IBhili Yamalungelo Kumongo Wanamhlanje: Ukukhusela Abantu Abasebenzayo NabaseSikolweni

IBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente otsha enziwe. Ziye zamisela izikhuseli ezingundoqo zokukhusela urhulumente owenziwe ngo1868 kunye nenkqubela phambili yenkqubela phambili yemfundo yezoburhulumente, yokukhusela inkululeko efana nokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nelungelo lokukhulula ekuphunyezweni okungaqiqiyo kwenkululeko. Ngonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe, ezi ziqinisekiso zaqala ukusetyenziswa kwizenzo ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Oku kwenziwa zize zisetyenziswe ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Kwakungekuko ukukhuselwa kwemidatha eGanti yemida eGqinini e-1868 kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubela phambili kwemfundo ekhoyo yezifundo zokuzikomkhulu [FLDict: 0] imfundiso encinane engekho ngqiqweni. [FLD:1]

Isiseko: Isenzo sikaRhulumente neMiba yeSikolo

Phambi kokuhlola amalungelo akhethekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ingcamango enye ebalulekileyo elawula ukusetyenziswa kweBhili yamaLungelo: kodwa umbutho wabucala okanye isikolo esizimeleyo sobuGcisa . UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela abantu kwisenzo sikarhulumente, kungekhona kwisenzo sabucala. Oku kuthetha ukuba iyunivesithi kawonke-wonke okanye umbutho karhulumente ubotshelelwe yiSindululo soLuntu, kodwa umbutho wabucala okanye isikolo sabucala esiqhelekileyo asiyonkqubo yamalungelo ahlukeneyo. Lo mzekelo wokwahlula iinkqubo ezimbini ezihambelanayo zamalungelo abantu. Kubasebenzi basekuhlaleni kunye nabafundi besikolo sikawonke, iBhili yamaLungelo linikela ikhuselo olungqalileyo, umGaqonga womthetho kunye nabafundi, ukukhusela okuphambili kumthetho kunye nemigaqo yomthetho woluntu, okudla ngokulinganiswa kwemigaqo yemiqatha nemithetho-siseko yomthetho-siseko othe ngokomthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko othe siseko somthetho omnye, ngoxa i-Anti yomzekelo wokuqala i-ogqeqeqesho-mthetho-siseko esithelwe kwimi, i-mthetho-odwa i

Amalungelo Akho Emsebenzini

Ulawulo lwabucala

Eyona ngxaki ikhawulezileyo egqiba amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko emsebenzini kukuba umqeshi wakho ngurhulumente (urhulumente, okanye ummandla) okanye iqumrhu labucala. Abasebenzi bamacandelo oluntu banandipha ukhuseleko olunzulu lomgaqo-siseko kuba abaqeshi babo ngurhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abasebenzi bamacandelo obuqu, babotshelelwa ngokwemigaqo yesivumelwano somsebenzi wabo okanye imfundiso engagqibekanga yemisebenzi ethandayo [, evumela ukuba iqela ngalinye liphelise ulwalamano lomsebenzi nangavumelekanga ngalo naliphi na ixesha. Lo mahluko ungundoqo umilise oko kuthethwa ngasezantsi.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Neyonxulumano

Kubasebenzi boluntu ngokubanzi, uHlaziyo Lokuqala lunikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo emiselwe Picking v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1968) ukuba abasebenzi boluntu abaluchazi "UMmiselo Wokuqala Wokulungiswa kwemivulo abaya kulufumanayo uthetha ngemibandela yomdla kawonke-wonke. Ukugqiba ukuba intetho ikhuselwe, iinkundla zisebenzisa ukuvavanya kwe-Cennicking[[. Eyokuqala, intetho imele ibandakanye inkxalabo kawonke. Okwesibini, umdla wokuthetha kombutho ophantsi koncedo olusemthethweni kufuneka ungenelele ngaphaya kwembutho wokhuseleko lwasemsebenzini woburhulumente nokukhuselwa kwemvume obubodwa.

Ukuba Wedwa Nomgaqo - siseko Wesine

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuphathweni ngurhulumente. Kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke, oku kuthetha ukuba umqeshwa uhlala elindele ukuba kufumaneke imfihlo eofisini yakhe, kwidesika, kwiifayile, nakunxibelelwano lwe-electronic. [ u-Connor v. Orga[ [1979] [1971]], iNkuNkuvukelo oluPhakathi Ephakamileyo lumele lubambenelo lokuba ukuphanda komqesholo lomqeshwa kawonke kuxhomekeke kumongo. [kuninzi wabenziswayo, uluntu lungasebenzisi ngokomthetho, i- , i-Matytyton/FFFT]. [3] [FT], i-og.[0] ukukhangela okunxulumene nenjongo yeNkusetyenziswa komqeshwa (umt.g.g.g.g.) njengomqesho oluqhelekileyo lomsebenzi othunyelwa ngurhulumente ogunya-onele, ugunya-onele, ugunya-oneleyo

Imodeli yeNkqubo kunye neMidlalo yeNdawo

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu neseshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakumhlupha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho. Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke, olu khuselo luxhomekeke ekubeni umqeshwa unenzala yempahla [ ifanele ingeniso [[ kumsebenzi wakhe. Inzala yempahla idalwa ngumthetho wesizwe, imithetho yenkonzo yoluntu, okanye isivumelwano somsebenzi esifuna isokuphelisa. Ukuba umqeshwa unesi somdla wempahla, unelungelo lokukhusela okuthile ngaphambi kokupheliswa, kuquka nokuchazwa kwezityholo, ukucaciswa kobungqina, nokufumana ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuphendula uluntu. [[FLT.Foct:] kunye noncedo olukhoyo olukhoyo. [umphathotho lwawo wonke uluntu olukhoyo.]

Ukukhuselwa Kucalucalulo

ISinyuso seshumi elinesine soKhuselo oluManyeneyo luka-Claus sikwalela abaqeshi borhulumente ukuba bangabacaluli ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubuhlanga, okanye ezinye izigaba ezizimeleyo. Iinkundla zisebenzisa amaqondo awahlukeneyo okuhlola: uhlalutyo olukwizibonelelo olululo[ lohlanga nemvelaphi yesizwe, uhlolo oluneephengululo olunxulumene nocaluvo, [[FLT] oluthelekelelwe gwenxa, [[FLT]] lwezibonelo ezininzi ezimele ukuhlawulwa. Abasebenzi abazimeleyo, ukhuseleko olungundoqo luvela kwimimiselo yomthetho. [[FLT] [FLD] [2] [I] uhlomelo localuvo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo lobuhlanga, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. [[FL.AD] kunye nolu lwabiwo oluphezulu lwezinzi oluthe ukukhuselweyo oluthelela abantu abagqeshicileyo (A).

Amalungelo Akho Kwinkqubo Yemfundo

Intetho Yabafundi Nentetho

INkundla Ephakamileyo ibambelele ngokungaguqukiyo kwisigqibo sokuba abafundi abawaphelisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye amazwi kwisango lesikolo. Kwityala lephawu . iDes Moines Independent Community School District[, iNkundla yagqiba ukuba abafundi banokunxiba amakhamandela amnyama ukuze bavuleke imfazwe yaseVietnam njengoko intetho yabo ingaphazamisaniyo ngokuphandle nangendlela ebanzi nemisebenzi yesikolo. Le milinganiselo ikhusela umgangatho omde wolwazi, kwizenzo zezobupolitika zobugcisa. Noko ke, izikolo ezininzi ziyakwazi ukuwahlula amanyala okanye amanyala ([FFoff]). [ucense, iinstolmes, i-eaces.[3]

Ukufuna Nokuzihlaziya Ezikolweni

Amagosa esikolo angabadlali bakarhulumente yaye amele avumelane noMphetho-woMda wesi-5. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inike abalawuli besikolo isibanzi esibalulekileyo sokulondoloza ucwangco nokhuseleko. New Jersey v.T.O.[[FL:1]] , iNkundla yabambelela ekubeni iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo zokunyanzelela ukugcinwa komthetho azifanelekanga. Endaweni yoko, amagosa esikolo amele afune ukukrokrelelwa [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [iiiiinyathelo] elisengqiqweni lokuchasana nomthetho obekiweyo. Oku kumele kusekelwe kwimiqatha yendlela yophando olungekho ngqiqweni yonyango. [3]

Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokhuseleko olulinganayo kubafundi

Abafundi abajongene nokuthuthwa okanye ukugxothwa banelungelo lokufumana ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Goss v. Lopez (1975], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi abafundi abajongene nokususwa kweentsuku ezilishumi kufuneka banikwe isaziso esibhaliweyo okanye esibhaliweyo sezityholo kunye nethuba lokuchaza icala labo lebali. Oku kuva kunokwenzeka ngokungacwangciswanga kwaye kumele kwenzeke phambi kokuba i-empemps zisebenze, ngaphandle kokuba kuvele uxakeka okanye ukugxothwa. Imigaqo emininzi esesikweni iyafuneka, kuquka isaziso esibhaliweyo, ithuba lokuchaza amangqina kunye nobungqina obukhoyo, kunye nokuphulaphula phambi komenzi wesigqibo sokungakhethi.

I-Unicime Protection Claus ikwakhusela abafundi ekucalucalulweni. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ihlala ingowona mzekelo wemfundo ubalulekileyo kwimbali yeMelika, ibambe ukuba ukukhetheka kwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke wonke akulingani ngokwemvelo. Namhlanje, imiba elinganayo yokhuseleko kwizikolo iquka ukungalingani koqeqesho, ukufikelela kwizifundo eziphambili, kunye nokuphathwa kweLGBTQ + abafundi. ISebe le-Fomati yezemfundo ye-OFtware ye-Ovial Rights (OCRRCR) linyanze i-IS I-IX yemfundo yowezoHwezonyaka ka-1972, ethintela ucalo olusekelwe kulwanolwano lwezemfundo kunye nemisebenzi yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo

Inkululeko Yonqulo Ezikolweni

UMthetho Wolawulo Wokuqala u-Claus no-Free Execle Claus umisela ulungelelwano oluntsonkothileyo ngokuphathelele unqulo ezikolweni. Izikolo azinakukhuthaza okanye zincomela naluphi na unqulo, kodwa kufuneka zihlalise iinkolelo zabafundi. Abafundi banelungelo lokuthandaza ngokobuqu okanye kumaqela, logama nje kungaphazamisanga kwaye kunganyanzeli abanye ukuba bathelele. Kennedy. IBremeton School School Dis District[ [2022], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba umqeqeshi webhola ephezulu wesikolo unelungelo lokuthandaza kwimidlalo yasendle, isenza ukuba umdla wesikolo uphendukelwe ngaphandle kokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho wesikolo ulwenze u-Clausscaus use.

Ukhuseleko Oluyintloko KwiBhili Yamalungelo: Ukujonga Ngokunzulu

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wokuQala ulukhuselo lwentetho ye-demokhrasi. Kumongo womsebenzi nesikolo, ikhusela amandla okugxeka igunya, inxaxheba kwintetho yoluntu, kwaye ivakalise ukuba ngubani. Noko ke, eli lungelo aliphelelanga. Kuzo zombini ezi zicwangciso, intetho ethetha izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ikhuthaza ukuthatha inyathelo elisondeleyo lokungathobeli mthetho, okanye ukuhlanjalazwa akukhuselekanga. Kubafundi, [[FLT:] umlinganiselo [FLT] .[FLT] [FLT] uvumela izikolo ukuba zilawule ukuphazamisa oku. [kusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo]

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

UmGaqo-siseko awukhankanyi ngokucacileyo ilungelo eliqhelekileyo lokuzimela, kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba "indawo efihlakeleyo" yamalungelo akhutshwa kwiSihlanu, sesine, sesihlanu, kunye ne-Ninth Amendments yenza ummandla wokuzilawula. Emsebenzini nasesikolweni, eyona nkalo ibonakalayo yalo eli lungelo kukukhuselwa koMmiselo weSihlanu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni. Noko ke, kwakhona, ukuba yimfihlo kuyalela ilungelo lokulawula ulwazi lobuqu, ilungelo lobuqu, nelungelo lokukhululeka kwisigqibo sobuqu, kunye nelungelo lokungakhangeli. Imithetho karhulumente iya ithetha ngokuqhubekayo ngezi miba, namanye amazwe ayithinteli ukucela abaqeshi ukuba bafikelele kwiingxelo zobuqu zoluntu kunye nabanye abasebenzi ekusebenziseni ukuchonga iprojelo ye-mistmenti ye-mimetric.

Ukukhuselwa Kocalucalulo (Ukukhuselwa Okukhulu)

ISinyusi seshumi elinesine soKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus sisiseko somgaqo-siseko esichasene nocalucalulo. Siyalela ukuba akukho mbuso "uyakuqinisekisa nakumntu okwigunya lawo ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho." IiNkundla zisebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho okanye izenzo ezisekelwe kwisizwe, imvelaphi yesizwe, okanye unqulo, olufuna urhulumente ukuba abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye isenzo sakhe sinokwenziwa ngokumfutshane ukuze kufunyanwe loo mdla. Uphakamiso lwe-mente lusebenza kwimigangatho engundoqo karhulumente neyamayela nento enxulumene nentsingiselo enzulu. Lo mGaqo-siseko wenza isiseko simisela izicwangciso zemithetho efana neSiHloko VII, isiHlelo se-IX, i-AD, kunye ne-ADE, ezisasaza le migaqo-nkqubo yabucala yoluntu kunye nenkqubo yomthetho-ograbhusayithi.

Imodeli Yomthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yeyomGaqo-siseko sisiqinisekiso sobulungisa. Inkqubo efunekayo ibuza ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo ezifunekayo ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kubafundi abajongene nokushenxiswa kweminxeba, oku kuthetha isaziso kunye nokuchongwa. Kumsebenzi kawonke-wonke onomdla kwizinto zabo, kuthetha ithuba lokuphendula. Inkqubo efunekayo equlunqiweyo ibuza enoba urhulumente unesizathu esaneleyo sokuthatha isenzo esithile, ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko afana nomtshato, intsapho, kunye nenkululeko yomzimba.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okuqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho

  • Uxwebhu Lonke: Lugcine irekhodi ebhaliweyo yeencoko ezinxulumeneyo, ii-imeyili, kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa ngabaqeshi okanye amagosa esikolo. Uxwebhu olunenkcukacha lubalulekile ekwakheni imeko ethembekileyo.
  • Ngaphantsi kwe-Pricies: iincwadi zesandla zomqeshi, ikhowudi yabafundi yehambo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yeziko isoloko iqulathe amalungelo abalulekileyo omgaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo zokunika ingxelo. Ziqhelanise nala maxwebhu.
  • Ingxelo Yangaphakathi: Amaziko amaninzi aneenkqubo zangaphakathi zezikhalazo okanye anike ingxelo yemigca yocalulo, ukungcungcuthekiswa, okanye ukwaphulwa kwenkqubo. Ukusebenzisa ezi nkqubo kusoloko kuyimfuneko ukwenzela inyathelo elisemthethweni.
  • Funa Icebiso Lomthetho: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe, qhagamshelana negqwetha elinolwazi ngomthetho wemisebenzi, umthetho wemfundo, okanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni. Imibutho emininzi, njenge-Universal Emplocation Commission (EOC) ne-American Liberates Union (ACLU), inika ubuncwane kunye nokhokelo.
  • Ifayile ityala: kubalwa phantsi kweSihloko VII, iADA, okanye iADEA, ityala kufuneka ligcinwe ngeEOC okanye isebe elilungileyo lomsebenzi phambi kokuba ityala libekwe. Iintambo ezifileyo ziyafaka, rhoqo iintsuku eziyi-180 okanye 300 ukusuka kumhla wokwaphulwa.

Isiphelo

IBhili yamaLungelo asiyonkqubo ekhoyo engokwembali kodwa sisakhiwo esiphilayo esiguqukayo ngokutolikwa kwezahlulelo nangenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imigaqo yayo idityaniselwe kwisiseko sobomi bethu, ibumba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwabantu kunye negunya. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ntetho zamandulo eziqhelanisa ngayo nemeko ekhethekileyo yomsebenzi kunye nezindlu zesikolo ezinika abemi amandla, abasebenzi, kunye nabafundi ukuba bahambele kwezi ndawo zingqongileyo ngokunempumelelo. Ngoxa iRhulumente Imfundiso isithi Yemfundiso imisela ukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo komGawulayo, urhulumente norhulumente onobuchule nemimiselo emininzi idlulisela imigaqo efanayo kwicandelo labucala. Ukuhlala besazi ngezi ndlela zokuzikhusela kunye neenkqubo zesikolo zokuzimisela ukuba basebenze kuyindlela eqinisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zikaBhili zamaLungelo aphilayo kuwo onke amaMelika.