Indaleko yee-Australia-India Relations: Isiseko sorhwebo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-Australia ne-Indiya luguqukile ukusuka kunxibelelwano oluphantsi lwentsebenziswano yezobuzwe ukuya kumanyano olubanzi oluqhelekileyo. Le ndaleko ayizange yenzeke ngengozi. Yabunjwa yimigaqo yangaphandle eCanberra eyamkela ukukhula kobunzima bezoqoqosho beIndiya kwaye yabelana ngemisebenzi ephambili kummandla we-Indo-Pacity.

Amaqhina angokwentsebenziswano asungulwa ngowe-1941, kodwa kangangamashumi eminyaka ulwalamano lwahlala lungaphantsi. Imiqulu yezorhwebo yayithoba, kwaye ukudityaniswa kwezobupolitika kwakusikelwe umda. Incopho yokuguquka kwemeko yasekuqaleni kowama- 2000 xa i-Australia yaqalisa ukuphinda inike imigaqo yayo yangaphandle i-Asia. Ukukhululwa kwe-White Paper kumgaqo-siseko wamazwe angaphandle kwachaza ngokucacileyo i-Indiya njengeqabane eliphambili. Oku kwaphawula ukuqala kokunyanzeleka okuqhubekayo okuzakuba kuza kuphinda kusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo.

Ngo-2009, ulwalamano lwanyuselwa ekubeni yiNdlela yoGunyaziso, yaye ngo-2014, la mazwe mabini atyobelana ngeSisakhelo Sezokhuseleko. Ezi ziganeko ziphambili zonxibelelwano zazingezozozomfuziselo. Zadala iinkqubo ezicwangcisa incoko eqhelekileyo, ukuncitshiswa kwentlupheko yesebe, kunye nokuthembana phakathi koorhulumente. Ukuthembana, kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, luhlobo lwezibonelelo. Ngaphandle kwalo, izivumelwano zihlala zibhaliwe.

Iintsika ezingundoqo zomgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini wase-Ostreliya ngakwiIndiya

Indlela yelizwe lasemzini yokungena eIndiya ihlala phezu kweentsika eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo ezenza iimeko zokudibanisa urhwebo olunzulu.

Ubandakanyeko oludibeneyo kunye nokutyelelwa komgangatho ophezulu

ICanberra iqhube ucwangciso olunzulu lotyelelo lomgangatho ophezulu kunye nengxoxo ye-biteratel. Iincopho zenkokeli zonyaka, iintlanganiso zabalungiseleli basemzini, kunye nomzila wencoko yababini 1.5 iveze isingqi sencoko egcina ulwalamano kwisixhobo esiphambili. IKhomishini yeIndiya- Intergovernmental Commission, emiselwe ngo-202020, inika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokulawula inkqubo yezoqoqosho.

Le mijelo yentsebenziswano ifeza injongo esebenzisekayo. Ivumela amacala omabini asombulule iingongoma zokuxambulisana korhwebo ngaphambi kokuba akhule abe ziingxabano. Ikwabonisa uluntu lwamashishini kumacala omabini ukuba ulwalamano lunenkxaso yezopolitiko. Xa abameli abakhulu base-Australia betyelela iNew Delhi nabathunywa bezorhwebo, abathumeli nje kuphela abafowuli ngembeko. Bavulela iingcango abarhwebi base-Australia.

Izivumelwano zorhwebo nokufumaneka

I-Australia-India Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (AI-CTRAC), eyaqalisa ukusebenza ngoDisemba 2022, yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini kumashumi eminyaka. Isivumelwano saphelisa i-staffriff kwi-85% yezinto zase-Australia ezithunyelwa ngexabiso, kunye nesihlanu ekhulwini esicwangciselwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Kubantu baseIndiya, sanikezela ukufikelela okukhawulezileyo okukhululekileyo nge- 96 pesenti yezinto ezithengiswayo.

Impembelelo ifikeleleka. Urhwebo lwendlela ezimbini kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo zafikelela kwi-A $48.5 yezigidi zezigidi ngo-2023, isenza i-Australia ibe liqabane lesine elikhulu lorhwebo. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-Indiya kukhule ngamandla kwiindidi ezingundoqo kuquka amalahle, iinkonzo zemfundo, kunye nee-injini ezichuliweyo. Isivumelwano saphucula ukufikelela kwabasebenzi beenkonzo base-Australia kwicandelo anjengeenkonzo zemali, i-temmuncum, kunye neenkonzo zobugcisa.

Ngoku kusetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo yeKhompyutha yoMsebenzi wezeMbali (CECA) enokuthi iqhubele phambili, ibhekise ukhuseleko lotyalo-mali, imithetho yorhwebo lwamanani, kunye nentsebenziswano yolawulo. Ukususwa kwe-II-teactate ukuya kwiCECA kubonisa icebo lenjongo yamabhongo. Qala ngenzuzo engenakupheliswa, yakha intembelo, emva koko uqhubekeko olunzulu.

Ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo nokhuseleko

Inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia ijonga urhwebo ngeleyitha yemibala. Ukunyuka kweTshayina kunye nokutshintsha-tshintsha komlinganiselo wamandla kwiIndo-Paciece yenze iIndiya yaba liqabane elibalulekileyo leCanberra. Olu lungelelwaniso lunike inkqubo yorhwebo ingqiqo yongxamiseko eyayingekho ngaphambili.

IQuadrionadal Security Discope, okanye Quad, ihlanganise iAustralia, iIndiya, iJapan, kunye neUnited States njengesixhobo sokuhlola kwimiba yengingqi. Ngoxa iQuad ingesiso isivumelwano sorhwebo nge-se, yenza isakhiwo sentsebenziswano esayabela kwimimandla yezoqoqosho. Amanyathelo aphambili ekunikezeleni izimbiwa ezibukhali, ukuveliswa kwemichiza, kunye nemigangatho yezobugcisa zonke zineziphumo ezithe ngqo kurhwebo lwase-Australia ne-India.

IDefence Strategic Review yase-Australia 2023 yachaza i-Indiya njengeqabane lokhuseleko eliphezulu eliphetheyo. Oku kudibana okuqulunqa kuneziphumo zokuchitha izithuba kurhwebo. Xa oorhulumente besebenzisana ngokusondeleyo ekukhuseleni nasekukhuseleni, basenokucombulula iimpikiswano zezorhwebo ngokufanelekileyo nokujonga ukuthengiselana njengendawo ephambili yentengiso kunokuba ivume.

Urhwebo lwezorhwebo

Unxulumano lorhwebo lwe-Australia nolwe-India alukhiwanga kukhuphiswano kodwa lusekelwe ekufezekiseni okunzulu. Uqoqosho ngalunye luvelisa oko kufunekayo.

I-Australia inezinto ezininzi zendalo, ubugcisa obuphucukileyo bolimo, kunye namacandelo emfundo ehlabathi. I-Indiya ifuna ngamandla akhawulezileyo, imfuno ekhawulezileyo yamandla nezinto ezidaliweyo, kunye nolutsha olufuna ii-arhente zehlabathi lonke. Ezi zakhiwo zifuna ulwandiso lorhwebo azifuni naluphi na ulwando ukuze kulungiswe kwakhona.

Imfuneko yamalahle ase-Australia, ingakumbi ukujula amalahle ukuze kwenziwe intsimbi, ibingumqhubi ozinzileyo worhwebo lwe-binadal. Amalahle ashushu ase-Australia nawo ondla isizukulwana sobundiya esifuna amandla. Njengokuba iIndiya isukela amaxhoba ayo okukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukulangazelela kwayo imithombo yoovimba beAustralia kuya kwanda. Ukubuyiselwa komchako kunye nokuvuselelwa kwamaminerali kudibanisa umlinganiselo omtsha. Imfuno ye-Indiya kwizithuthi zombane kunye namandla ahlaziyekayo ifuna i-lithium, i-cobalt, kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo. I-Australia igcina ezi zinto zingundoqo.

Kwiinkonzo, icandelo le-IT lifumene intengiso enamandla e-Australia. I-software yamaIndiya kunye neenkonzo ze-IT ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe zikhula ngokuthe ngcembe zisiya e-Australia, zixhaswa ngumbutho woochwepheshe abanobuchule. La mazwe mabini asayina i-Mutunial Occclinition kwi-accounting Acception kwiimfaneleko ngo-202020, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ubuchule bukwazi ukuhamba.

Urhwebo oluninzi lwecaage-region

Oovimba namandla

Ibhotile ihlala inguwona mzi omkhulu othunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Australia eIndiya. Ngo-2023, i-Australia ithumela i-A $15 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi eIndiya. Kodwa ukuqanjwa kwelasha kuyatshintsha. Ukujinga amalahle enziwe ngentsimbi kuye kwabaluleka kakhulu kunexesha lokusebenza kombane, okubonisa ukukhula koshishino lwe-Indiya. I-LNG ethunyelwa eIndiya iyakhula, iqhutywa yimali enyanzeliswa ukwandisa igesi yendalo kuxube lwe 6 ekhulwini ukuya kutsho kwi-15 ekhulwini ngo-2030.

Izimbiwa ezibalukileyo zimela ikamva lolwalamano lobuncwane. I-Australia ne-Indiya zatyobelana ngezixhobo ezibukhali zobugxwayiba ngo-2023, zibopheleleke ekutyaleni utyalo-mali lwemigodi yemigodi kunye nobugcisa bokulungisa. Iinkampani zemigodi zelizwe laseIndiya zihlola utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo eAustralia lithium kunye neeprojekthi. Oku akungobuhlobo nje borhwebo.

Imfundo Nobuchule

Imfundo yinkonzo yesibini yenkulu e-Australia ethunyelwa eIndiya, exabisa malunga ne-A-8 yezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka. Abafundi abangamaIndiya abangaphezu kwe-120 000 babhalisiwe kumaqumrhu ase-Australia, besenza iIndiya ibe ngumthombo wesibini wabafundi behlabathi emva kweTshayina. Urhulumente wase-Australia uthe wanika abafundi abafunda amaIndiya imvume yokufumana iimvume zokufumana imvume zangaphakathi, kwaye wandisa amalungelo omsebenzi emva kwe-asethi.

Isivumelwano esitsha satyikitywayo se-Hugration and Mompliality Privility Agreement simisela inkqubo yokuhamba-hamba kwexeshana, kuquka uhlolo lobuchule kunye nokuvunywa kweemfaneleko. Esi sivumelwano sisabela ekunqongopheleni kwemisebenzi e-Ostreliya enjengendlela yokunyamekela abantu abalupheleyo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nobugcisa, ngeli xesha sinika abasebenzi baseIndiya abakwaziyo ukungena kumashishini omsebenzi wase-Australia. Simela ukuphuculwa kolwalamano olusuka kumthengi-a-anter-eller de kuse kwintsebenzi ephambili kwinkqubela yekomkhulu yabantu.

Ukutya Okungumdlelo Nokutya

Urhwebo lwezolimo luyindawo echukumisekayo kwiingxoxo ze-Australia ne-Indiya. I-Indiya igcina imiqobo ephezulu yomva wezolimo ekungeniseni ukukhusela inani elikhulu labantu abalimayo. Noko ke, amathuba okufumana indawo ayandayo. Iwayini yase-Australia, ii-almond, ii-almond, ii-almond, kunye nemveliso yemveliso yemali yentengiso kwimimandla yasezidolophini yase-Indiya.

I-AI-CTTECA yanikezela ngokususwa kwemida ye-ail kwi-Australian iipali, ii-pickpea, kunye nemveliso yemincu. Abathengi baseIndiya baye basabela kakuhle kwimveliso yokutya okufunekayo e-Australia, kwaye urhwebo lokulima olusetyenziswa ngebhanile lukhula ukusuka kwisiseko esiphantsi. Ukwanda kondoqo, ingakumbi ekutyeni okuxutyiweyo, apho imfuno yeIndiya ikhula ngokukhawuleza kunemfuno yayo yokulungiselela iprojekthi.

Ucelomngeni Nezibakala Ezimnandi

Akukho manyano lorhwebo lungenamingeni, kwaye urhwebo lwe-Australia aluhlukile. Imiba emininzi yokwakha ifuna ingqwalasela eqhubekayo yentlalo-ntle.

Isakhiwo somthetho-mthetho we-Indiya sihlala siphezulu kakhulu xa sithelekiswa neempawu zebheriji yomhlaba wonke. Nasemva kwe-Al-Ceta, umlinganiselo wamaphepha-mvume kuthutho lwase-Australia eIndiya amalunga nesibhozo ekhulwini, xa kuthelekiswa nonogada omalunga no-zero-okanye kuthutho lwamaIndiya e-Australia. Oku kungalungelelani kuthathelwa ugxeko kubemi bangaphandle base-Australia, ingakumbi kumacandelo anjengewayini kunye nobisi apho amaIndiya ahlala ethintelwa khona.

Imigaqo yezithethe zamaIndiya, imigangatho yobugcisa, kunye neemfuno zokubhala amagama zingadala ulibaziseko kwaye zongezelele iindleko kubarhwebi abarhwebi belizwe lase-Australia. I-Al-teksta iquka amalungiselelo ococeko kunye nobuchule bokwenza imilinganiselo kunye nemiqobo kurhwebo, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kuya kugqiba enoba la malungiselelo azisa inkqubela-phambili esebenzisekayo kusini na.

Urhwebo luhlala ngaphantsi kwemiqathango ekhoyo phezu kwayo nje ingeniso elungileyo kwimpahla nakurhwebo lweenkonzo. I-Australia ekhuthaza ukuveliswa kotyalo-mali eIndiya ifikelela kwi-A10 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi, ngoxa utyalo-mali lwamaIndiya e-Australia lumalunga ne-A20 yezigidi zezigidi. La manani athoba umlinganiselo onxulumene nobukhulu bazo zombini ezo zoqoqosho. Imithetho yokhuseleko kwisivumelwano sangoku ilinganiselwe, kwaye iCECA ecetyisweyo iya kufuneka ithethe ngeemali eziveliswe ukuba ulwalamano lwezoqoqosho luza kufezekiswa.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Neagenda Ephambili

Isantya sokuganana siye sakhawuleza kakhulu ukususela ngo-202020. Ukutyikitywa kwe-Al-tekta ngoAprili 2022 kwalandelwa yiNtlanganiso yonyaka yeinkokeli ngowama-2023 kunye nothotho lweendwendwe zolungiselelo. Urhulumente wase-Australia uye wafaka imali e-A1 lezigidi kwimali yorhwebo ukuxhasa abarhwebi beenqanawa base-Australia abaphuma kwamanye amazwe abangena kumarike aseIndiya.

Ukusekwa kweCentre ye-Australia-India yeCritical Minerals ngo-2023 kumele imodeli entsha yentsebenziswano ye-binadal. Esi siziko siya kuxhasa imisebenzi yophando oludibeneyo, ukufuduswa kobugcisa obulula, kunye nokuxhasa intsebenziswano yezorhwebo phakathi kweenkampani zemigodi zase-Australia kunye nabaqhubi boorhulumente bamaIndiya. Olu phuhliso lungaphezulu kwezivumelwano zesithethe zorhwebo zokwakha ubuchule kwicandelo lobuchule obabelweneenkqubo.

Inxaxheba ye-Indiya kwiFrames ye-Indo-Paciotic Economic Work for Processource, ecaleni kwe-Australia, yenza omnye umjelo wentsebenziswano yorhwebo. Isakhiwo sigubungela urhwebo lwamanani, ukubonelela ngetsheyina, izibonelelo, namandla acocekileyo. Ngelixesha isicwangciso singesosivumelwano sorhwebo esikhululekileyo, simisela imithetho nemigangatho eza kubumba iipateni zorhwebo zexesha elizayo kummandla.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo yommandla oBhalileyo

Ukunzulu konxulumano lwe-Australia norhwebo lunentsingiselo engaphaya kwenzuzo yezoqoqosho. Inegalelo ekuxhaseni amatyathanga axhotyisiweyo kummandla weIndo-Pacific. Njengoko unikezelo lwehlabathi lungena kwimixokelelwano eninzi ukusuka eTshayina, i-Australia-India inika enye indlela.

I-Australia ne-Indiya zikwasebenzisana kwisiseko sorhwebo kummandla woLwandlekazi lwase-Indiya. I-Australia-Indiya- Infractive Istative, endululwe ngo-2020, ixhasa inkqubela-phambili yezibonelelo kuMzantsi-mzantsi-ntshona we-Asia nakwiPasifiki. Le ntsebenziswano ayingoncedo lwamdlalo-luko. Ikhuthaza uthungelwano oluza kunceda amashishini ase-Australia namaIndiya ngokufanayo.

Ulwalamano lukwaqinisa inkqubo yorhwebo esekelwe kwimithetho. I-Australia ne-Indiya zinomdla wokulondoloza imeko-bume yorhwebo evulekileyo, eqinisekisiweyo kwi-Indo-Pacific. Intsebenziswano yabo kwiWorld Trade Organization kwimibandela efana notshintsho lwezigwebo zempikiswano kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuloba ibonakalisa ulungelelwaniso kwimicimbi yorhwebo lwenkqubo.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo yamazwe asemzini njengenkqubo yorhwebo

Inkqubo yamanye amazwe ase-Australia ejongene ne-Indiya ibonisa ukuba ulwalamano lorhwebo alubangelwa nje yimikhosi yentengiso. Luyilwe lukhetho lwezorhwebo, ukwenziwa kwemibutho, ulungelelwaniso, nolungelelwaniso olulungelelanisiweyo. Indaleko yorhwebo lwe-Australia-India ukusuka kulwalamano lomntu ngamnye ukuya kumanyano olubanzi lwezoqoqosho lubonakalisa ukugcinwa komngeniselo oluqhubekayo kwisivumelwano sobuzwe, ulwakhiwo lwezorhwebo, kunye nokuthembana.

Iziphumo zinokufumaneka kumanani orhwebo, kodwa impembelelo epheleleyo igqitha kumanani. Ulwalamano luye lwadala isiseko sokucombulula iingxabano, indlela yokuchaza amathuba amatsha, kunye nokuzinzisa okuvumela zombini ezo zoqoqosho ukuba zimelane noloyiso lwangaphandle. Inkqubo yangaphandle yase-Australia isebenza njengohlobo lwezibonelelo zorhwebo, ukunciphisa iindleko zorhwebo, ukulawula iingozi, kunye nokwenza uthengiso olungangenzeki.

Isigaba esilandelayo solwalamano siya kuvavanya ukuba lo mbutho uyakwazi ukuxhasa umanyano olunzulu. Izivumelwano zeComprentensive Economic Cooperation Active Accounting Province, ukwenziwa kweemfuno ezikhoyo, kunye nolawulo lwezingqiniso ezingenakunqandwa zenkxwaleko zezorhwebo zonke ziyakufuna ukuqhubekeka ingqwalasela yezorhwebo. Kodwa isiseko sobuzwelo siqinile. Inkqubo yangaphandle yeAustralia ibangele iimeko apho urhwebo lunokuphumelela khona. Ngoku ixhomekeke kumashishini akumacala omabini ukuthabatha amathuba.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngolwalamano lorhwebo, iSebe leMicimbi yaMany-Pixel neTrest inika iinkcukacha zentengiso uxwebhu. IZiko leLowy linikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo ku [ iAustralia-Indiya-Uniasty kushishino lwe-Paciasmonence [, kunye ne-Australia-Crecument of Treast epheleleyo yorhwebo [ yoshishino oluhlola urhwebo. Ezi zinto zinika ubuchule obuqhubekayo kulwalamano oluza kubumbano lwexesha elizayo lwezoqoqosho lwamazwe omabini.