ze-UK ziye zasebenzisa eli lungiselelo xa zingekho esikolweni, ukungavumi ukufumana ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo lemfundo, kunye nocalucalucalulo kwimfundo yonqulo. Lo Mgaqo-siseko uye wanyanzelela iinguqu zemithetho, kuquka nomsebenzi wokuvuma abantwana abakhubazekileyo nokuhlala bengena kunqulo.

UHlahlo-siseko loMgaqo-siseko

INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika ibandakanya ilungelo lokufumana imfundo kwiCandelo 29, inikela ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokufumana imfundo esisiseko, kuquka imfundo esisiseko, kunye nokuqhubekeka kwemfundo ngemilinganiselo esengqiqweni. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ilungelo lemfundo esisiseko ligunyaziswa ngoko nangoko. Izigqibo zikarhulumente zinyanzelekile ukuzalisekisa imilinganiselo efanayo yemfundo yemfundo, ukunikezela ngeencwadi, kunye nokunqongophala komfundisi-lwazi. [[FLT: 0] [FLT] .EAAIS QUMNICE wemfundo yemfundo yeSizemfundo [[FLT][FLT2:] izigqibo ezingoko zobunyaniso zenkqubelaselo yezemfundo.[FLT]] ]

EKhanada: Umgqabi Wamalungelo Nenkululeko

IKhanada ayikhange ifake i-ICECR kumthetho wasekhaya, kodwa Icandelo 15 leTshati (amalungelo alinganayo) kunye neCandelo 7 (ukungalingani komntu) iye yasetyenziswa ukuhambisela phambili ukufikelela kwimfundo yamaqela aphantsi, ingakumbi abantwana beZizwe Zokuqala. ICanadian Human Rights Tribunal ifumanise ukuba urhulumente uphakamiso lwemfundo oluphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente lwenkonzo zemfundo yenkonzo yenkonzo yenkonzo esemthethweni luye lwabalwa, umthetho osekelwe kwimilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe. Nangona umbandela ungaququki ngqo kwisivumelwano semfundo, ubonisa indlela izicwangciso zamalungelo abantu ezinokuthi ziwuphembele ngayo umthetho wasekhaya ngaphandle kokuba ziquququze umthetho.

Indima Yoluntu Nokuxelwa Kwabantu

Udityaniso lodwa alwanele. Kufuneka luvunywe ngelixa, ukuququzelelwa, kunye nokujongwa yimibutho engeyoyamasebe, amaqela oluntu, kunye nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Imibutho yoluntu idlala indima enzima ngokubhala ulwaphuko, nokulungiselela iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuxhasa ii-Projekthi. Uqeqesho olucwangcisiweyo luye lwavelisa iimpumelelo ezibalulekileyo: umzekelo, [[FLT:] Ilungelo lemfundo kwiprojekthi yemfundo[ namaqabane asekuhlaleni aye asebenzisa imigaqo yoorhulumente ukunyanzela uqingqo-mali eyaneleyo yomfundisi kunye nokuphelisa iindleko zezikolo ezingundoqo.

Ukuhlahlela kukwaqinisa ukuphendulelwa kwengca. Xa abantu besazi ukuba ilungelo lemfundo liyanyanzeleka ngokusemthethweni, basenokufuna ukuba abalawuli besikolo namagosa asekuhlaleni baphendule. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweekomiti zolawulo lwesikolo, kwiinkampani zootitshala abafundisayo, nasekuchongweni kwabantu ngemali yemfundo.

Isiphelo: Indlela Engaphambili

Ukufakwa kwezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe kumthetho wasekhaya kunempembelelo enzulu kwilungelo lemfundo nokufikelela ngokulinganayo. Iguqula izithembiso zomnqweno zibe ziimbopheleleko ezinyanzelekileyo, inika abantu iingcaciso zomthetho, kwaye ibeka oorhulumente ekubalulekweni okanye ekungabini namali. Ubungqina obuvela kumazwe aye afaka amalungelo emfundo emfundo ngokunamandla kuMzantsi Afrika ukuya ku-UK ukuya eIndiya

Kodwa ukuqukunjelwa akuyombumbulu yomlingo. Kufuneka ikhatshwe luzinzo oluqhubekayo lwezopolitiko, utyalo-mali olwaneleyo, kunye noluntu oluphaphileyo. Imingeni emininzi eseleyo: Ukudityaniswa kwemithetho elawulayo, ukubuthathaka komthetho, ukunqongophala kwezibonelelo, nokuzingisa kocalulo olunzulu. Noko ke, intsingiselo icacile. Njengoko amaphondo ebandakanya amalungelo emfundo kwaye njengoko iinkundla zivuma ngakumbi ukuwashwankathela, umsantsa phakathi kolwano olusemthethweni noluphilayo unokuba mncinane.

Ilungelo lemfundo lingaphezulu kunesithembiso esibhaliweyo; liyindlela yokufumana onke amalungelo. Ithemba lokuba wonke umntwana, kungakhathaliseki ubufana, ukukhubazeka, ubuhlanga, okanye imeko yezoqoqosho, angafumana imfundo entle lifuna ukuba izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zibe yintambo yomthetho wesizwe. Ukudityaniswa kusisixhobo esibalulekileyo solo tshintsho, kwaye umsebenzi wokwandisa nokunyusa kufuneka uqhubeke emhlabeni wonke. Usukelo olona hlobo lwehlabathi (_ihlabathi apho kungekho mntwana ushiywe khona) luxhomekeke kulo.