Inkqubela-phambili yasedolophini ayenzeki kwi-athom. Isigqibo ngasinye sokwakha umgca omtsha wothutho, ummandla wepasile yokusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo, okanye ukulondoloza indawo ebanzi sibandakanya izinto eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo: ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, impilobume, kunye nokulingana kwentlalo. Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlalutya ukurhwebelana kwemithetho yentengiso kungumahluko phakathi kweprojekthi enceda uluntu kangangamashumi eminyaka kunye neyo idala ingxabano engalindelekilenga. Le ndlela inika isiseko sokuqwalasela ezo mpahla, ukuzoba nemizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi.

Ukuqonda Urhwebo lwemithetho Yorhwebo Ephucukweni

Inkqubo yokurhweba iyenzeka xa ubhekiso phambili lwenjongo enye ifuna ukuncama enye. Kwinkqubela-phambili yasedolophini, ezi nqanawa zithengwayo zisoloko zibukhali ngenxa yokuba ubuncwane `elizwe, ikomkhulu, izobupolitika, izakuba nesiphelo. Ulawulo lwenkxaso-mali kuhola omtsha lungaphucula amaxesha othutho olutsha kodwa lunciphise utyalo-mali kwizithuthi zikawonke-wonke kunye nezibonelelo ezisebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvuma inqaba ehlala abantu kwandisa unikezelo lwezindlu kodwa kunyusa ukutsalela izikolo, iipaki, kunye neenkqubo zamanzi ukuba isiseko soshishino singenziwangahlelwanga ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukurhweba kunokubekwa ngamacala amathathu:

  • Economic vs. ukusingqongileyo: ukunyusa ingeniso yerhafu yexesha kwipaki entsha yoshishino kungangqubana nokugcina ipaseji eluhlaza okanye ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon.
  • Iqela lexesha elide: Ivumela iprojekthi yokugcwalisa ekhawulezileyo kwipasile esetyenziswa ngoku njengomyezo woluntu inika indawo yokuhlala ekhawulezileyo kodwa iphelisa iinketho zesithuba esivulekileyo kwixesha elizayo.
  • Ukwakha ibala lemidlalo elikhulu kungamisa inkqubela yezoqoqosho kodwa kusenokususa imimandla ekhoyo kwaye kususe imali kumathala eencwadi okanye kumakliniki.

Injongo yohlalutyo lokurhweba ayikokuphelisa ingxabano ``kukwenza ungquzulwano lubonakale kwaye kubonelele indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuthelekisa ezinye iindlela ukwenzela ukuba abenzi besigqibo bakhethe ngabom.

Oonobangela Abaphambili Bokuhlolisisa Iintengiso

Uhlolisiso olunamandla luxhomekeke kwiintsika ezine: ukuganana ngolwazi, umgangatho wogcino - lwazi, ukucinga ngemibandela nezoqoqosho.

Ubandakanyeko Lomntu Onento yokwenza

Amalungu oluntu kunye nabaxhasi bombutho basekuhlaleni baqala ngokubalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Iimbono ezigqwethekileyo zityhila amaxabiso nezinto eziphambili ezingenakubanjwa ngamanani ngokwawo. Umzekelo, ukubekwa kwakhona kwezakhiwo kusenokubonisa impembelelo entle, kodwa abemi bayakwazi ukubeka iliso kwimo yengingqi okanye indlu enokufikeleleka. Ubugcisa obufana ne-charrets, i-forses kawonke-wonke, kunye neekomiti ze-advision zinceda ekuveliseni la maxabiso. I-International Association for Public Patitionion (IAP.0] inika i-ssssm yokuthatyathwa nokuthatha inxaxheba kwasekuhlaleni [] iplaniques ezinokusebenzisa ubunzulu obudityaniweyo kwisigqibo.

Uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi

Ugcino-lwazi olunenani elipheleleyo ```Inani leemeko-bume'', ukuthatha iziphumo zemeko-bume, ukuvavanya/ukunika iziphumo ezibunyani zokuthelekisa. Ugcino-lwazi oluneziphumo ezizizo, uphando, kunye neengxelo zembali zizalise izithuba eziphoswa ngamanani. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa zombini. Umzekelo, imodeli elingana nexabiso ingaveza ukudalwa komsebenzi osuka kwinkqubela-phambili, kodwa igalelo lokhupho lomgangatho osuka kumnini-mashishini omncinci linokuveza iziphumo ezithambileyo ezifana nokushenxiswa kwabaqeshi bexesha elide.

Isicwangciso semeko

Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zexesha elizayo aziqinisekanga, ucwangciso lwemeko lunceda ekuvavanyeni indlela eyahlukileyo ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo phantsi kwelinye ikamva. Imizekelo eyahlukileyo kulwazi lwabaqhubi abaphambili abafana nokwanda kwabemi, imijikelezo yezoqoqosho, okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngokuyila iimeko ezimbalwa ezivakalayo kodwa ezahlukileyo (umz., “ukukhula okukhula okukhulayo kokumelana nemozulu,”“ ukukhula okuthe tye kwimiqathango ye-austernety"), abahlalutyi bayakwazi ukubona okokuba yinkqubo engcono ukutyhubela ikamva elininzi kwaye okungaphumelelanga kwiimeko ezithile.

Indleko-indawo yokulungisa kunye nohlalutyo lwendleko

Uhlalutyo lwexabiso-elebhu (CBA) lusebenzisa zombini iindleko kunye nengenelo zexesha elichaziweyo lolundi lwexesha lokubala ixabiso lomnatha okhoyo. ICBA inamandla kodwa inemiqathango: izama ukulinganisela izinto ezifana noluntu okanye iinkonzo zemeko-bume. Zombini iindlela zokuhlola ukuthintela iziphumo (CEA) zithelekisa ingeniso yesiphumo ngasinye (umz., ii-irandi ngetoni ye-CO2 encitshisiweyo, okanye iyunithi yemali ethengwayo). Zombini iindlela kufuneka zisetyenziswe kunye, ngohlalutyo lobuchule bokuqonda iimpembelelo (CEA) ukuvavanya iziphumo zentelekelelo.

Iindlela zokuqwalasela ii-DSD zoLawulo

Iindlela eziliqela eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo ekuhloleni uhlaziyo lwe-structer. Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwisigqibo esingumo, inani lemiqathango, kunye neqondo lomntu ofaka isibonda.

Uhlalutyo lwesigqibo se-Criteria ezininzi (MCDA)

I-MCDA iluncedo kakhulu xa iinjongo zininzi, zingqubana, zingasetyenziswa lula. Le nkqubo ibandakanya:

  1. Uchaza imilinganiselo (umz., umgangatho womoya, ukufumaneka kwezindlu, ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi, iindleko zemali).
  2. Ukulinganisa imilinganiselo nganye ngokwendlela egcina izinto zibalulekile.
  3. Ukubophelela inkqubo nganye echaseneyo kumlinganiselo ngamnye.
  4. Ukungavumelani nobuninzi boluhlu lwezinto ezinokusetyenziswa.

I-MCDA ingabonisa ngaphaya kwaye idibane ukuba ubunzima kunye nobuninzi buveliswe ngokusebenzisana. Izixhobo ezifana iziXhobo ezi-1000Minds zisebenzisa uhlobo lwe-software olubizwa ngokuba yiPRIKA (Ngokuqhelekileyo Zonke iiNtlanganiso ze-Ran ezinokungeniswa nazo zonke iindlela ezinokwenzeka) ezisetyenziswayo kwimpilo nakwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo.

Iinkqubo zolwazi lwe-ecoographic (GIS)

GIS ingabeka ugcino-lwazi olugqithisileyo lokuthelekelela ukuthengiseka kwelizwe elithile. Umzekelo, umcwangcisi angadwelisa iindawo zophuhliso ezicetyiswayo malunga nemimandla enomkhukula, ukufikelela kothutho, kunye nemida yokuya ezikolweni. Le ndlela yokuhamba inceda kuphawulo apho ungquzulwano luxineneyo nalapho kukho khona. EPortland, e-Oregon, urhulumente wengingqi weMetro usebenzisa izixhobo zemifanekiso ezisekelwe kwi-GIS [[FL:0] ucwangciso lwezicwangciso lwemeko ze-Metro ukuvavanya usetyenziso kunye nezinto zokuhamba.

Iivenkile zokusebenza eziqeqeshiweyo neeNdlela zokuDibanisa

Ucwangciso olucacisiweyo lungaveza iintengiso eziphoswa ziimodeli zomlinganiselo. Iindlela ziquka ukukhutshwa kwe-funtite isibonelelo esineenjongo ezininzi, apho abathathi-nxaxheba babela ukubaluleka okunxulumene neziphumo, kunye “nemidlalo ehambayo” apho amaqela anikezela ngezinto zobuncwane obusikelwe umda kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeprojekthi. Ezi zimithambo zakha ulwahlulo olunengqiqo kwaye zisoloko zityhila ulwamkelo, olufana nophuhliso oluphezulu lwempumelelo yoluntu.

Izifundo Zomthetho

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa ubuntsonkotha kunye nomlinganiselo womntu wohlalutyo lwentengiso.

Umgca Ophakamileyo, kwisiXeko saseNew York

Ukuguqulwa kwe-leaderlict ephakanyisiweyo kwi-1.45-mamile paki ye-New York City iyakuphawulwa njengempumelelo ekulungiseni kwakhona. Kodwa le projekthi ikwabonisa ukuthengiselana phakathi kwendalo kunye nokushenxiswa. Amaxabiso empahla kufutshane noMgaqo-siseko ophezulu wanyuka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhawuleziseni kwesakhiwo esiphezulu nokulahleka kwezindlu ezithe ngqo kunye namashishini amancinane. Isifundo sonyaka we-2014 se-New York City I-Indemental BacculOffice safumana ukuba amaxabiso ezinto ngaphakathi kwe-100-partum andayo esuswe ngu 103% ka-2003 ukuya ku-20, ukudlula umlinganiselo wesixeko. Inzuzo yesithuba esitsha esiphezulu ngokugqithisileyo ifumaneka ngokutsha, ngoxa intsebenziswa abahlayo abahlayo abahlayo abahlayo. Urhwebo lwaseluthe lwaziwayo lwalungenakunqandana nokudibana nolawulo lwelizwe lobugromany, kodwa uphuhlisondo oluphambili, oluphambili, oluphambili kwinkqubela, oluphezulu, oluphezulu, oluphezulu, oluphezulu

Ukwanda Kwaselunxwemeni (UGB)

Iqaliswe ngo1979, i-UGB izimisele ukumisela ukunwenwa kwesixeko, ukukhusela amafama, nokukhuthaza ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo. I-odoff inyanzelwa ukubonelela ngemithetho yezindlu, enokutyhala amaxabiso. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi umda uye wanempumelelo ekukhuleni kwengingqi ezisetyenziswayo; abagxeki babonisa amanqam ezindlu zePortland njenge bungqina bokuba umda uthintela ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kakhulu. Ngo-2019, i-Oregon paratioffion idlulisa i-HB 2001, evumela ukuba izindlu eziphakathi (iplexes, isithathu, izindlu zedolophu) zitshintshe iindawo ezininzi zokuhlala phakathi kwe-UGB / inkqubo yokulawula) ezizama ukukhulula ukurhweba phakathi kwemali nokuthenga ngokusetyenziswa okukhulu komhlaba ngaphakathi komda. Le meko ibonisa ukuba ukuthengiselwa kwenqanawa kumele kuguquke ngokwemeko.

Uphuhliso olugqithisiweyo (TOD) eSan Francisco

I-Makethe yaseSan Francisco ne-parses ezingqongileyo zibone i-TOD, enezindlu eziphezulu zeRoomal Algements kunye neenqaba zama-ofisi ezikufuphi nezikhululo ze-BART. Iprojekthi: ezi nkqubela-phambili zidibene nokushenxiswa kwabemi abasezantsi be-Black noluntu abambalwa abasuka kwimimandla efana ne-Prelloin ne SoMA. Isifundo 2016 seYunivesithi yase-California’s Berkeley ifumene ukuba ingingiswano ehambayo-access enokwenzeka imimandla ephakathi kwe-Black ne-Latino phakathi ko 2000 no-2010. Inkqubo yokurhwebelana kwemi yengingqi (ukukhuselwa kwezithuthi kwenqwelo-mafutha) ngoku ngoku kuxhomekeke kwimiqatha yeendawo ze-portunion). I-San Francisco ijongene-Arctics , i-10 ye-10, i-10 ye-equanto yorhwebo lorhwebo lwamazwe-og.

Iingxaki Ekuhlolisiseni Iishishini

Kwanaxa besebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo, abahlalutyi bajamelana nocelomngeni olungapheliyo.

Ukusikelwa Kogcino-lwazi Nokungaqiniseki

Ugcino-lwazi lusoloko lungaphelelanga, luphelelwe lixesha, okanye lungekho kwisikali esifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukukhula okuncinci kusenokungabi nako ukukhethwa kwemeko-bume okanye uhlolo lwemekobume. Ii-olyst kufuneka zixhomekeke kuxwebhu olugunyazisa iprojekti okanye umgwebo ongochwepheshe, ozisa impazamo. Ngaphezu koko, iimeko zexesha elizayo ``ukukhula kwezoqoqosho', impembelelo yemozulu, inguqulelo yezobugcisa" ayiqinisekanga ngokwemvelo. Uhlalutyo lobumvo kunye nocwangciso lwemeko-mongolwralitit, kodwa azinako ukuphelisa ukungaqiniseki.

Izilangazelelo Ezingqubanayo Nezigunya Ziyalingana

Uhlalutyo lwe Tradoff asilolololongo lobugcisa nje kuphela; lunzulu kwezobupolitika. Abaxhasi abanezinto ezininzi (abaphucuki, abaqeshi abakhulu) basoloko benempembelelo engathethekiyo. Uhlolo olungxolayo kwizaphula zikawonke-wonke lungafihla uhlalutyo. Uhlalutyo olunempembelelo lwentengiso lufuna abachazi-tshitshisi abanokunciphisa ibala lokudlala, kunye nabenzi besigqibo abazimisele ukwabelana ngegunya nabantu abakwimimandla ephantsi.

Ixesha noMngeniselo weSibonelelo

Uhlalutyo olunetyala lokurhweba nge-off luthatha ixesha nemali. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwezibheno-mali ezigcina amaphepha lungathatha iinyanga. Kwimijikelezo ehamba ngokukhawuleza yezopolitiko, abacebi banganyanzeleka ukuba benze uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo olunqumla iimbombo. Umngcipheko ngowokuba izinqumlisi ezikhokelela kwizigqibo ezinempazamo. Ubuchule obunye kukwenza uhlolo lwe- “desktop” uhlalutyo olunenkqenkqesho ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke yenza uhlalutyo olunzulu ukwenzela eyona miqobo ikhuphiswano.

Ingxaki Engalawulekiyo Nemigwebo Exabisekileyo

Uhlalutyo lwe Tradoff alunaxabiso-engenakuthatha nxaxheba. Ukukhetha ubunzima okanye imilinganiselo kubandakanya ixabiso elipheleleyo logwebo. Umzekelo, ukubeka ubunzima obukhulu kwimveliso yezoqoqosho kodwa ubunzima obusezantsi kwiinkonzo zendalo lubonisa ukhetho olunceda amanye amaqela kunamanye. Ukubonakala ngentla kufuna abahlalutyi bachaze iimbono zabo ngokucacileyo kwaye bavavanye indlela iziphumo eziguquka ngayo phantsi kobucebi bobunzima. [[FLT:]] IIPCC ukhokelo lwendlela yolawulo lomngcipheko [[ (ukhupho olune 18.2) lugxininisa ukubaluleka kokubandakanya iimbono ezingafaniyo ngokokuziphatha ekuqwalaleni kwemeko-mente-exportoff, isifundo esisebenzayo kwinkqubela yemozulu.

Iziteksi zohlalutyo olunempumelelo loshishino

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, oogqirha banokusebenzisa iindlela zokuphucula inkqubo neziphumo zayo.

Ulawulo oluneenkqubo ezizizo

Kunokuba baphathe uhlalutyo lwentengiso lorhwebo njengolunikezelwe kubenzi besigqibo esinye, belufake kwinkqubo edityanisiweyo. Ukufumana inyani edityanisiweyo, apho abagcini-mathiriyeli baqesha ingcali yobuchule obungathathi cala-calucalulo ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi, ukwakha ukuthemba. Ulwandiso loqingqo-mali yenyelo lomthetho ngomnye omnye umzekelo: abemi banikezela ngokuthe ngqo inxalenye yoqingqo-mali yesixeko, bafumana intengiso yobuqu. KwisiXeko laseNew York, i-Accounting Project iPlation itheza abahlali bemali yemali yelifakthi, bafundisa abemi ukuba bacinge ngemicimbi yesixeko ekhuphisanayo.

Ingeniso kwinkqubo yogcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni ophezulu

Izixeko kufuneka zigcine amaqonga akhoyo, avulekileyo asetyenziswa rhoqo njengezalathiso: utshintsho lomgangatho wepasile, utshintsho lobuni, imeko yesiseko, kunye nomgangatho wemekobume. Olu tyalo-mali luzihlawulela ngokwalo ngokwenza uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo. Iqonga leSixeko saseLos Angeles eGeoHub linika isikhokelo sokudityaniswa kogcino-lwazi lwasedolophini.

Sebenzisa ubugcisa ukunyusa, hayi ukubuyisela, umgwebo

Ukuxela kwangaphambili, imfaniso esekelwe kwimfaniso esekelwe kumsebenzi ingahlola iziphumo zexesha elide zentengiso. Umzekelo, isixeko singayifanisa indlela utshintsho oluchaphazelekayo oluchaphazela ngayo amaxabiso ezindlu, iitrafiki, kunye nengeniso yerhafu yempahla ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20. Kodwa imodeli zilungile kuphela njengeentelekelelo zazo. Zisebenziseni ukuchaza, hayi ukuchaza izigqibo.

Unxibelelwano Olucace Gca

Uhlalutyo lwe Tradeff alunantsingiselo ukuba abaxhasi abaluqondiyo. Sebenzisa ulwimi olucacileyo, uncedo lwemifanekiso njengetshati zesigcawu kunye netafile zentengiso, kunye nemigca edibanisa iziphumo zobugcisa namava aphilayo. Umzekelo, endaweni yokuthi “Uluvo A lunexabiso elisezantsi kunalelo B,” uthi“ I-Alternative A ingabiza isixeko imali eyongeziweyo engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-$2 zezigidi zeshumi kodwa iyakulondoloza izindlu eziziindawo ezithe ngqo eziza kungqubana noB.” Oku kusetyenziswa kwemibhobhosholo kunceda abangathanga babambe izibo.

Isiphelo

Ukuhlolisisa inkqubo yokurhweba kwinkqubela-phambili yasezidolophini asiyonto ifanelekileyo; yimbopheleleko engundoqo kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekulungiseni imekobume ekhoyo. Ngokuqwalasela izoqoqosho, imekobume, kunye nomlinganiselo wentlalo ngeendlela ezifana ne-MCDA, GIS, kunye nokucwangcisa, nangokuzibandakanya ngokunyaniseka nabagcini-matheko, abacebisi bemithetho-nkqubo bangenza ukhetho olungeyonto nje kuphela enokwenzeka kodwa olunokwenzeka ngakumbi ekuveliseni inzuzo ehlala ihleli. Akukho hlolisiso luza kuphelisa zonke iziphumo ezingalindelekileyo, kodwa olucacileyo, kunye nendlela yokufikelela ekuthengiseleni inkqubela eshushu egloveni kwimingxube yoonongezo ze-fashoni eluncedo ekusebenzeni inzuzo kawonke.