Ulwalamano phakathi koluvo lukawonke wonke kunye namalungelo omtshato lunika iziphumo ezinamandla zokuqonda ulawulo lwedemokhrasi yale mihla. Njengombutho osemthethweni, umtshato, uhlala ekudibaneni kwenkululeko yobuqu, inkululeko yonqulo, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuguqulwa kwemithetho yomtshato akufane kwenzeke ngokwezobupolitika. Endaweni yoko, yimveliso yengxaki enamandla phakathi kwezinto ezifunwa nguwonke wonke, oko abenzi bomthetho bakulungeleyo ukunikela, noko umgaqo-siseko ukukuvumelayo. Ukuqonda lo mdlalo kuyimfuneko kuye kwalowo uxhasa amalungelo asekuhlaleni ngenkulungwane yama-21, njengoko ukulingana komtshato kuye kwaba yimeko ecacileyo kwinzululwazi yezopoliti yezo zezentlalo zobupolitika ngendlela iguqula ngayo inkculo yezomthetho.

Isiseko Sengcamango: Isizathu Sokuba Iimbono Zabantu Zibaluleke

Kulawulo-melo lwabameli, ukufaneleka komthetho kuxhomekeke ngokwemvelo ekuvumeni kwabalawulwa. Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikudala ziphikisana ngamandla oluvo-policy procession. "Umzekelo we-thermatic," ocetyiswa ngabaphengululi uChristopher Wlezien noStuart Soroka, iipositis ezithi uluvo lukawonke-wonke lusebenza njengolungiso lwe-themostat; njengoko inkqubo ihamba kakhulu kwicala elinye, uluvo lukawonke wonke kwicala elichasene nolu khetho, ukwenza imodeli. Lo mzekelo ucebisa intsabelo, inkqubo enamandla apho abenzi bomthetho bathenjiswa khona ukuze bahambisane novoti-ndaba.

Noko ke, amalungelo omtshato adla ngokuwucel ’ umngeni lo mzekelo kuba abandakanya imilinganiselo enzulu yokuziphatha, utoliko lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane nxamnye noninzi. Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo-melo oluphambili kunye nobunzima bokulwa nobokungalawuleki kwe-majorital--"apho iinkundla zibetha imithetho edluliswe ngamaqumrhu anyuliweyo .] Akukho ndawo ibonakalayo ngakumbi kunaleyo yendaleko yokulingana komtshato. Umbuzo uba ngowokuba: ingaba i-ifuna i-agnomente, okanye ingakhokelwa, ingakumbi xa ikhusela iqaqaqaqa?

Ingcamango Yembali: Ukusuka Kukuvalwa Komsebenzi Ukusa Kumgangatho Olinganayo

Isizukulwana esidlulileyo, ingcamango yokuba izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinokutshata yayiyimeko yezobupolitika. Kutshanje ekupheleni koo1990, inkxaso kawonke-wonke yomtshato ongokwasemgaqweni omnye eUnited States yaphelelwa yintsebenziswano phakathi koo-20. Ngokutsho kukaGallup, 27% kuphela wamaMerika axhasa ukuvunywa okusemthethweni komtshato ongokwasemgangathweni omnye ngo1996. Namhlanje, ukuxhasa ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kumalunga no-71%. Oku kutshintsha okuphawulekayo kuthe kratya koluvo lukawonke wonke kwimbono yaseMelika ngombandela wentlalo ntlalo kwimbali yanamhlanje.

Ukuqonda indlela lo tshintsho olwenzeka ngayo qha, kwaye indlela oluguqulelwe ngayo kulwazi olusemthethweni. Ityhila iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezidibanisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwisenzo sowiso-mthetho. Olu hambo lwalungachaphazekanga okanye lungaphepheki. Lwalubandakanya imiqobo eyintlekele, njengokudlula kweDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA) ngo- 1996, eyachaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nomfazi ngenjongo karhulumente. IDOMA yadlula ngenkxaso ye-bipartisn kwaye yasayinwa ngumongameli we-Didemocratic, ebonakalisa ukuvumelana kwezobupolitika kweli xesha. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, iNkundla ePhakakhulu yawubetha eUnited States (20). Winds (203), intshukumo eyathi eyathiwe yawubonisa utshintsho oluphawulekayo kwimbono kawonke.

Umzekelo ongokwembali wale mithetho yokulwa komtshato wamiselwa nguLoving v. Virginia (1967), apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaphelisa ukuvalwa komtshato ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo. Ngeli xesha, inkoliso yenkundla yoluntu lwaseMerika echase umtshato weentlanga ngezizwe. Uphando lukaGallup ngowe-1968 lwabonisa ukuba 72% yamaMelika avunywayo kwimithetho ekwalelwe umtshato ohlukeneyo. Apha, iNkukho iNkundla yasebenza ngokuchasene noluvo lukawonke wonke, iqinisekisa ukuba iSikhuseli soMmiselo sika-Celaniso we-14. Eli tyala lisengumzekelo osisiseko weenko kukhusela amalungelo amancinane kwikhethe elikhulu, kwaye linika umahluko ocacileyo kumbutho olinganayo wokwalingana nolungele umtshato, oye wafikelela uloyiloyilo lokugqibela emva kokuba uninzi lukawonke wonke uwonke wonke ungene ekuwuxhaseni.

Ukulinganisa Umlinganiselo Wesantya: Indlela Esijonga Ngayo Imvume Kawonke - wonke

Isixhobo esiphambili sokulinganisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke luphando lwenzululwazi. Iintlangano ezifana neGallup, iZiko loPuendo-zincwadi, kunye neGeneral Social Survey (GSS) ziye zafumanisa isimo sengqondo ngamalungelo omtshato kangangamashumi eminyaka. Le nkcazelo inika imbono ende ngemigaqo etshintshayo yentlalo exabiseke kakhulu kubenzi benkqubo nakumagunya afanayo.

Ngokomzekelo, uphando lweZiko lophando lwePew lubonisa ukuba ulwahlulo oluphakathi komtshato lubonakala luphangalele. Imikhosi emincinane isoloko ibonakalisa imigangatho ephezulu yenkxaso kunaleyo ikhulileyo. Ngonyaka ka-2006, Pew wafumanisa ukuba ama-42% amaMelika aneminyaka eli-18-29 axhasa umtshato osukruqukileyo. Ngo-2023, elo nani liye lanyuka laya kutsho ngaphezu kwama-80%. Njengoko izizukulwana ezikhulileyo zisuka kubemi, isiseko senkxaso kawonke siyanyuka ngokwemvelo, kwaye saziwa njengendlela yokutshintsha isizukulwana. Le ntsingiselo ye-mentelligeeveveveveyi ye-a ibinamandla, injini ecothayo, injini yentlalo ejika kakhulu nengathintelekiyo.

Izixhobo zokuchaphaza kunye nokuhlalutya iimvakalelo zoluntu ziye zavela njengezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo zokwandisa uluvo ngexesha lokwenene. Izakhelo ezifana neTwitter neFacebook zinika ujongo olubi, olungacocekanga kwintetho kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ezi zixhobo zineembono eziphawulekayo, njengoko zidlulisela kakhulu eyona ndlela yomlomo nengqiqo yabasebenzisi abagqithisileyo. Uphando lwenzululwazi lusengumgangatho wegolide wokulinganisa ububanzi boluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Uphando Ngetyala Kwimbono Kawonke - wonke Nakutshintsho Olungokwasemthethweni

IIreland: Imvukelo YaseReferendendim

Mhlawumbi umzekelo onyulu woluvo lukawonke-wonke lokuqhuba umthetho womtshato ngqo ngumthetho onyanzelisayo wase-Irish osetyenziswa ngo-2015. Kwilizwe elinempembelelo eqinileyo yobuKatolika ngokwembali kunye nomgaqo-siseko ongqongqo, urhulumente wakhetha ukubuza abantu ngokungqalileyo. UMthetho-siseko wama-34 we-Irish Wo Amendoment waxatyiswa kakhulu ngaphaya kwamacwecwe egumbini egumbini kunye nakumajelo-ndaba. Isiphumo saba kukoyisa okukhawulezileyo: 62% yabavoti balahla izicelo zabo bexhasa ukulingana komtshato, ngokujikela phezulu kwabangama-60%.

Apha, uluvo lukawonke-wonke aluzange luphembelele nje kuphela abaququzeleli bomthetho .-iimatshini eziqhelekileyo zowiso-mthetho ukuba zibe ngumthetho ngqo. Imeko yase-Ireland ibonisa ukuba xa kuvela isivumelwano esicacileyo sentlalo, isakhiwo somthetho singahlaziywa ngokukhawuleza ukuze sibonise. Kwaye kwaboniswa ukuba idemokhrasi engqalileyo ingaba sisixhobo sokuzinzisa, hayi sokuvala amalungelo.

IUnited States: Indlela Yokugweba Ibangelwa Kutshintsho Entlalweni

Amava aseMerika ayehluke kakhulu kwi-Ireland. Uhambo olusuka kwinkundla yomtshato ye-Hawaii 'yaseburhulumenteni' ka-1993 kwityala lomtshato elikwakwasemthethweni kwityala lenkundla ePhakamileyo ye-US.I.205. bergefell v. Hodges[ yayingumzabalazo othe tyaba obandakanya iindlu zowiso-mthetho, iinkundla zephondo, kunye nedemokhrasi. Amanyathelo angaphambili, anjengomthetho oweNkulwano oluPhakathi-mthetho we-2004, elawula umtshato owe-o-okyubhile, wajongeneyo umva wezopolitiko. Unyulo lwama - 11 lwabona amazwe edlula umtshato womthetho osemthethweni evalelwe umthetho-we-ex.

Noko ke, njengoko uluvo lukawonke wonke lwatshintsha ngokukhawuleza ekupheleni kowama-20000 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama-2010, abezobupolitika baqala ukutshintsha izimo zabo. UMongameli uBarack Obama utshintsho lukawonke wonke "lwendaleko" kulo mba ngo-2012 wafumanisa ukuba umlinganiselo wophando lwesizwe uphantse ugqibelele phantse ugqibelele. Ngexesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ngo-2015, inkxaso kawonke wonke yayiwelele kumda wama-5% kwaye iqhubeka inyuka. Inkundla, ngengqiqo, yavuma utshintsho olwalusele lukho phantsi kwenkundla yoluvo lukawonke. UJajistein Anthony Kennedy waluvo lolulo lombutho lwagxininiso-we-ex, lubonakalisa i-fram yobubele obungqinela ukuba luphumelele kakhulu ekulawuleni kwemizwano kawonke-wonke-wonke.

IOstreliya: IPlebispory

I-Australia yalungiselela imodemokhrasi edibeneyo eyadibanisa amacandelo edemokhrasi kunye nomthetho ongqalileyo wabameli. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yoorhulumente bezobupolitika abafuna ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kunye nabalawuli baseTurnbull, abalawuli bagunyazisa uphando lokuzithandela, olungabopheleliyo lweposi yesizwe ngo-2017. Phezu kwayo nje inkcaso evela kwiLGBTQ + abaxhasi ababesoyika iphulo likawonke wonke elizotheyo, 61.6% yabathathiweyo bavota "Ewe".

Ipalamente yase-Australia yandula ngoko yagqiba ngokukhawuleza ukuba umtshato ongokwesini ubhalwe ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba 2017. Eli tyala libonisa indlela oorhulumente abanokuzisebenzisa ngayo izixhobo zokunxibelelana noluntu ukuqhekeza ii-logjam zezobupolitika kwimicimbi yocalulo loluntu.

Icebo Elingqukuva Ehlabathini Lonke: Apho Izikhewu Ezibuyisela Ingozi Zitshintsha khona

Ingxelo yenkqubela ayikho zwenibanzi. Kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathi, uluvo lukawonke-wonke luhlala luchasene kakhulu nomtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo, kwaye umthetho uqhubele phambili kwicala elinye. iHungary yawisa umthetho ngo-2020 owawuthintela ngokunempumelelo izibini ezifanayo ezingokwabelana ngesondo ukuba zingamkeli, kwaye ngo-2021 yatshintsha umgaqo-siseko wayo ukuchaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda nomfazi. IRashiya ikhuthaza ngamandla "umthetho wesithethe", kwaye i-Uganda idlulise omnye wemithetho engqongqo echasene ne-LBTQ ngo-2023.

Kwezi meko, uluvo lukawonke wonke lusetyenziswa yipopulist kunye neenkokeli ezinegunya eliphantsi ukuthethelela ukunqandwa kwamalungelo. Oku kubonisa ukuba uluvo lukawonke wonke lusisisixhobo esinokusetyenziswa ukuze kusetyenziswe imvume okanye imvume, kuxhomekeke kwimpucuko yezobupolitika, amaziko onqulo, kunye nokhokelo. Kwalo mgaqo ukhuthaza i-althenderum yase-Ireland unakho ukusetyenziswa ukuxhasa ucalucalucalulo.

Ukuphenjelelwa: Indlela Uluvo Oluba Ngayo Umthetho

Ukuguqulelwa kwendlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo akuyonto ezenzekelayo. Kufuna ubuchule obuthile kunye nabadlali ukuba bavale umsantsa phakathi koko abantu bakucingayo noko umthetho ukutshoyo.

Iincentives ze-Electoral

Izobupolitika ezixhasa iinjongo ezithandwayo zidla ngokuphinda zikhethwe. Njengoko inkxaso yokulingana komtshato inqumla umqobo wama-50% kumazwe ase-US nakwamanye aseNtshona, iindleko zobupolitika zokuyixhasa zawahla, kwaye ixabiso lokuphikisana nayo lanyuka. Le ngxelo yonyulo mhlawumbi lolona nxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nesenzo somthetho. Amalungu eRiphabliki achasene nomlinganiselo womtshato kumawaka angama- 2000 azibona ekwisikhundla esinzima njengabantwana bawo kunye nabazukulwana bawo. Olu xinzelelo lobuqu, uxinzelelo lwe-familia lwayeyona nto ingumatshini osisijikelezi-sangqa kwibutho labantu.

Iqela labanomdla

Imibutho enjenge-Human Rights Campaign (HRC), Inkululeko yokutshata, kunye ne-Lambda esemthethweni yasebenza njengee-internationals ezingundoqo. Yaqhuba uphando oluntsonkothileyo, izakhelo zokuthumela imiyalezo, kunye nabaququzeleli bomthetho abaqeqeshiweyo. Yanceda ukuchaza inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwingcinezelo esebenzayo yezobupolitika. Isigqibo seqhinga sentsebe lokugxininisa ku "Umtshato" kunokuba kusekelwe kuphando olubonisa ukuba umgangatho owahlukeneyo kodwa olinganayo ngokokuziphatha nongalawulekiyo kwezobupolitika.

Umatshini wokubala osetyenziswa ngamaqela eendaba

Indlela ijelo leendaba elibonisa ngayo imbambano enokuthi thamsanqa kakhulu uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ukunikezelwa kwezibini ezingoonongogo kusuka ekujoliseni kwingqalelo kubomi "beziintlobano zesini" ukuya kumabali angeentsapho ezibotshelelweyo, uthando, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, kunye nenkonzo yasemkhosini. Oku kuhlaziywa koluntu kwayenza yatshintsha kakhulu incoko yabe ithe yangenangxaki yokukhetha abantu abanokungachatshazelwa ngokwesini. Unyuko lweLGGTQ kumabonwakude nanga basebenzi bemifanekiso eshukumayo, bebeka isiseko sesithethe sokutshintsha okusemthethweni.

Ukhokelo Lwezeejaji

Iinkundla zingenza njengezizathu zotshintsho loluvo, hayi izipili nje kuphela. Ngelixesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US eObergefell yayilandela iziphumo zoluvo oluxhaphakileyo, izigqibo zenkundla esezantsi ezayandulelayo , kwaye amaMassachusetts alawula ngo- 2004. anika izigidi zamaMerika utshintsho lwemeko-yomtshato oxwesayo. Le "inkcubeko yedemokhrasi" ibangela ukuba abantu babone iziphumo ezixhotyisiweyo, ezifana nokukhukuliseka komtshato we-Grini, azizange zikwazi ukuzibona. Ukubona izimiso, uthando, iintsapho ezikwanjalo kuluntu ezihlala kuzo zisenza uluntu zithaththse ucalu hlebo lwezi.

Imida Yokungacingi Ngento Oyenzayo: Xa Kukho Umthetho Ophambili (Okanye Osemva)

Yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba umthetho sisipili nje soluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kukho imiqathango ebalulekileyo ekwamkeleni oku.

[[FLT:] I- i-Linureer-Majoritarian Humpty ingumzekelo ophambili onyanzelisayo kwidemokhrasi yolawulo-mpukane. Loluvo loluvo-luvo [ [1967]], iNkuNkuhla iMithetho yomtshato weMiba ephakathi yeMibazwe ephikisanayo. Le yimeko ephambili yeenkundla ekhusela iqaqaqamlisiweyo kwimikhosi emininzi ye-demon. Uluvo-policy luye lwaphulwa ngumgaqo wokhuseleko olulinganayo. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.5]

[[FLT: 0] Inkqubo yolawulo ye-Interia kunye ne-Federalism ikwacothisa ukuguqulela uluvo kumthetho. Kwanaxa uninzi lwezimvo zitshintshiswano, amaziko owiso-mthetho anokucotha ukuphendula ngenxa yemiqobo enjengendlu ye-Kenyabirdbuster okanye iikomiti zosihlalo eziphethwe ngabaphikisi. Inkqubo yolawulo lwase-United States yavumela ulawulo ukuba luzame, kodwa kwakhona yadala umsebenzi wesiphatho samalungelo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, izibini ezifanayo ezingoxhulumente e-Alabam zazingenazo izikhuseli zomkelo zomthetho, ngoxa ezo zaseMassachusetts zangena amalungelo apheleleyo omtshato. Oku kukuthi kulungele ulawulo lwesizwe, njengokungabikho kolwazi lwamazibuko eencwadi nomthetho.

Iintsinga ezinkulu ezingqukuva. Ama-Majoni athe cwaka anamandla anzima. Abachasi bamalungelo omtshato basoloko benokhetho olunzulu kunabaxhasi kwiminyaka yangaphambili. Oku kuqina kwabenza bavumela ukuba balungelelanise ngokunempumelelo, balawule intetho yezopolitiko, kwaye bacothe isantya sotshintsho kwanokuba inkxaso ebanzi. Uncwadi lwezopolitiko lwezopolitiko lubonisa ukuba iintso ezinzulu zinokusoloko zinokudlula kuninzi olusasaza. Oku kungenxa yokokuba, nakumazwe apho unyuso lubonise uninzi luxhasa ukulingana, abalawuli babesoloko bengafuni ukwenza isenzo sokoyika ukuphicoko olusuka kumkhosi olusuka kunqulo oluqhelekileyo.

Okujonge Phambili: Imida Elandelayo Yamalungelo Omtshato

Ukuqonda iimpembelelo ezidala umthetho wesidibanisi somtshato kunika imaphu yokuhlolisisa iingxoxo zexesha elizayo ngamalungelo omtshato. Iimpikiswano ezinjengokubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwesithembu, amalungelo abantu abatshateyo, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nokungabikho kohlanganiso lungabunjwa yimikhosi efanayo.

Uluvo lukawonke-wonke luya kuba libala lemfazwe. Njengoko izizukulwana ezincinane, ezahlukeneyo zisiba zizininzi zabavoti, isimo sabo sengqondo siya kuqhubeka silungisa indlela esemthethweni yokusebenza kwentsapho. Izixhobo zokuvota, imicimbi yentlalo, kunye namaqhinga okugweba asetyenziswa ekufumaneni ukulingana komtshato aza kusetyenziswa kwezi mfazwe zitsha. Impumelelo yexesha elizayo yobungangamsha iza kuxhomekeka ekuqondeni amandla athile akhoyo ekudlaleni, ubunzulu benkcaso, nobukhulu bemibutho ekhoyo ukuze kutshintshwe.

Isiphelo: Imidlalo edityanisiweyo etshintshatshintshayo

Ulwalamano phakathi koluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nomthetho wamalungelo omtshato alunakubekwa ngokwendlela. Yinkqubo enamandla, enamandla, apho uluvo lomthetho luguqula intsingiselo yenyaniso yentlalo, kwaye inkcubeko yezentlalo ibuyela kwimbono yoluntu. Uloyiso lomlinganiselo womtshato kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi yayingengombandela nje wabenzi bomthetho abafunda iimbono zoluvo kwaye benze ngokuvisisana noko. Yaba ngumphumo wenkqubo eqhubekayo yentlalo eyaguqula iintliziyo neengqondo, yadala izisusa zezobupolitika, yaza yaphumelela ekulawuleni imimandla entsonkothile yolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ngoxa uluvo lukawonke wonke lungekuphela kothunywashe, luhlala luyindawo esisiseko apho inguqulelo ehlala ihleli yomthetho isekwa khona. Imithetho ehamba phambili kakhulu kunemiqathango yobugxwayiba bobugxwayiba boluntu nokubuya umva, ngoxa imithetho esemva iba zizixhobo zokungalungisi. Umbutho wokulingana komtshato waphumelela kakhulu ngokuvelisa ngomonde isivumelwano esitsha sokuziphatha, ngokusebenzisa isixhobo ngasinye ukusuka kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo ukuguqulela loo mbono kumthetho. Ukuqonda le ngxoxo ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ikamva lamalungelo abantu kwi-demokhrasi.