Indima Ephambili Yesebe Elilawulayo Ekusebenziseni Umgaqo - siseko WaseUnited States

Kwinkqubo karhulumente waseUnited States, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu yi-injini yokulawula . likhutshwa kungekuphela nje ngokunyanzela imithetho kodwa kwakhona ngokusebenza ngokuxonxa inkqubo kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Eli sebe lisebenzisa udibaniso lwegunya lomgaqo-siseko, umatshini wolawulo, kunye nempembelelo yezobupolitika eyenza ukuba libe ligunya elikhulu kucwangciso lwesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo, amalungu alo okwakha, kunye nemisebenzi eliyisebenzisayo ukuqhuba inkqubo iyimfuneko kuye nawuphi na umntu ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika namhlanje.

Isakhiwo sesebe elinolawulo oluphezulu

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu licaciswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.Amalungu alo aquka uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli weSigqeba, kunye nothungelwano olukhulu lwamasebe namasebe karhulumente.

UMongameli

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko yorhulumente, ewenza iofisi ibe yeyohlukileyo kumanyano lwayo lwezithethe kunye negunya elilawulayo. NjengoMlawuli-omphathi wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli ulawula ubuchule bomkhosi. Kwakhona uMongameli unamandla okubeka umthetho, umisela abagwebi bephondo kuquka abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, ukuqhuba izivumelwano (ekulawulwa yiBhunga elinokwandiswa kwemithetho), kwaye uyawaxolela. La mandla, achazwe kwiGatya II, anyuswe yindima kaMongameli njengenkokeli yeqela lawo lezobupolitika, elinika impembelelo eyongezelelekileyo kwimithetho elawula imicimbi yezomthetho.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo wesibini kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko enika uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli wemithetho ephambili.. "Umthetheli-mthetho" njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nokuvota ngokudibanisa iibokisi). / Oomongameli bale mihla bathatha ii-portfolios ezibalulekileyo zenkqubo, ngokufuthi abasebenza njengabaquququzeli abakhulu kunye nonxulumano neBhunga loMphathi-mikhosi. Umongameli ongumongameli uqala kumgca wolawulo lwezilandelelwano kwaye anganikwa iimbopheleleko ezithile nguMongameli.

IKhabhinethi

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njengeBhunga, uBurhulumente, uBuqonono beMali, uBulungisele, kunye nemfundo) namanye amagosa uMongameli awakhethayo. Amalungu eKhabinethi atyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhatheli. Ajonge amasebe awo, azalisekise inkqubo, acebise uMongameli ngemicimbi ephantsi kobuchule bawo. IKhabhinethi lunxulumano olubalulekileyo phakathi kombono kaMongameli kunye nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zesebe.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli (EOP)

Ngaphaya kweKhabhinethi, uMongameli uxhomekeke kwiOfisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli, equka iOfisi yeNdlu emhlophe, iOfisi yoLawulo noHlahlo, iBhunga loKhuseleko lweSizwe, kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko lwezeMveli, phakathi kwezinye. La maqela anikela uhlalutyo, umanyano, kunye nolwalathiso olucwangcisiweyo, enceda uMongameli ukuba alawule izixhobo ezithe zandayo ze-orhulumente.

Umanyano lwezongxamiseko kunye nolawulo lolawulo

ISebe eliLawulayo likwaquka amakhulukhulu amasebe azimeleyo, iikhomishini, kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), NASA, kunye neFederal Reserve. Ngeli xesha ezi ziqu zisebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo enkululeko, iinkokeli zazo zimiselwa nguMongameli, kwaye igunya lazo lokumisela ulawulo lifumaneka kumathunywa aphetheyo. Le nkqubo isebenza apho imigaqo-mthetho emininzi yenziwe, isebenza, kwaye inyanzelelwa.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Ekwenziweni Komgaqo - siseko

Impembelelo yeSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu ngokudibanisa amagunya aqhelekileyo, izixhobo zobugcisa, kunye namaqhinga ezobupolitika. Ubuchule bukaMongameli bokumisela imimiselo yomthetho, ukunikezela imiyalelo, nokubumba abasebenzi besebe benza isebe lilawule kakhulu kwimiqathango kunye nolwalathiso lomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente.

Imiqathango yecandelo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingumyalelo ogunyazisayo ogunyazisayo okhutshwe nguMongameli kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. Avumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba alawule imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume engqalileyo. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya ingenakuyila imithetho emitsha okanye imali efanelekileyo, angalathisa indlela ekhoyo ephunyezwa ngayo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukuseka iDeference Action for Childen Agewals (DACA), kunye noMongameli uTrump wakhupha imiyalelo engolawulo lokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo kunye nokubuyiselwa kolawulo olufanelekileyo. Imiyalelo yegunyaziso iphantsi kolawulo olulandelayo ixhomekeke kwikomiti elandelayo, kodwa ihlala iyisixhobo esinamandla sokutshintsha inkqubo.

Imiyalelo yegunya idla ngokuvelisa impikiswano yezopolitiko ngenxa yokuba igqitha inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Kodwa, isekelwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko kumsebenzi kaMongameli “wokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka.” IKhomishini yoPhicotho-zincwadi iphawula ukuba imiyalelo yegunya iye yasetyenziswa ngumongameli ngamnye ukususela kuGeorge Washington.

Izindululo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

UMongameli unika izicelo zoqingqo-mali zaminyaka le kwiBhunga, echaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali ephambili kunye neengxelo zengeniso. Ngelixesha iBhunga ekugcineni lilawula amandla engxowa, uqingqo-mali lukaMongameli lumisela imibandela yengxoxo kunye neemfuno zemiqondiso. Iinkqubo zokuba uMongameli axhase iingqikelelo zokulawula. /ezifana nenkcitho, ukwanda, okanye utshintsho lwezempilo oluqhelekileyo. Ngokunjalo, i-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlolo (OMB) inceda ekunyanzeleni izinto eziphambili kumongameli ngokusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali kunye nokuhlola.

Amadinga nabasebenzi

UMongameli umisela izikhundla zezopolitiko ezimalunga nama-4,000, kuquka oonobhala beKhabhinethi, iintloko zamasebe, abameli, kunye nabagwebi borhulumente. Aba bamisela iinkqubo zokumisela iinkqubo zokumiswa kwenkqubo yesizwe kangangeminyaka. Ngokomzekelo, ukutyunjwa komlawuli we-EPA olawulayo kungakhokelela kwimithetho engqongqo yongcoliso, ngoxa ukumiselwa kwekomiti yezomthetho okungqongqo kunokuthi kuphembele ingcaciso yomthetho kamashumi eminyaka. Inkqubo yeSekela-Cantenete inika uvavanyo, kodwa xa ithe yaqinisekiswa, la magosa aphumeza umbono kaMongameli.

Igunya lolawulo nokwenza ulawulo

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo anempembelelo ebalulekileyo ngokumisela ulawulo. Phantsi koMthetho woLawulo, abameli banika imimiselo ethwala amandla omthetho. UMongameli angayiqhuba le nkqubo ngemiyalelo yegunya efuna uhlalutyo-mali, ngokuhlola i-OMB, nangokumisela iintloko zeziko ezincedisana nentanda-bulumko yolawulo. Imimiselo emikhulu . "enjengemithetho yenethithi okanye imigangatho yokukhupha ivela kwisebe eliphetheyo."

Izivumelwano ezigunyazisiweyo kunye nokudideka

Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna imvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, uMongameli angangena kwizivumelwano eziphezulu kwimicimbi efana norhwebo, intsebenziswano yemekobume, okanye ukuxhasa umkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ezi zivumelwano zibophelelekile phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kwaye zinika uMongameli ubulula-gosa kwimigaqo yamazwe angaphandle. I-Iran uxampyutha yenyukliya (JCPOA) yonyaka wama-2015, nangona yayingesosivumelwano segunya, yayingumthetho olawulayo owabumba isebenza ehlabathini lonke owenziwe ngolo kungabikho koluntu oluhlala abantu, de iUnited States yarhoxandukile ngo-2018.

Isiphumo

Inkqubo yasekhaya ibandakanya ezinye zezona mimandla zibonakalayo zempembelelo yeSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: unyango, imfundo, ukufuduka, umgaqo wezoqoqosho, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

ISebe eliLawulayo liye ladlala indima echazayo kwinkqubo yonyango, ingakumbi ukususela ekudluleni koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngo-2010. ISebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu (HHS) liphumeza amalungiselelo e-ACA, afana neentengiso ze-inshorensi yempilo kunye nolwandiso lweMedicaid. Oomongameli bangayibumba indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ngolawulo olulawulayo. Umzekelo, ulawulo lweTrump lwandisa izicwangciso zempilo zexesha elifutshane kunye nemali encitshitshisiweyo yokuphelisa, ukuguqula iziphumo ze-ACA. Inyathelo lolawulo lolawulo lwezikongaphicothanga kwimichiza, njengokuvumela iMedicad ukuba ithethe namaxabiso emali, luye lwalandelwa ngomthetho wolawulo.

Iziko leMedicare & Inkonzo yeMedicaid (CMS), umbutho ophakathi kweHHS, unika intlawulo kumaMelika angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi- 140. Utshintsho kwimodeli yokubuyisa imodeli, iinkqubo zokuhlawula, kunye nemithetho yokunikezela ichaphazela izigulana, izinikezeli kunye nezikhuseli.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

ISebe lemfundo linika uncedo lwabafundi, linyanzelisa imithetho yamalungelo abantu ezikolweni, kwaye lijonge iinkqubo ezifana neSiHloko I (ethanda izikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi). Abalawuli baphembelela imfundo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli ngezantsi, umzekelo, izenzo zomphathiswa onguMongameli Obama ekuhlawuleni imali yomfundi. UMfundi Ngamnye Wemfundo Equququzelelweyo (ESSA) ngo 2015 unciphisa ulawulo lwesebe, kodwa iSebe elilawulayo lisayibeka inkqubo ngokunika izikhokelo kunye nokutolika kolawulo. Ingxoxo yakutshanje ngemigaqo yesikolo, imigaqo yokufundisa, kunye nomthetho wokuhlasela ngokwesini ibonisa indima eqhubekayo yegunya lokulawula imfundo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshintsho

Mhlawumbi ufuduko luyindawo apho inyathelo lolawulo liyimpikiswano nelineziphumo. UMongameli unengqiqo ebanzi kumsebenzi ophambili wonyanzelo, ukulaliswa kweembacu, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-visa. Ngemiyalelo kunye nokhokelo lwezibonelelo ezilawulayo, oomongameli baye bandisa okanye bathintela iNdlela yokuKhuselwa kweNtlalo yabantwana (DACA), iinkqubo ezitshintshileyo zokhuseleko, kwaye basungula uvalelo lohambo. ISebe loKhuselo loMmandla waseHouseland (DS) kunye nokungahambiswa kwayo kwe-mali esezantsi kwe-vrasssss. Ngokwakhohlo-mali kunye neNkquluko-o oombatho (ICE), iCP), iCMFravicementation kunye noMququzelelo lwezinkonzo zokwahlulo-IS (USCIS) kunye ne-USCIS) ziphumele ezi nkqubo zolungiso lawulo olungundoqo.

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo kunye namandla

ISebe eliLawulayo liqhuba umgaqo wokusingqongileyo ngeEPA, iSebe LezeMbindi, kunye neSebe LezeMpawu. Oomongameli bamisela imilinganiselo yokukhutshwa komphunga kwizithuthi kunye nezityalo zamandla, bamisela izikhumbuzo zesizwe phantsi koMthetho we-Antiquities Act, kwaye bamisela ukuncitshiswa kwe-oyile kunye negesi embiwayo kumazwe asekuhlaleni. ICec Poweral Plan (Oma), umthetho we-Afford Clean Energy Energy (Trump), kunye nokudibanisa iParaligion (ibhide) yonke imizekelo yemiqathango yemithetho yezolawulo elawulayo ekwaneziphumo ezifikelela kude kwimozulu nakuthengisa amandla.

Impembelelo yomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emiba yamanye amazwe phakathi kwamasebe aLawulayo noMyalelo, kodwa uMongameli uye wakhokela ngokwembali ekuthetheni ngemicimbi, kwizenzo zomkhosi, nakwingxoxo yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ulwalamano oludityanisiweyo

UMongameli ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko welizwe, umisela inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle ephambili kwaye umela i-United States. NgeSebe loMmandla, uMongameli ulawula ama- emzantswana, imicimbi, kunye nezivumelwano ezimanyeneyo. Unxibelelwano lwezolawulo luquka iintlanganiso zeNtlanganiso neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nokugqalwa koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle. Umzekelo, iintlanganiso zikaMongameli uTrump nenkokeli yaseMntla we-Korea uKim Jong Un okanye uMongameli uBiden, izivumelwano zeNATANO , ingqina indlela ukudibaniselwana kwequmza i-Ukraine okulawula imigaqo yamazwe angaphandle.

Oonozakuzaku, abatyunjwe nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, bazalisekisa inkqubo kumazwe azeleyo. Ukumiswa kwabo kungabonisa izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi ($enokuba zijoliswe kurhwebo, ukhuseleko, okanye kumalungelo abantu.

Izenzo zomkhosi nokhuseleko lwesizwe

NjengoMyaleli-oyintloko-kwiSiphewu, uMongameli unegunya lokuyalela ukuhlasela komkhosi, umkhosi oqeshiweyo, kunye nemisebenzi yokuqhuba. Ngelixesha iSigqibo seWar Powers sifuna ukwaziswa kwiNgqungquthela kwaye silinganisela ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa engagunyaziswanga, oomongameli badla ngokuthatha inyathelo lomkhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho phambi ko-Libya (2017), i-Siriya (2017, 2018), kunye namaqela amaphekulayitha eSomalia neYemen. IBhunga loKhuselo lwesizwe (NCC) lilungelelanisa ukhuseleko kunye nenkqubo yobuchule, licebisa uMongameli ngemimiselo neempendulo ezigunyazisa ukuma kwemiqatha, ukuma kwemibutho, ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo, kunye nokuma kokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo lwehlabathi.

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo

Ngoxa izivumelwano zifuna imvume yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, uMongameli angathethana aze atyikitye izivumelwano ezilawulayo ezigubungela yonke into ukusuka kurhwebo ukuya kugunyaziso lomthetho. Isivumelwano se-United States-Mexico--Canada (USMCA) sagunyaziswa njengesivumelwano, kodwa izivumelwano ezininzi ezincinane zinegunya eliphezulu kwindalo. UMongameli ukwanegunya lokunyanzela ukunyanzela amaphepha eejaji ngaphantsi kwemithetho efana noMthetho we-Tranti yonyaka ka- 1974 kunye ne-Intername Economic Effemical Police Act (IEPA). Umongameli u-Trump wasebenzisa izigwebo ze-nte kwintsimbi ne-Alumini, kunye noMongameli Biden ugunyazo zorhwebo lwezorhwebo nomthetho wezoqoqosho eNtshona Koloni.

Amagophe Nolungelelwano Kumandla oLawulo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yemGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba iSebe eliLawulayo, phezu kwayo nje impembelelo yalo, alinako ukulawula urhulumente. Amasebe agunyazisa ulawulo oluphezulu anyanzelisayo.

Ulawulo lomthetho

IKhomishini ilawula uqingqo-mali, ukuqinisekisa, kwaye ingawuphelisa ulawulo lwezibonelelo zomongameli kunye nee-vetoes ezizii-3 ezimbini. IiKomiti zibamba ukuva, amaxwebhu angaphantsi, kunye nokuhlola ihambo yempatho ephakamileyo. Amandla okungakhutshelwayo , asetyenziswa ngokuchasene noMongameli Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, kunye noDonald Trump , luhlolo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga ephezulu. IBhunga likwanokumisela imithetho emisela igunya elilawulayo, njengeMpali yeMpathi yeMthethwe ye-Right Powements okanye iProsalmentation Act Act, evumela iBhunga lowisom.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zikarhulumente, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, zinegunya lokuhlola izenzo zolawulo lomgaqo-siseko. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana ne- ulutsha oluncinane lwe-Stown Sheep & Tube Co. Saayer (1952) amandla alinganiselweyo omongameli, ngelixa United States v. Nixon[FLT] [10774]) unyanze uMongameli ukuba athobele imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu ekufudukeni, ekundulukeni kohambo, ekundululweni kohambo, kunye nemithetho esesikweni xa igqithisele imiqathango. Ukumiswa kwe-mthetho kumiswa nguMongameli.

Uphando lukawonke wonke nolokusetyenziswa kwamajelo eendaba

Ngaphandle kokuxilonga okusesikweni, iSebe eliLawulayo lixhomekeke ekuhlolweni kakhulu nguwonke-wonke nakumaziko eendaba. I-Free of Information Act (FOIA) ivumela abemi neentatheli ukuba bacele iirekhodi zikarhulumente. Abacuphi bemibutho bangabhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Unyulo ngokwalo luyingxilo epheleleyo: abavoti bangayichasa inkqubo yomongameli ngokunyula iBhunga elitsha okanye umongameli omtsha. Le nkqubo yokuphendula ikhuthaza ukulawula kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kumandla olawulo lwempathimandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Isiphelo

Isebe eliLawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunequmrhu elilawulayo elisebenza ngomthetho; liyindawo yokwenza ulawulo. Ngemiyalelo yezolawulo, izindululo zoqingqo-mali, izindululo zoqingqo-mali, ukumisela igunya lolawulo, kunye nolawulo loburhulumente, oomongameli kunye nolawulo lwabo, ukubumba ubomi babantu baseMerika kunye nehambo yehlabathi. Impembelelo yesebe isesikweni kwaye ingeyothulelwe, isuka kwiSigqeba somGaqo-siseko nakwiziphekephekepheke zezopolitiko lexesha ngalinye. Abafundi kunye nabafundi borhulumente, ukuqonda iindlela nemiqathango yeSebe elilawulayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela enokwenziwa ngayo inkqubo yemicimbi yehlabathi kunye nendlela imicimbi yezentlalo-ntle enokuba neengxaki. Njengokuba uhlanga lujongenemingeni yokutshintsha imekobume yemozulu ukuze lutshintshe i-Phindane, ulawulo lweSebe leSebe lizabelo phantsi kweminye iliso lokusebenza kweliso loomatilaseMelika.

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