Impembelelo YomGaqo-siseko Wamalungelo Amabanjwa Nawabo

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo ekukhuseleni abantu abavalelweyo kuye kwaba ngumthombo wengcinezelo engokwasemthethweni neyoluntu ukususela ekusungulweni kwalo. Nangona ngokungathandabuzekiyo lo mGaqo-siseko ubambe amandla okubamba nokumohlwaya, umGaqo-siseko ukwabeka imida kulo mandla, uqinisekisa ukuba kwanabo bahlulwe inkululeko bagcine amalungelo abantu asisiseko. Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke wonke, isohlwayo, isohlwayo, kunye nesidima kuvavanywa rhoqo kwiinkundla kunye nezakhiwo zokulungisa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela umgaqo-siseko owe-8 /9hh ne-Demendelmendersss (i9) ingakumbi i-Dicesterssss, ingssssss, ings ezingundoqo zeNkurtmentalso , ings eziyezo eziye zalo ziphucule ezithelela ukhuseleko, kwaye lixubusha ngeengxaki eziqhubekayo kwimihlaba langoku.

Ngokuthe ngqo, ibinzana elithi “ababanjwa nababanjwayo” liquka indidi ebanzi: amabanjwa agwetyiweyo agwetyelweyo, amabanjwa abanjelwe kwintolongo, amabanjwa akwizibonda zokufuduka, nabo bakwizibonelelo zamakhaya. UmGaqo-siseko awusebenzi ngokufanayo kuzo zonke iindidi; umzekelo, amabanjwa agwetyiweyo anokugwetywa, ngoxa ababanjwa abagwetyiweyo bengenako ukusohlwaywa konke konke. Noko ke, bonke abasemagunyeni ababanjwayo bafumana inkxaso engundoqo ekuchaseni urhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zikhuseli ziyimfuneko kwiingcaphephe zomthetho, abalawuli bemithetho, kunye nabemi abakhathalela isidima sabantu kwinkqubo esesikweni.

Ukukhuselwa kwamabanjwa namatyala okugcinwa komGaqo-siseko

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISinyusi-Mpanzi se-Eighth sinikela ukuba “ibheyile yebheyile ayizukufunwa, okanye intlawulo egqithisileyo, okanye isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga esibekiweyo.” Kwamabanjwa, eli lelona khusi lingqalileyo lomgaqo-siseko nxamnye neemeko zokuxhatshazwa kunye nonyango. Iinkundla zitolike intsingiselo “yokungalawuleki kunye nengaqhelekanga” njengokubonakalisa imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yexesha lesidima. Oku kuthetha ukuba uqheliselo lwakha lwamkelwa `ukubethwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemixokelelwa, okanye ukungakhathaleli okunzulu kweemfuno zezo zezamayeza ngoku kungangqubani ne-8.

Estelle v. Gamble [1997], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukungakhathaleli ngesiquphe iimfuno ezinzulu zezamayeza ebanjwa kungumo wenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Elo tyala lavela xa ibanjwa lisithi amagosa entolongo ahlulekile ukunikela unyango olwaneleyo londoqo womqolo osebenzayo. INkundla yaqonda ukuba urhulumente unegunya lokunika uncedo lwezamayeza ngenxa yokuba amabanjwa akanakufuna inkathalo ngokwawo. Umlinganiselo ude usetyenziswe kumawaka etyala abandakanya zonke izinto ezibandakanya ukunyanyekelwa kwamazinyo ukuze anyangwe ngengqondo.

Ngokufanayo, uHlaziyo lweNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yeNkcubeko lulawula iimeko zokuvalelwa. Rhodes v. Chapman (19981], iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ukutsala kabini (iiikhampasi ezimbini kwiseli enye eyindoda) akukhange kubangele ukungaguquguquki. Noko ke, iimeko ezihlutha amabanjwa “umlinganiselo ophucukileyo wezinto eziyimfuneko ebomini,” njengokugutyulwa kogutyulo, ukutya okufanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko kugonyamelo, ukuchasana nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuvaleka okugqithisileyo kucelwe; ukubekwa kwenye indawo kunokubangela umonakalo onzulu ongokwasengqondweni kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezithile, zifunyaniswe ukuphazamisa ukuhla kwemilo olu-8, umgangatho ophantsi wemingqhinga.

UMthetho we - 14 WezoHlaziyo: Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

ISiminxi seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mthetho singundoqo wesibini wokhuseleko lwamabanjwa nabavalelweyo. I-Account Process Claus Yayo iyawuthintela urhulumente ekunqandeni nabani na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo elungileyo. Oku kusebenza kwiimeko eziliqela phakathi kwentolongo:

  • Iingxoxo ezicacileyo: Kwi Wolff v. McDonnell [19974], iNkundla yathi xa amagosa entolongo eqeqesha amabanjwa ngokwendlela eziwahlutha ityala elilungileyo okanye abekelwe yedwa, kufuneka anikezele nokona inkqubela encinane efunekayo yenkqubo elindelekileyo, ukuva, kunye nengxelo yezizathu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ababanjwa bamatyala: kuba bengakhange bagwetywe, ababanjwa bangaphambili abanako ukohlwaywa konke konke. Phantsi Bell v.Wolfish, iimeko nemiqathango ingokomgaqo-siseko kuphela ukuba inxulumene nenjongo esemthethweni karhulumente, njengokhuseleko okanye umyalelo, kwaye (*) kwaye ayigqithiseli kangako ngenxa yaloo njongo. Oku kubeka umthwalo onzima kurhulumente kunamabanjwa agwetyiweyo.
  • Ikhusi eliKhuselweyo: I-Linganity Protection Claus ibalo-calution esekelwe kuhlanga, kunqulo, okanye kwezinye izicwangciso ezirhanelwayo. Ababanjwa baye bayicela ukucel ’ umngeni iinkqubo zokuhlasela ukutyelela, udweliso, inkqubo, kunye nesohlwayo. Johnson v. California [2005], iNkusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kokuhlola inkqubo yentolongo apho amabanjwa athe athe ahlala eqeshiwe ngeentsuku ezingama-60 ngexesha lothutho lokuqala, ukumisela ukuba inkqubo ifanele “ilungiswe ngokugqithisileyo" ukuze isebenze umdla ofanelekileyo. [[FLT] [2005]

IsiHlomelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nonqulo

Ababanjiweyo bagcina amalungelo oMbetho wokuqala, nangona ethintelwe zizinto ezisemthethweni ezifunwa yincwadi. Bangavumelana namagqwetha, intsapho, kunye namajelo eendaba, kwaye banelungelo lokuqhelisela unqulo lwabo : kuquka ukufumaneka kwemibhalo yonqulo, indawo yokutyela, kunye namathuba okunqula. Ityala lembali i-hinder v. iSafley [1987] imisela umgangatho wentolongo: umthetho ongawamgaqo-mvume wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko wamabanjwa ufanelekile ukuba “kunxulumene ngokomthetho okanye izilangazelelo zolawulo. Lo mgangatho wokubonisa ukuba iinkundla zinika amagosa entolongo imvume ekhululekileyo, kodwa awuvumeli ukuba amagosa anyaniswe okanye abekelwe.

Ngokomzekelo, O’LONE v. ISikhundla sikaShabazz (1987), iNkundla yaxhasa inkqubo eyathintela amabanjwa angamaSilamsi ukuba aye kwinkonzo yeveki neveki kuba ingqubana nocwangciso lomsebenzi wentolongo, ukufumana inkqubo enxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nokhuseleko kunye nokubuyiselwa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi “umlinganiselo olungileyo” ngokufuthi uvumela amalungelo ukuba anyathelwe, kodwa uhlala uluvavanyo olulawulayo.

UMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo: Uphando Olungekho Sikweni

Abantu abaqalisiweyo baye banciphisa ukhuseleko loMphetho-mva wesine wokuphengulula. Isizathu sikukuba imfuneko yentolongo yokhuseleko nocwangco ingaphezulu kwento eqhelekileyo efunwayo kwi-oyile. Hudson v. Palmer[ [19984], iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba amabanjwa akanalo ulindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo kwiiseli zawo, ivumela ukuba iseli engaqhelekanga neqhelekileyo iphengulule ngaphandle kwemvume. Kodwa, ukuphengulula umzimba kunye neminye imimiselo ephezulu ye-ivasives kufuneka iqhutywe ngendlela esengqiqweni okanye erhabazayo. IPrebritentientia inokuba nokhuseleko olungakumbi, kodwa amabanjwa abanjwa, i-Grademistmersting inika indawo yokufihla intsi.

IsiHlanziso Sesihlanu Nesesithandathu: Inkqubo Yomthetho Nesiluleko

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sinikela ukuba akukho mntu “uya kunyanzelwa nakweliphi na ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe lingqina elinxamnye naye.” Oku kukhusela kudlulela kumabanjwa ajongene nezityholo ezintsha okanye izenzo zoqeqesho ezinokukhokelela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezongezelelweyo. Noko ke, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala entolongweni kuyinto yoluntu, kungekhona isaphuli-mthetho, ngoko ilungelo leSindululo sesihlanu alisebenzi ngqo ngaphandle kokuba amajelo anokusetyenziswa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elahlukileyo.

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso. Amabanjwa, oku kuye kwachazwa ukuquka ilungelo lokunxibelelana ngokufihlakeleyo namagqwetha, nokufumana ithala leencwadi lomthetho okanye uncedo olusemthethweni lokulungiselela izibongozo okanye ii-as corpus, njengoko kumiselwe ku [ Bhounds v. Smith [197]]. INkundla ithe yazilinganisela emva ezibambe izicelo v. Casey [196]], ilinganisela imfuneko yeemeko apho amabanjwa ejajiko ajongenezonazonazo zobunyani ekungangeni.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla Elomeleza Amalungelo Abo Bavalelwe Ezintolongweni

Graham v. Connor (1998): Uthelekiso ekusetyenzisweni koMkhosi

Graham v. Connor, iNkundla yathi ingxengxezo egqithisileyo yabo bakhululekileyo ekuphathweni yi-Grandment ihlalutya phantsi komgangatho weSine soMthambeko "ubulula”. Noko ke, kumabanjwa abanjwayo, amarhafu agqithisileyo awela phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko wesibhozo. Umahluko umbango: umgaqo womthetho owenziwe ngoweSine (ukuqwalasela ngobuchule ngexesha), ngoxa iqhankcagoso lejathelo lisebenzisa ukungakhathali kwangamanga ngemdla okanye umlinganiselo wobugcwalabala, kuxhomekeka kumandla asetyenziswayo. Le meko ibonisa indlela ukhuseleko olunomgalelo olungokwahluka ngayo ngokobume.

Estelle v. Gamble (1976): Ukhathalelo lwamayeza njengelungelo lomgaqo-siseko

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, eli tyala labonisa ukuba ukungakhathaleli kwangabom iimfuno ezinzulu zezonyango kuchasene noMgaqo-nkqubo wesiXhosa wesi-8. INkundla yaqiqa ngelithi emva kokubanjwa, urhulumente umele abe netyala ngempilo nokhuseleko lombanjwa. Ukususela ngoko, iinkundla ziye zaphikisana noko kubangelwa “kungakhathali"""----a umgangatho ofuna okungaphezulu kokungakhathali nje, kodwa okungeyonjongo. Ityala lisaqhubeka lilo isiqinisekiso sokufumana ingqwalaselo yezonyango ezintolongweni.

[[UMTL: 0] Wolff v. McDonnell[[FL:1] (1974): Inkqubo elindelekileyo kwiSiyalo

Phambi , amabanjwa ayengenawo amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo kwiziphumo zoluleko. Inkundla yathi xa uqeqesho luphumela ekulahlekelweni kwetyala lexesha elilungileyo okanye ekuvalweni okungekhoyo, umbanjwa unelungelo lokuqhubela phambili isaziso esibhaliweyo, ukuva nelungelo lokubiza amangqina (ukuba akunangozi), kunye nelungelo elibhaliweyo lokufumana izinto ezifunyenweyo. Le ngxelo yabonisa ukuba xa ityala liphumele ekulahlekelweni kwetyala okanye ekuvalweni ngecala, ibanjwa linelungelo lokunika isaziso esibhaliweyo, ukuva okunelungelo lokubiza amangqina (ukuba ayingozi), kunye nengxelo ebhaliweyo.

tracker v. i-Safley (1987): Uvavanyo olusengqiqweni

I-schender yamisa umgangatho "wokuthantamisa” wokuhlola imimiselo yasentolongweni ethintela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko. INkundla yadwelisa oothunywashe abane: (1) nokuba kukho unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi komthetho nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente; (2) nokuba ngaba ezinye iindlela zokuqhelisa ilungelo lasekunene zisekhona; (3) ifutheko lokubeka ilungelo linokuba nako koonogada, amanye amabanjwa, kunye noovimba bentolongo; kunye (4) nokungabikho kwezinye iindlela ezilungeleleneyo. Olu vavanyo olufanelekileyo lugxekwe kakhulu ngabameli benkululeko yamakhaya, kodwa luhlala lukwimbombo lokuQala noweshumi elinesine soHlatho-Grandel.

Johnson v. California (2005): Uhlanga kunye ngqongqo Scrutiny

uJohnson, iNkundla yakhaba impikiswano yokuba uvavanyo lobungcathu lwe-Turner kufuneka lusebenze kulwahlulo lobuhlanga kwiintolongo. Endaweni yoko, yathi, zonke iindidi, kwanangoobaphathi bentolongo, kufuneka zanelise uhlalutyo olungqongqo olunomxholo we-/umgangatho ophezulu wenkqubo yezomthetho. Ityala libandakanya inkqubo yamabanjwa aseKhalifoniyani ngomjaho wade ukuya kutsho kwientsuku ezingama-60. Inkundla yathi inkqubo ayifanelekanga kakuhle kwaye ifuna ulungiso olunyanzelekileyo, nto leyo ingazange inikelwe yimeko ephinda icace ukuba ummiselo wobuhlanga ongundoqo wokulingana.

Ucelomngeni Neengxaki Eziqhubekayo

Ukuvalwa Kwezinto Ezingalinganiyo Nempilo Yengqondo

Naphezu kokukhuselwa ngumgaqo-siseko, ukuvalelwa wedwa kuhlala kusasazekile e-U. Amabanjwa angachitha iminyaka kwii-cells ezincinane iiyure ezingama-23 ngosuku, esoloko enxibelelana nabantu. Uhlolisiso luye lwahlobanisa ukuzikhetha okude kubangelwa kukudodobala kwempilo yengqondo, ukuzibulala, nokuxinezeleka kwasemva koxinezeleko. ISindululo seMiqathango se-88h Isigqumathelo sithintela ukuthuthunjiswa kwengqondo, kodwa iinkundla zimadlwa kukungaqiniseki ukuvalelwa kokunganyanyeki ngokupheleleyo. Amanye amazwe aye aqalisa utshintsho lunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kolutsha, amabhinqa akhulelwe, nabo banezifo ezingokwasengqondweni, kodwa imingeni eqhubekayo. I-United Nations Specio Rapportur ichaza ukuvalelwa komntu osisigxina njengendlela yokuthuthumbisa.

Ukunganyanyekelwa Kwamayeza Nengqondo

Ngaphandle Estelle v. Gamble, iinkqubo ezininzi zokulungisa ziyazama ukuhlangabezana nemilinganiselo engaqhelekanga yenkathalo. Ukulinda unyango, iiyunithi zezamayeza ezingaphantsi kwezisebenzi, kwaye ukungakwazi ukulawula iimeko ezingapheliyo ezifana neswekile kunye neHIV ziqhelekile. Inkathalo yengqondo inqabile; inani lamabanjwa agula kakhulu linyukile, ukanti izibonelelo ezininzi ezingenazo iingcali okanye iziqeqeshi. Ngo-2023, ijaji yesizwe e-Alabamama, yafumanisa ukuba inkqubo ye-Sced systemsssssssss (isibhozo soHlabelation) ngokusilela ukunikezela kweenkonzo zempilo elungele ukunyamekela ingqondo. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluqinileyo kunye nezibonelelo, izithembiso zomGwalmGaqo-siseko zihlala zingenamngeni.

Inkumbulo yokuHlaziya

Ababanjwa abafuduki bangabantu abakhethekileyo. Ababoshelwa isohlwayo kodwa balindele ukususwa. Kodwa basoloko bejamelene neemeko ezifana neziseko zokuvalelwa ezintolongweni ./_Uvalelwa koorhulumente kwiindidi ezithile, ukuvalelwa koorhulumente, ukulinganiselwa komelo olusemthethweni, nokuvalelwa ixesha elide. IiNkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba iSective Ression Procement Claus yeFindment iyasebenza kubabanjwa abafuduki, yaye ezinye iinkundla ezisezantsi zikholelwa ukuba ukuvalelwa kwabantu ngaphandle kokuvalelwa ngokumanyana kuchasene nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Kodwa ke, urhulumente uyaqhubeka ukuphikisa igunya lokuvalelwa kwabendekileyo phantsi kwemithetho yokufuduka, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni kuqhubeke ukuvalelwa.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

Ama-Afrika kunye namaHispanic avalelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ngeli xesha ukuKhuselwa okulinganayo komGaqo-siseko uClaus kuthintela ucalucalulo ngeqhinga, ukwahluka okungokwenkqubo kuvela kulwahlulo oluquka ukudibana kwemeko enxulumene nentlalo-ntlalo yezoqoqosho, uqheliso lomthetho olunekhethe, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yokunyanzelisa isigwebo. Iinkundla bezimathidala ukufumana ukwaphula umthetho okuziko ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba kumele ukuba ngabahluleli-mthetho. Noko ke, ukungalingani komgaqo-siseko kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokungalinganiyo kunye nokungalingani kwemithetho kunye nokufaneleka kokusetyenziswa kwabantu abaninzi.

Ukuphanda Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Imibutho yamalungelo abemi , njenge yeMelika yeLivo loMbindi Union, iprojekthi yokufaka izithuba [, kunye ne Melika Bar Association[[FLT:][FLT]]]

Ngokomthetho, iKhomishini idlulise iNkqutyana yokuLawula I-Elevation Act (2003) ukusingatha ugonyamelo lwezesondo, kwaye kutshanje, iSiteko sokuqala (2088) sijolise ekunciphiseni ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango yokukhupha ityala nokukhulula izigwebo ezithile. Noko ke, umsebenzi omninzi usaqhubeka kumgangatho wezwe apho uninzi lwabantu bavalelwe khona.

Ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko akunakumiswa ngokugqithileyo. Iinkundla zisebenza njengomxhasi opheleleyo xa amaqumrhu aphetheyo egqitha, kodwa ukubekwa kweliso kucotha kwaye kungenisa izibonelelo. Ekugqibeleni, ibutho elisesikweni kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba ukuphathwa kwamabanjwa kunye nabachotshiweyo kubonakalisa amaxabiso aphezulu omgaqo-siseko: isidima somntu, ukubekwa ngokwesidima komntu, ukukhululeka kwinkohlakalo engekho mfuneko. La maxabiso awangomthetho nje kuphela; ngumlinganiselo wokuzibophelela kwethu kumthetho.