Indlu yabameli, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi "Indlu Yabantu," liqumrhu elicetyelwe ukuthatha inyathelo. Ngamalungu ovoti kunye namawakawaka eendleko aqala nyaka emibini yeBhunga, ingxoxo ecacileyo kumgangatho wonke enokuba ngenakwenzeka. Ukulawula oku kusebenza nokukhula kobuchule, iNdlu ixhomekeke kwinkqubo enamandla nentsonkothileyo yeekomiti zekomiti. Ezi komiti azimele zisebenzise mvume nje kuphela; ziyinkqubo yemithambo yemithambo yentliziyo yesebe lemithetho. Zisebenza njengabagcini-mthetho, ii-enjini eziphambili zoyilo mithetho, nee-enjini zemithetho, kunye nee-odolokhwe ezichula kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi komiti ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni imigaqo yomthetho kunye namandla ezobupolitika eWashington, DC. Ukulawula irhafuthelelwa kwemithetho emikhulu yemithetho yezomthetho.

Abagcini-mthetho: Indima yeCore yeeKomiti

Umsebenzi oyintloko wekomiti yeNdlu kukulungiselela ibala elikhethekileyo lokuhlola umthetho ocetyiswayo. Xa isitulo siveliswa lilungu leNdlu, umphathi (Olawula) sibhekisela kwikomiti enegunya phezu kombandela wayo. Le mbekiselo yokuqala sisigqibo esithwele isiphumo. Xa sifunyenwe, isitulo sekomiti sinegunya elikhulu kakhulu kwisiphelo sengxelo yemali. Isitulo singacwangcisa ukuva, ukucela, okanye sivumele ukuba ingxolo ihlale ngokulula ingenasiphelo sombandela wayo."inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "pigeonling"." Isindululo esingashukumiyo sipheliswa yikomiti yayo sife ngenxa yokushiyeka kweso sivumelwano.

Le ndima yokugcina isango sisixhobo esinamandla sekomiti. Ivumela iikomiti ukuba zisebenze njengesihluzo, zithintele ukusetyenziswa kakubi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi, okanye iindleko ezingathandwayo kwezobupolitika ekudleni ixesha lomgangatho wendlu. Noko ke, eli gunya likwathetha ukuba isitulo esizinzileyo secandelo lendlu sithintela umthetho onokuba banzi okanye kwanebhirpartisn inkxaso epheleleyo. Amalungu afuna ukuvuselela isifungo kufuneka asebenzise amandla anzima, afuna ukuphembelela ukuqhuba imigaqo enzima, njengokufaka isibongozo ezifakelelo , esifuna uninzi lwendlu epheleleyo (2.18) ukutyikitya ukunyanisa izibhengezo-mali ngaphandle kwekomiti. Ukunika ezi zimpomponyo ezi zizazo zifuna uninzi zolawulo, ezi zinto ezizakuba zibuninzi zolawulo zife ngokuzo ezo zimele zisetyenziswe ngokuzonwa.

Ngaphandle kokubulala nje amatyala, iikomiti ziwabumba ngokukhutheleyo. Ngaphambi kokuba ityala elikhulu lifike kumgangatho weNdlu yengxoxo, kufuneka lisinde ekuhlolweni ngokunzulu kwelungu lekomiti. Kukwezi ntlanganiso apho kuqwalaselwe khona izilungiso, kuhlawulwa, kukhutshwe intsebenziswano, kwaye kusungulwe ulwimi lokugqibela lomthetho. Uguqulelo lomthetho ophuma kwikomiti lusoloko lwahlukile kakhulu koluthi lwaziswa, lubonisa ukulalanisa kunye neengcinezelo zezobupolitika ezichaza inkqubo yomthetho.

Ukufikelela Ngokunzulu Kwimisebenzi YamaKomiti Endlu

Iikomiti zendlu zenza imisebenzi emithathu eyahlukileyo kodwa engenandawo: ukwenziwa kwemithetho (umthetho), ukuvelela (urhulumente olawulayo), kunye nokuphanda (imibandela entsonkothileyo). Umsebenzi ngamnye ufeza injongo ebalulekileyo kulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo.

Ukuva: Ukuhlanganisa Inyaniso Nobungqina

Ukuvakala kuwona msebenzi ubonakalayo womsebenzi weekomiti. Zisebenza njengenkupho kawonke-wonke yokuqokelela ulwazi nokwakha ingxelo yokusebenza kwemithetho. Ikomiti ingaba netyala ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela: ukuvavanya imfuneko yomthetho omtsha, ukuvavanya ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ekhoyo, okanye ukuhlola iingcebiso zoqingqo-mali zikaMongameli. AmaNgqina angumxube wamagosa olawulo olusemthethweni, iingcali zemfundo, iingcali zezoshishino, abameli, kunye nabemi abazimeleyo abachatshazelwa yile mbambano.

Amandla okunyanzela ubungqina sisixhobo esigxekayo. IiKomiti zinganyanzela oovimba abaphantsi kwe-odokisi ukuba baphumele amangqina amathandabuzo ukuze bavelise amaxwebhu. Ukwala ulawulo olusemthethweni oluphantsi kwekomiti kungakhokelela ekudeleni ukusetyenziswa kweBhunga, elineziphumo ezibalaseleyo ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika. Kwimbali yakutshanje, ukuva okuphezulu kwimicimbi efana nolawulo lwezentlalo-ntle, amaxa anzima okhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nezisongelo zokhuseleko zesizwe zibonise amandla ekomiti okubumba uluntu noluvo lwasekuhlaleni. Ubuchule bokubuza amangqina phantsi kwesifungo somthetho, ukusasaza ikomiti ehlala ihleli kuhlanga, inika iplatifomu ekhethekileyo yolawulo kunye nemfundo kawonke engaphaya komgaqo-omthetho oqhelekileyo.

Intlanganiso Yokuchwetheza: Ukurhwebela Imali Yokugqibela

"iphawulo" ligumbi le-injini lokwenza umthetho. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ihlanganisana ukuqwalasela ukulungiswa kwemithetho kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni njenge "kuphawula" umbhalo. Kulapho iinguqu zezobupolitika zijika ukusuka kubungqina basekuhlaleni ukuya kubungqina obuneenkcukacha. Amalungu eKomiti, ngokufuthi ngoncedo lwabasebenzi bawo abangochwepheshe, ingxoxo kunye nokuvota kuthothotho lweenguqu ezicetyiweyo. Isitulo siqhuba inkqubo, ukulawula indlela apho impempelo ziqwalaselwa khona kwaye ngokufuthi kuhlanganiswa "i-applements's mentantment" okanye "indawo yokulungisa i-Genezigcoko ediweyo elungisa iprojectssss.

Intlanganiso yokunyusa ixabiso ingathatha iiyure okanye kwaneentsuku, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwemali kunye nempikiswano. Uvoti yokugqibela yile "ingxelo" yemali kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Ikomiti ingaxela ukuba ityala lilungile, alilunganga, okanye ayincomeli. Ukuba inikela ingxelo elungileyo, ikwanikezela ingxelo esesikweni echaza injongo yemali, impembelelo yayo kumthetho okhoyo, kunye neengxoxo ezichaseneyo nezihambayo. Le komiti inguvimba obalulekileyo wamalungu, umatshini, kunye noluntu olufuna ukuqonda injongo kunye nentsingiselo yomthetho. Isibhengezo esingaphumeleli esisilela ukusinda ngokufanelekileyo sifa, sibalase igunya elikhulu eliqwalaselwe kweli qela lincinci lendlu.

Ukulawula nophando: Ukukhangela isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

Ulawulo lweBhunga ligunya elicetyisiweyo elivumela iikomiti ukuba zijonge, zihlole, zihlole, ziphinde zihlole isebe lesebe eliphetheyo. Lo msebenzi wenziwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, iinkqubo ziphumeza indleko, kwaye ukuhlawula irhafu akulahlwanga. Ukuva okugqithisileyo kungahlola uludwe olubanzi lwemixholo, ukusuka ekungalawuleni kwezivumelwano zikarhulumente ukuya ekuzalisekisweni kwemigaqo engundoqo efana noMthetho we-Affordcable Care Act okanye uMthetho wokuLamfa i-Reduction Reduction.

Uphando luyindlela esesikweni nenzulu yokuhlola. Luye lundululwe ngokuphendula izityholo zokungahambi kakuhle kwemigaqo-nkqubo, okanye izisongelo ezinokwenzeka kuluntu. Uphando lwekomiti lungabandakanya iqela labasebenzi, amawaka amaxwebhu, kunye noninzi lweengxoxo zobungqina. Amandla okuphengulula asebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla kaMongameli nakumaqumrhu karhulumente. Uphando oluphezulu lweprojekthi, njengalawo akwindawo ewaseWatergate - in, ingxaki yemali, kunye nohlaselo lweCapitolal lonyaka wama-2008, lubonisa amandla amakhulu eekomiti okutyhila izibakala nokugcina amanani anamandla aphendula. Iingxelo nezingqino zeziphumo. Iingxelo kunye namasebe aphethe isebe, iiprojekthi zemali, kunye neemeko ezigqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yeKomiti

Indlu yabameli ngoku isebenza neekomiti ezimileyo ezingaphezu kwama-20, kunye neekomiti eziliqela ezikhethiweyo, ezidityanisiweyo, nezinkomfa.

Iikomiti ezimileyo, eziKhethayo, ezidityanisiweyo, kunye neNgqungquthela

  • [[FLT: 0] Imisa iiKomiti: Ezi zizicwangciso ezisisigxina ezimiselwe yiNdlu yeMimiselo. Zii-arhente ezisebenzayo zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye emileyo inegunya kummandla othile wezomthetho, njenge-Prime, Iinkonzo Zokuxhobisa, Imfundo kunye ne-Organizect, Ezentellity, Iinkonzo zeMali, kunye ne-JUdia. Iikomiti ezinamandla kakhulu ezimileyo zibizwa ngokuba yi "A" iikomiti: [[FLT:] iikomiti kunye ne-A-FLT [FLT:] [[FLT:] [[3] [FLT] [3] [ir.FULT] [iiinter, uKhuselo lokhuseleko loluntu, ukhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lombane, [FFM]
  • Khetha iiKomiti: Ezi zizicwangciso zokwexeshana ezenziwe sisigqibo seNdlu sophendlo oluthile okanye injongo. Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti ezikhoyo, khetha iikomiti ezingonawo amandla okuchaza umthetho kwiNdlu epheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, zisebenza ngokuphengulula imbambano ethile kwaye zivelise ingxelo yokugqibela ngokunconyelwa. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka iKomiti Yokukhetha Ukuyishicilela i-Accounting Attack on the United States Capitol and neKomiti Yokukhetha Imbutho ephambili phakathi kwe-United States neSigqeba sobuKomanisi baseTshayina.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiKomiti ezidibeneyo:[ Ezi komiti zenziwe ngamalungu avela kwindlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Zidla ngokuba ngamaqumrhu olawulo okanye agunyazisayo, njengeKomiti edityanisiweyo ekushicileleni okanye kwiKomiti yezoqoqosho eManyeneyo. Azinawo amandla okuchaza umthetho.
  • IiKomiti zoNxulumaniso: Le yikomiti eyodwa nenamandla esungulwe ukucombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yemithetho enye. Ngenxa yokuba omabini amagumbi kufuneka adlulise irejista efanayo ukuze ibe ngumthetho, ukungavisisani kufakwe kwikomiti yengqungquthela. Amalungu `izihlalo kunye namalungu aphezulu ekomiti ezimileyo,(*igatiate uhlobo oluchasayo, olubizwa ngokuba yingxelo "yenkolo-okanye." Le ngxelo kufuneka ivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi ngaphandle kokupheliswa kwemithetho. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ichazwa ngokufuthi njenge "indlu yesithathu" yengqungquthela" ngenxa yempembelelo yayo engaphandle yempembelelo ekwimo enkulu yomthetho-mthetho.

Amandla eMpathiso: Abahlali beKomiti namalungu axhobisayo

Isitulo sekomiti singumntu onamandla kwikomiti. Abahlali bangamalungu eqela elininzi kwaye bakhethwa ngokwesithethe ngobukhulu, nangona ukhokelo lweqela kunye nemithetho yecaucus idlala indima enkulu. Isitulo simisela imimiselo yekomiti, simisela ixesha lokuva nokunyusa, siqesha abasebenzi bekomiti, kwaye sisebenza njengomphathi-ntloko womsebenzi wekomiti. Isitulo esinobuchule singatyhala ngemithetho yemithetho efuna isidima okanye sisebenzise izicelo ezizithintelayo.

Ilungu elingundoqo ekulungiseni umsebenzi wekomiti. Lilungu elingundoqo elilelona likhulu kwiqela elincinane kwikomiti. Ngexa lingabambi amandla afanayo okulawula umsebenzi wekomiti. Lisebenza njengelungu lokuqala kwiimbono zeqela elincinane, lilawula abasebenzi abambalwa, kwaye ngokufuthi lizama ukuqhubana noxanduva lwe-bipartarian okanye, ngokuphikisanayo, lisebenzisa iindlela zokusebenzisa iprocedro ukucotha uludwe lwemicimbi. Ulwalamano phakathi kwesitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu lingachaza uphawu lwekomiti, nokuba yentsebenziswano okanye i-gropta okanye i-grisi esebenzayo.

Izivumelwano Ezingaqiniswanga: Ukuphelisa Umsebenzi

Iikomiti ezininzi ezimileyo zahlulwe zaba ziikomiti ezincinci, ezijolise kwingingqi enciphileyo ekulawuleni kwekomiti. Umzekelo, iKomiti yokuHlahlela yeNdlu ineekomiti ezilishumi elinesibini ezingaphantsi, nganye inomthwalo wemali ekhethekileyo karhulumente (umz. Ukhuselo, uKhuseleko lwasekhaya, i-HS-Uquluko-HS). Ikomiti engaphantsi ivumela ubuchule obungakumbi kunye nobuyekezo. Imali ingathunyelwa okokuqala kwikomiti encinci encinci eqeshiweyo ukuze ifumane ulwazi kunye nophawu lokuqala phambi kokuba iqwalaselwe yikomiti epheleleyo. Esi sakhiwo sivumela iNdluvo Yaseko ukuba iqhube umthamo omkhulu wemithetho kunye nolawulo olucokisekileyo.

Impembelelo Nempembelelo Yeekomiti Zezobupolitika

Inkqubo yekomiti asingomatshini wobundilele, wezobupolitika. Isekelwe ngokunzulu kwezobupolitika eziphembelela abantu kunye nakumagunya endlu.

Izabelo ZeKomiti Nokunyaniseka Kweqela

Ukufumana isihlalo kwikomiti enamandla kuyinto ephambili kwilungu ngalinye lendlu. Izabelo zenziwa yikomiti yokuqhuba yangaphakathi yeqela ngalinye. Amalungu asoloko emele alwelwe ukuhlala, akhankanye amava awo, imvelaphi, namandla okuphakamisa imali yeqela. Izabelo kwikomiti ephezulu ekwiqela njengeeNdlela kunye neMitshizo okanye iiApprogriation zigcinelwe amalungu aphezulu okanye abo baye babonakalisa ukunyaniseka okunamandla kwiqela. Ubuchule belungu lokuphembelela umthetho budityaniswe ngqo kwizabelo zabo zekomiti. Ukukhonza kwikomiti enxulumene nesithilitha (um.g., i-Agrimsmorialcus) ijongwa njengeyona ibalulekileyo kulawulo lokulungisa.

Indima Yamaqhawe Neqela Elinomdla

Iikomiti zijoliswe ekuphambili kushishino lwezikhuthazo zeWashington. I-lobbytes zifuna ukuphembelela amalungu ekomiti kunye nabasebenzi bazo kuzo zonke iinqanaba lenkqubo: ukunceda ukudibanisa iindleko, ukunikela ubungqina obuyingcaphephe ekuvingceni, kunye nokuzama ukutshintsha amavoti ngexesha lokuchola. Ukuthenga izinto licebo eliqhelekileyo, apho amaqela abantu azama ukufumana isitatimende esibhekiswe kwikomiti akholelwa ukuba iyanxulumana nombango wabo. Ulwalamano phakathi kweekomiti namaqela anomdla lungumthombo wengxoxo enzulu, nabagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi lungakhokelela ekufumaneni ulawulo olukhethekileyo kunye nemigaqo ebonakalisa ukuthandwa nguwonke wonke.

Icandelo kunye nebhodi ye-Grid kwiikomiti zale mihla

Isithethe esiqhelekileyo sokusebenza kwekomiti njengebhipartisan, inkqubo yokuzimela ide yawohloka kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Namhlanje, ukuchophela iikomiti iintetho kusoloko kusetyenziswa njengeqonga lokuthumela imiyalezo ngokutsha kunokuba kufumane nyani. Iqela elininzi lingaba namava okuphoxa ulawulo okanye ukuchonga umba olungileyo kwisiseko salo, ngoxa abambalwa besebenzisa ixesha labo ukuhlasela iingxube zemisebenzi yoninzi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunciphekeni kolungelelwano oluqhelekileyo, apho iikomiti zidlula khona, kwaye iindleko ziqhutyelwa ngeentlanganiso zeqela kwintlanganiso ezivaliweyo ezikwindlu ephezulu. Ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo kwemithetho ekhethekileyo emiselwe kwisiseko somthetho, emisela umgangatho, ngokubhekele nakuqhubekeka amandla ekomitini ngalinye. Ngaphandle kwezi nkqubo, inkqubo yekomiti iyaqhubeka inkqubo ye-modeli ye-odromential ye-ofisi ye-ofisi.

Amabali Angokwembali Nendaleko Yamandla Amakomiti

Imbali yeNdlu, ngeendlela ezininzi, yimbali yeekomiti zayo. Amandla eekomiti aye asetyenziswa ngamaxesha amanqam nayimpikiswano, ebumba indlela yesizwe.

  • IKomiti yeNdlu eNgangeni MaMelika (HUAC): Idalwe ngo 1938, i-HUAC yaphanda imisebenzi etyholwayo yokunganyaniseki kunye nokuvukela ngumntu ngamnye kunye nemibutho erhanelwa ukuba inamaqhina obukhomanisi. Ukuva kwayo okugqithisileyo kwapapashwa kakhulu kwabethwa ngababhali beHollywood, abalathisi, kunye nabadlali, okudala isiphumo esihlasimlisayo kwintetho ekhululekileyo nokuchaza imfazwe yomlomo yokuqala.
  • IKomiti yeNdlu ePhambili neNdlu: IKomiti yeNdlu yeJudiary ibisembindini wesiphendu ngasinye somongameli kwimbali yeMelika. Iivoti zayo kumanqaku okungagunyazi nxamnye noMongameli Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton, noDonald Trump zazingamaxesha abalulekileyo. Uphengululo lwekomiti kwimposiso yamanzi, kuquka isigqibo sayo sokufumana umongameli we-Oval Collet, ngumzekelo we-Scountal Pries Nixon , ongumzekelo we-Accounting Acce.
  • IKhomishini yeMali yeNkcubeko yeNtlalo-mali (FCIC): Nangona ikhomishini edibeneyo, umsebenzi wayo wamisela ikomiti yangoku yophando. Iindlebe zayo zahlolisisa oonobangela bengxaki yemali yowa ka-2008, zifaka abalawuli beWall Street phantsi kokufunga nokuvelisa imbali ebanzi, ukuba kuthandatyuzwa, imbali esemthethweni yokuwa.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba iikomiti zinamandla yaye zidla ngokuphikisana, oku kubangela ukuba kuqaliswe intetho yesidlangalala kuze kuphendulwe amaziko anamandla.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Iikomiti Kubalulekile Kubemi

Umsebenzi weekomiti zendlu ungabonakala njengobuchule obungaphakathi kwendlela, kodwa unempembelelo enzulu nengqalileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukutshintshela kwikhowudi yerhafu esungulwe kwiiNdlela nakuMathetho iKomiti ichaphazela iheckye nganye. Umgaqo omtsha osuka kwiKomiti yamandla noworhwebo uchaphazela ixabiso lamayeza agunyazisiweyo kunye nococeko lomoya namanzi. Ukuva kweKomiti ePhaphameleyo kungabhenca kwaye kubhenca ubuqhopho kwinkqubo yorhulumente.

Kummi othenjiweyo, umsebenzi wekomiti ubalulekile ekuthembiseni uluntu. Phantse zonke iikomiti zihlala zihleli kwi-website yekomiti. Uwonke-wonke unokunikezela ubungqina obubhaliweyo, ukujonga amaxwebhu anikezelweyo, nokulandelela ubume bomthetho ngaphaya .Gov. Ukuqonda inkqubo yekomiti kunika inqaku elibalulekileyo ukubona apho kusenzeka khona isenzo sokwenene. Ivumela abemi ukuba baqonde abadlali abangundoqo, baqonde iimpikiswano kwaye babambe abameli babo abanyuliweyo baphendule ngemi babo ekomitini, hayi kumgangatho nje.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwinkqubo Yekomiti

Inkqubo yekomiti yendlu yeyokuntsonkotha, ithe chu, kwaye isoloko idimaza. Ilula ukwenza i-grid lock, ulawulo, kunye nempembelelo yezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Kodwa, yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yomelo lwaseMerika. Ivumela ukwenziwa ngcono, inika uhlolo olubalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, kwaye ihlala iyindawo yokuqala yomsebenzi obalulekileyo wokwenza umthetho. Njengoko izakhiwo ziqhubeka zisenza kube yimfuneko ukwenza ukuba iphumelele kwaye isebenze kwixesha lemithetho yekomiti egqibekileyo, isakhiwo esisisiseko sendlela esebenzayo kwiqumrhu lomthetho wama- 435 ukuze ikwazi ukulawula umsebenzi wayo omkhulu.