Indima Ebalulekileyo Yomgaqo - siseko Ekubuyiselweni Kwamanzi

Ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi okudityanisiwe kwemibhobho yamanzi, imilambo, iindawo ezihlala ezimdaka, kunye neendawo ezihlala abantu eziselunxwemeni, zimela ezinye zezona zinzima zemekobume yexesha lethu. Ungcoliso olubangelwa kukukhutshwa koshishino lwezoshishino, ukukhutshwa kwezolimo, ukukhutshwa kwemichiza, ukungahoywa, kunye namanzi aselwandle abhinqileyo aye aphazamisa ubunjani bamanzi kunye nentlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zomhlaba. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuyazitshintsha ezi ngcinezelo ngotshintsho oluguquko, ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, ukunyuka kwemozulu, kunye neziganeko zemozulu eziphuhliswayo, ukunyuka nokukhula kwazo zombini iingxaki eziqhubekayo.

Ukubeka imigangatho nemithetho

Embindini wenkqubo yamanzi asebenzayo yimigangatho ebophelelayo esemthethweni echaza amanqanaba amkelekileyo ezinto ezingcolisayo ezinjenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, izinyithi ezinzima, kunye nee-athogens. Le milinganiselo yenza isiseko somgangatho wamanzi omele ukwenziwa ngawo ukulungiswa. Umzekelo, i-U.S. Amandla acocekileyo amanzi (CWA) amisele iNational Polutentition Devolution Devotion System (NPDES), efuna ukufikelela imeko entle yendalo. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka engamashumi, iCWA iye yanciphisa ungcoliso lwemizila kunye nohlazamasipala, nangona imithombo yezolimo zobulimi ihlala ingucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Unionty Union's Framessivence (WD) ifuna ukuba amalungu elungele ukufikelela imeko entle yendalo xa kuthenjiswa amanzi, imichiza, i-machiza, i-hydromil, kunye ne-dromign elungelelanisa ii-ageageageageages

Ukuxhasa Izixhobo Nenkxaso Ezoqoqosho

Inkqubo inika ulawulo lwemali kwimali eninzi esetyenziswayo ekulungiseni izinto. Urhulumente uyaboleka imali ephantsi, kunye nenkxaso-mali encinci ekhoyo enokuthi ixhase iinkqubo zokulungisa umgangatho wobomi ezinokuthi ngandlela ithile zingabikho. Umzekelo, i-Arhente yoKhuselo lwendawo Ebumelwayo yeGawulayo yeNtshona Afrika inika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okumda wendalo kunye nolawulo longcoliso olungekho ncam. Kuyo i-European Union, iNgxongo yeKhosi yoBume kunye nenkqubo yokuxhasa ukulungiswa kwamanzi phakathi kwamalungu. Inkxalabo yemali engoko yemali esetyenziswayo njengetyala yabasefamafamasi elungele ukulondolo okanye inkcithotho yeenkonzo (PES) ikhuthaza ukuba abe yimpatho yokuzithandela ngokuzithandela kwimisebenzi ephucula umgangatho wamanzi owezongawonga okanye ukunciphisa umgcini-mali phakathi kolawulo lwelizwe.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwalo Mhlaba Nokuyilwa Kwamanzi

Ubunjani bamanzi bubotshelelwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ekusetyenzisweni komhlaba. Imithetho ekhokela ukuphuhliswa kwesixeko, ukwakhiwa kwamahlathi, kunye nokulima ingathintela ukuwohloka ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke. Imithetho yokubeka izithuba ezisikelweyo ekuzaleni okanye kufuphi neendawo ezimanzi ezichumileyo inciphisa umkhukula kunye nokuthwaliswa kwezixhobo zokuxhasa izinto. Ukulondolozwa komgangatho ophantsi komhlaba kukhusela ukukhutshwa kwamanzi abalulekileyo. Ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi emhlabeni kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwemichiza eninzi, ukusetyenziswa kweprojekthi okanye iprojekthi yeCheapeake Bay ehlazinziwa yinkqubo yokuyila iplani esetyenziswa yimbali eqhubeka isebenza, kwaye i-Protemstingsssss iyaqhubeka ikhomba esetyenziswa yimithoba yemithoba.

Uhlolo, unyanzeliso, nokuphendula

Imithetho isebenza ngokusebenza nje ekuzalisekiseni kwayo. Umthetho uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Robustt ilawula indlela ehamba ngayo, ichaza izisongelo ezivelayo, kwaye ivavanya inkqubela phambili kwiinjongo zokubuyisela. Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango , ukuquka ukuhlawuliswa kwemali, ukuvunywa kwemithetho-siseko, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. Kodwa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kuphantsi okanye kuthintelwe kwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iKomishini yaseYurophu, iye yaqalisa ukuphazamisa ukuchasana namazwe angamalungu okusilela ukuzalisekisa iWFD. Kumazwe asakhasa, ubuchule obulinganiselweyo kunye nokunganyaniseki komthetho kusenokudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo. I-Accomvocissistionss projective proviesswor, okanye iinkqubo zenzululwazi zokuxhasa izibo zasekuhlaleni zamanzi. Izenzo ze-Gand, inxalenye yolawulo lukawonke wonke kunye nolawulo lomthetho, kunye nolawulo loluntu.

Ungenelelo lwempumelelo lwenkqubo: Uphando lwetyala lomhlaba wonke

Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubonisa indlela inkqubo enokuthi iphucule ngayo umgangatho wamanzi kunye nempilo yendalo.

EUnited States: UMthetho Ococekileyo Wamanzi noMthetho weChesapeake Bay

I-Chesapeake Bay Program, umanyano lwamazwe amaninzi, lusebenzisa ulawulo lwamanzi olutshintshiweyo ngo1971, ngokulawula ukukhutshwa nokuxhaswa kwemali. Okona kusetyenziswa kwequmrhu kukulungisa iChesapeake Bay. I-Chesapeake Bay Program, umanyano olumanyeneyo, usebenzisa i-Otherly Last Moning (TMDL). "Ulawulo lokwenyaniso-onke" oluthiweyo) ungcoliseko-----atyorn-metho , i-aftropid, i-phosphorus, kunye ne-amthesty. Ilizwe ngalinye live iPromentente yokwe yamanzi ebekwe phantsi kwemiqatha, kwaye i-U. Ukukhusela okuzinziswa kwemijelo ye-omatika.[3] U-FS] Undomes, u-Flaw.[3]

Yurophu: Iquka iSakhelo esisetyenziswa ngamanzi

Ngonyaka wama-2002, i-EU Water Framed Directive (WFD) imela indlela ebanzi, esekelwe kwimekobume yendalo kubaphathi bamanzi. Ifuna onke amanzi angaphakathi naselwandle ukufikelela "kwimeko entle" ngokusekelwe kwizixhobo ze-ezobukweni kunye nemichiza. IWFD engenisa ulawulo lweziqithi zomlambo, igalelo loluntu, kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho lokusebenzisa amanzi. Amazwe kufuneka alungelelanise imida yolawulo ukuze athethe neengxaki zokuhamba kwamanzi. Umzekelo, uMfula iDanube Basin ubandakanya amazwe ali-14 asebenza kunye ukunciphisa ungcoliseko kunye nokubuyisela ithafaza elikhoyo. Ukungahambi kolwandle bekungalinganiyo ekuthobeleni kwe-machiza e-machineeroko. [5]

EIndiya: Isicwangciso Seganga

Ngo-2014, uMlambo iGanga, ongcwele kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500, baye bathwaxwa kukulahlwa kwenkunkuma engalungiswanga, ushishino lwemizi - mveliso, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezolimo. IIndiya yakhupha iGanga Action Plan (GAP) ngo1986, ilandelwa yiNational Mission for Clean Ganga (NMGG). Le migaqo ejolise ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko olubangelwa yindawo yokungcola, ukukhula komlambo, nokuhlahlela kwentlalo, kunye nokudityaniswa kwengiselwano koluntu. Ngoxa intluvo olukhoyo luseluncinci, i-NMCGP ivelise imiqatha ekhuselekileyo, kunye nemiyalelo esemthethweni engokwasemthethweni ngeGreawn Tribunal. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba imigangatho ye-oktrone, i-oksitylentine.[5]

ETshayina: Ukhuseleko LoMlambo iYangtze

Ubugcisa obukhawulezayo baseTshayina balungcolisa kakhulu umlambo iYangtze, benyusa uthotho lweziphene zenkqubo ezinobundlobongela. Ngonyaka ka-2016, uMongameli uXichiping wavakalisa icebo "loMfula wezoqoqosho lwe-Yangtze ligxininisa ukubuyiselwa kwendalo. Imigaqo emitsha yavala iipaki zoshishino kumlambo, ukuloba, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemida engcolileyo ephezulu. "Umkhosi wokuloba izilwanyana zokuloba izilwanyana" kwiYangze, impumelelo 2021, iinjongo zokubuyisela izilwanyana nezityalo eziphilayo. Kwakhona iziphumo zokuqala zibonisa ukuphucula umgangatho wamanzi, ingakumbi kufutshane nezixeko ezikhulu, kodwa umlinganiselo wongcoliso lwembali uya kuthabatha amashumi eminyaka ukuphumelela okuphezulu kolungiso lwezoqoqosho, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yemipu ephambili, ukusetyenziswa kweminye ingeniso ephambili.

I-Australia: Iplani ejikelezayo ye-Murray

I-Murray-Darling Basin yase-Australia, ummandla obalulekileyo kwezolimo, ujongene namanzi anzima ngaphaya kwendawo ehlala kuyo kunye neengxaki zetyuwa. ISicwangciso se-Murray-Darling Sin (202) simisele imida ezinzileyo kwaye sisebenzise amanzi okuthenga amanqanam amanzi ukubuyisela amanzi kwindawo engqongileyo. Ukuhamba kwendalo kuvuselele indawo exhaswe iintakaxhaso, kuxhase ukufunxa izilwanyana, kwaye kuphucule ukufuduka kwentlanzi. Urhulumente wase-Australia ukhupha iingxelo zonyaka kwimpilo ethabazini; bona [F:] uMlp]

Ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-nkqubo

Ngaphandle komthetho wesithethe nenkxaso-mali, izixhobo ezintsha zenkqubo zifumana imvume yokubuyisela imizimba yamanzi eyonakeleyo ngokufanelekileyo nangokulinganayo.

Ubhatalo lweeNkonzo zeNkqubo

Iimali ezibhatala ngqo ukwenzela imisebenzi yezendalo (pes) abanini-mhlaba okanye abantu bezenzo zokulondoloza amanzi aphucula umgangatho wamanzi. ECosta Rica, inkqubo yesizwe yee-PES inika abalimi imali yokugcina amahlathi akhusela amanzi ashenxiswayo. Iinkqubo ezifanayo zikho eUnited States (umz., i-Conservation Reservation Program) kunye neTshayina (umz.umzekelo, i-Slopping Land Revolution Program). I-PES idibanisa izisusa zezoqoqosho kunye neenjongo zokubuyisela izinto, kodwa ifuna iplani enono yokuqinisekisa ukuditya nokuphepha ukuvuza. Ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi, i-PES isoloko ijolisa iprojectivesssssss, okanye ukubuyiselwa kwemibutho entle. IBhangezwe ngokubanziswa zii-PEs, kunye nobungqina bokukhula kweempembelelo ezintle xa zidityanisiwe.

Ukugutyungelwa kobunjani bamanzi

Urhwebo lwamanzi luvumela abarhwebi abalawulwayo ukuba bathenge iityala kwezinye imithombo ezinciphisa ungcoliso. Umzekelo, isityalo sokucoca amanzi amdaka singathenga ityala lezondlo kumlimi ofaka izityalo ezigqumayo okanye ulungiso lwendawo ehlala amanzi. Le ndlela yemakethe isekelwe kurhwebo ingabangela unciphiso longcoliso lwexabiso eliphantsi. IU.S. ineenkqubo ezininzi ezisebenzayo zokuthengisa ngamanzi, kuquka inkqubo enika amandla e-Ohio River Basin Trading Project kunye neCheapeake Bay Montarient Trading Program. Abagxeki baquka ink malunga nokuqinisekisa uhla-hlelo lokwenene, ukunyuka kwenteko kunye nokungabikho kwemi. Noko ke, urhwebo lusaqhubeka inkqubo ethembisayo yokuvelisa iprojectiveswo yoncedo lwemeko-mente.

Ulawulo Olulungelelaniswayo Nemozulu

Ibonelele ukungaqiniseki kokutshintsha kwemozulu, iinkqubo ezibandakanya ulawulo olulungelelaniswayo zibalulekile. Ulawulo olulungisayo lubandakanya ukubeka usukelo olucacileyo, iziphumo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo ezisekelwe kulwazi olutsha. Ulungiso lwe-Everglades eFlorida lusebenzisa ulawulo olulungelelanisayo ukuphendula kutshintsho lohambo lwamanzi nomgangatho wolwandle. Ngokufanayo, umgangatho wamanzi ne-Delta yokulungisa indalo kunye nesicwangciso sokulungisa indalo zibandakanya isigqibo esilungelelaniswayo sobume bemozulu (e.g., ngokubuyisela izigcini-meta zendalo ezifana nemisinga-malthrea kunye nezikhukula ezikhusela kwimibhobhobho kunye nomgangatho wolwandle onyukayo ukuya kumgangatho wamanzi kunye nezilumkiso ezigcina ungeniso lwendawo phantsi kwemeko zexesha elizayo.

Iingxaki Nezithintelo Ekuphunyezweni Komgaqo - siseko

Naphezu kwenkqubela, imiqobo emikhulu ithintela inkqubo ekufezekeni kwayo ngokupheleleyo ekulungiseni amanzi.

Ukuphazamiseka Kwezobupolitika Nezeziko

Ulawulo lwamanzi luyimeko yezopolitiko. Ukubuyiselwa kudla ngokufuna iindleko zexeshana elifutshane ukwenzela iingenelo zexesha elide, kwaye amagosa anyuliweyo asenokuthandabuza ukumisela imimiselo yokuba imikhosi enamandla njengezolimo okanye ushishino. Iqumrhu lokudilika kwezolimo. / apho amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo ajonge ubunjani bamanzi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kunye nolimo----------acan ekhokelele kwizinto ezihamba phambili kunye nokungalungelelani kakuhle. Umzekelo, e-EPA ilawula ubunjani bamanzi ngexesha i-US ikhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemveliso yezolimo, maxa kuyingozi. Ukukhutshwa kwezi zibonelelo ezidityaniweyo, njengoko kusetyenziswa kwimimandla esetyenziswa e-Australia naseOstre.

Iintlawulo ezizizo, inkcitho,

Ukubuyiselwa kubiza imali eninzi. Iindawo zokulambisa amanzi amdaka, ezigcina amanzi amdaka, kunye nokubuyisela iindawo ezinamaxhaphozi zixabisa amawaka ezigidi. Amazwe amaninzi asakhasayo akakho likomkhulu ngenxa yesiseko sogutyulo, ingasathethi ke ngokubuyiselwa okubanzi. Kwanakumazwe afumileyo, izibonelelo zamanzi ziyaluphala kwaye ziphantsi kwe-U.S. EPA iqikelela ukuba kukho isithuba esingamawaka ezigidi ezingama-27,71 zamawaka eebhiliyoni eendawo zokulahla amanzi amdakaleyo kwiminyaka engama-20 ezayayaya. Ukuthengiswa kwezoqoqosho nako kuvela xa ukungqubana nokukhula okanye ukukhutshwa kwemveliso. I-politiki kufuneka i-mali ilungele ukusetyenziswa nokufumana imiqobo engokwemali.

Unyanzeliso kunye nonikezelo

Eyona migaqo ecwangciswe kakuhle iyasilela ngaphandle kokunyanzelisa. Ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni, ukungahambelani nemvume, kunye nokugadwa okubuthathaka kuvumela ungcoliso luqhubeke. Ukunganyaniseki nokungabi nako ukubonakala kwamanye amazwe kwenza abachaphazeli baphuke ekuphunyukeni kwemiqathango. Kwanangokunyanzeliswa, iziqu ezininzi zamanzi zidodoba kangangokuba ukufezekisa amaxhoba okubuyiselwa kwezinto kufuna ukunqunyulwa okunzulu kunemfuno yangoku. Umzekelo, iziqumrhu ezininzi zamanzi zaseYurophu aziphumeleli ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zokuphelisa ungcoliseko lwezolimo ekunzima ukulawula. Ukuqinisa ukunyanzeleka komthetho kufuna abaqwalaseli, ugcino-data olungcono, kunye neenkqubo zogwebo ezithatha inyathelo elinzulu. Ukugatya nokukhuselwa kwemiselwa kwemilo olusemthethweni lungaditya.

Iindlela Nezincomo Zexesha Elizayo

Ukukhawuleza ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi amoshakeleyo, abenzi benkqubo kufuneka bathathe ucwangciso lokujonga phambili olomeleza izixhobo ezikhoyo ngeli lixa belungisa iindlela ezintsha.

Ukuqinisa iMisebenzi yeFrame engokwasemthethweni

Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni kufuneka zihlaziywe ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki ezivelayo ezifana ne-microplastics, amayeza aseleyo, kunye nempembelelo yemozulu. Kufuneka zidibanise amaxhoba emekobume yendalo kunemigangatho yemichiza. Ilungelo lokusingqongileyo okusempilweni liyamkeleka kwimithetho-siseko entle nenkundla, ukubonelela isiseko esiqinileyo esisemthethweni sokubuyiselwa. Amazwe kufuneka axhase kwaye aphumeze izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe njenge UN Watercourses Convention kunye ne-Ramsar Convention eWetlands. Imithetho yasekhaya kufuneka iquke izicwangciso zokulungisa eziyimfuneko zokubuyisela imfumba yamanzi kunye nemiqathango egcinwayo kunye nezigwebo ezingadisiweyo.

Ukukhuthaza Inzululwazi Noluntu

Inkqubo kufuneka yaziswe yinzululwazi engcono ekhoyo. Iinkqubo zokulinganisa indalo kufuneka zilandelele izalathiso zemekobume ngapha koko kusisiseko kwemichiza . njengezityalo ze-alga, i-macrointe estyle, kunye nabemi bentlanzi. Ulawulo olugqwethekileyo kufuneka lucwangciswe ngokwesiko ekulungiseni. Umanyano loluntu lubaluleke ngokufanayo: ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, inzululwazi, kunye nabaxhasi bemi bomzinzo wokusebenza kwe-atle. Inkqubo efana ne-EUFD ifuna unxulumano lukawonke-wonke kwiplani yomlambo. Abaphathi-omatshini kufuneka benze iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo zoluntu lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolwamziko ukuvelisa amanzi, njengoko kwenziwa kwimodeli ye-wagan.

Ukukhuthaza Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Phantse i-60% yamanzi angena amanzi angena amanzi anqamlezileyo kwimida yamazwe. Ukubuyiselwa kwamanzi agubungeleyo kufuna intsebenziswano ekuncitshisweni kongcoliso, ekulawuleni, nasekusebenzeni kogcino-lwazi. I-Danube Deviko yoKhuselo loMlambo kunye neNkomfa yoMbutho wezizwe ngezizwe (U.S.-kanada) yimizekelo yokuphumelela kolawulo lorhwebo olunempumelelo. Inkqutyana yeZizwe Ezisingqongileyo (UNEP) inika uncedo lobugcisa kunye nokuhlahlela incoko yamanzi ahlukeneyo. Imali yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe (imali yeGrenti yeGenetic Fund, iBhanki, kunye neendawo zokuphuhlisa ixhasa ukubuyiselwa koovimba bezizwe ngemiqatha.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo ayingomthetho olungelelanisiweyo wokubuyisela amanzi kuphela. Ngokwamandla emithetho elinganisela ungcoliso, izikhuthazo zezoqoqosho ezinika umvuzo, kunye nokuceba ukuba kudityaniswe umhlaba namanzi, iinkqubo zenkqubo zinceda ulungiso lwexesha elide, olulungelelanisiweyo ukubuyisela umva amashumi eminyaka. Uphando oluvela eUnited States, e-Indiya, eTshayina, nase-Australia lubonisa ukuba nangona kungekho ndlela impumelelo, intlanganisela yemilinganiselo eqinileyo esemthethweni, ukuxhasa, ukunyanzeleka, kunye nolawulo olulungelelanisa izinto luvelisa inkqubela ecacileyo. Noko ke, imingeni eqhubekayo yokwahlula, imiqobo, ukuvalela, ukungaphumeleli, nokungaqiniseki kokuzinikela komsebenzi wemozulu. Imeko zamanzi zihlala zikho kwimigaqo yenzululwazi, ezikhuthayo, ezidityaniswe kakhulu, kwaye ezisetyenziswa ngakumbi.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya kwimimiselo yamanzi yomhlaba wonke kunye neendlela zokubuyisela, tyelela i Ibhanki yamanzi iphepha kunye UNIP] frameter [