Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente worhulumente wesizwe luyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yezopolitiko yaseMelika, imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi bommi ngamnye. Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani owenza oko kwaye kutheni kubalulekile kubafundi nakubafundisi kodwa nabani na ofuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo nolawulo. Eli nqaku lihlola ulwahlulo lwamagunya, indaleko yolawulo, kunye neziphumo zeli hlabathi lala malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka kwimfundo nakunyango ukuya kulwamsazo olusemthethweni namalungelo okuvota, ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla phakathi kwamazwe norhulumente wesizwe kuyaqhubeka kuveza ukutshintsha-demokhrasi kwendalo yeMelika.

Ukuqonda Umanyano

Umanyano lulwahlulo lomgaqo-siseko lwahlula-siseko lwamandla phakathi korhulumente ophakathi kunye noorhulumente bengingqi. EUnited States, le nkqubo yenzelwe ukulinganisa umanyano lwesizwe nenkululeko yobulali, ithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekuqokeleleni igunya elininzi. U.S. umGaqo-siseko[[ uchaza olu lwahlulo, [namandla akhoyo, ] kunye nohlobo lwe-"FLT] olulungele ukutshintsha-mthetho womhlaba [[FLT]] oluthelwe ngamazwe phantsi kolawulo olulishumi lommiselo. Ngokuthe kokugqibela, urhulumente uthe tyekele ukusuka kwimodeli lwezinkelo lweenkonzo ze-" apho i-" i-kronamente ye-Genegalelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-" apho i-[FLTY] ibonakalisa khona loo nkcazelo ingundoqo yezonyango oluphezulu, ukunceda nakwezo zisuka kwiimeko zempilo ezithe ntlobo zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke namhlanje, ukunceda ukutshone

Umanyano lolawulo asiyongcamango emileyo; luye lwafumana iinguqulelo eziphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Ngexesha lerepublic yokuqala, intsebenziswano yorhulumente edibeneyo yagxininisa imimandla eyahlukeneyo yegunya, urhulumente wesizwe ejolise kwimiba elinganiselweyo. Ixesha leNew Develop lenza ukuba kubekho urhulumente osebenzisanayo, apho oorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente baqalisa ukwabelana ngeembopheleleko ezininzi ngakumbi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezifana nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle kunye nezibonelelo zezentlalo. Kutshanje, ukunyuka kwe "urhulumente omtsha" phantsi koomongameli abanjengoNixon noReagan abajolise kwimiqatha enxulumene nokulawula kwemiqatha. Oku kugxininisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwamandla lusoloko luqhutywa ngengxoxo yezopolitiko, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Amandla Karhulumente Womanyano

Urhulumente wezwe lonke usebenzisa igunya elidweliswe ngokucacileyo kumagunya kwiGatya I, iCandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko, elaziwa njengamagunya adwelisiweyo. Ezi ziquka ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuveliswa kwemali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, kunye nokuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Ngaphezu koko, i-Necessary kunye ne-Father Calaus elungele u-Fast inika amandla afanelekileyo, ivumela iBhunga ukuba lidlulise imithetho efunekayo ekuphumezeni imisebenzi yalo. Umzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe umisela iiofisi zeposi kunye, phantsi kwe-Clast Classe, ulawula imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ekwahlula imiqatha, njengendawo yokubhankisela kunye ne-te. USupremaccolaus eqhubela phambili umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho-oomashishini uthatha indawo yesizwe xa kuphakama, ukuqinisekisa ukurhoxakeka kwemithetho yesizwe.

Ngapha koko, urhulumente wesizwe uye waba nendima ephambili ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, ekukhuseleni imekobume, nakukhuseleko lwesizwe. Amasebe omanyano anjenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye neSebe Lezempilo neSebe Loluntu anyanzelisa imithetho esetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amaphondo. Ubuchule bokuhlawula nokuchitha intlalo-ntle-ntle yasekuhlaleni kwakhona bunika urhulumente jikelele isixhakamfulo esibalulekileyo, njengoko enokudibanisa iimeko zokunika amaziko angenisa imigaqo ethile. Eli gunya lingumqhubi ongundoqo wempembelelo yorhulumente kwiindawo ezimiselwe ngokwesithethe, njengemfundo kunye nothutho.

Amandla Oorhulumente Borhulumente

Oorhulumente abawaphathi amagunya karhulumente orhulumente ohlukeneyo, njengoko kuqinisekiswe nguMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyi weshumi. La magunya agciniweyo avumela ukuba amazwe alawule ushishino lwe-intrastatate, amisele oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, aqhube unyulo, anike uqeqesho lwempilo kunye nokhuseleko kwimida yawo. Eli gunya linceda amazwe akwazi ukulungiselela iinkqubo zokuxhasa abemi bawo abakhethekileyo (ngokodwa), ngokomzekelo, iKhalifoniyani iyakwazi ukumisela imithetho yemeko-bume yemeko-bume yemeko-bume, ngexanduva iTexas ikwazi ukuzalisekisa irhafu yerhafu eyahlukeneyo. Umgaqo wamalungelo amalungelo asekuhlaleni ube ngumxholo ozingisileyo kwezobupolitika, usoloko usebenza njengeekhothothotho lwedekhrasi, uzama imigaqo-demokhrasi phambi kokuba amkele kwisizwe. Noko ke, igunya le meko alimele liphelele; imele ingabi yimithetho yomGastiatho okanye irhafu yerhafu yemithetho yorhulumente yorhulumente.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko unikela imigaqo-siseko eyongezelelekileyo engaphaya kwesiseko sorhulumente, njengamalungelo abanzi orhulumente okwazi ukuzimela okanye ukuxhasa imfundo. Amandla asebupoliseni nawokuba avumele ukuba amisele imithetho yempilo-ntle yoluntu, ukhuseleko, kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha. Kungenxa yokokuba imimiselo engorhwebo lotywala, ukuqokelela, ukubopha, kunye nobuchule bokulawula imicimbi yezopolitiko isenza urhulumente aphendule ngakumbi kwiimfuno zengingqi yengingqi, urhulumente wasemaphandleni angamisela inkqubo yolimo, ngoxa urhulumente wonxweme egxininisa kwinkanyamba olungiselelwe yinkanyamba. Njengoko namhlanje, bonke aba-50 bathi banemiqathango yabo, abalawuli, abaphetheyo namasebe obulungisa, bedala inkqubo eyahlukeneyo ngaphaya komanyano. US. Ulawulo lwasemthethweni lwezolawulo, ukutyelela urhulumente, [FLD.0]

Amagunya Akhoyo: Iimbopheleleko Ezabelwanayo

Bobabini oorhulumente norhulumente basebenzisa amandla ahambelanayo, okuthetha ukuba bangenza ngexesha elinye kwimimandla ethile. Oku kuquka ukuhlawula irhafu, ukwakha iindlela, ukuseka iinkundla, ukuqinisekisa imithetho, nokuboleka imali. Ngoxa omabini amanqanaba emali e-odonga enokuthi amisele irhafu kunye nerhafu, urhulumente wesizwe akanakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Amandla akhoyo asoloko efuna ukulungelelanisa, njengoko kubonakala kwimibutho yezezimali apho ucwangciso lwezezimali lwesizwe luxhasa urhulumente. Oku kwabelana ngegunya kubala intsebenziswano yorhulumente waseMelika, apho unxibelelwano luxhaphake kakhulu kuneyantluko yokwahlukana. Umzekelo, urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente unika intlawulo lwezenze ukwakhiwa kohola-ndlela, kodwa ulawula iprojewo yokwakha kunye nokulondoloza inkxaso-mali.

Inkqubo yenkundla edibeneyo yenye indlela yokusebenza. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi, ngeli xesha iinkundla zikarhulumente ziphendula imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe. Xa amatyala ebandakanya zombini urhulumente kunye nomthetho wesizwe, iziphumo zixhomekeke kulawulo. Amandla akhoyo akwabelana nakulawulo longxamiseko. Zombini i-Federal Emergency Managency Management Agency (FEMA) kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente asabela kwiintlekele, ngokufuthi asebenza kunye ukunikezela oovimba. Le ntlalo-ntle ibalulekile ekulawuleni, nangona inokuthi ikhokelele ekukhuphisaneni ngokweendleko lwemali kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemigaqo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukwabiwa kweembopheleleko phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe kuchaphazela ubomi baseMerika ngokuthe ngqo, ukusuka kumgangatho wemfundo ukuya kwixabiso lonyango kunye nemekobume. Ukuqonda eli candelo kunceda abemi ukuba bagcine imigangatho efanelekileyo karhulumente ibeke ityala kwaye baqaphele ukuba urhwebo olubandakanyekileyo kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Ngentla zimimandla engundoqo apho oku kulungelelaniswa kweemeko zemihla ngemihla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

Imfundo ingumsebenzi wesizwe, onezikolo eziphethe isikolo, eziqeshwayo, kunye noqingqo-mali. Noko ke, urhulumente uphembelela imfundo ngenkxaso nangomthetho, njenge-All Students Foundations Act (ESA), efuna ukuba kubekho imigaqo yemfundo kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Imithetho yamalungelo asekuhlaleni iqinisekisa ukuba kungenelwe imfundo, ukuthintela ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye kwingxaki. Oku kuvumela iimbopheleleko zokuvelisa amaphondo ngoxa kugcinwa imigaqo esisiseko. Umzekelo, amaziko anokufumana iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya okanye ukuxhasa imiqathango, kodwa amele avumelane neemfuno zemali zorhulumente ukuze afumane iSihloko-Sigxilo semfundo sabafundi abasweleyo. Uxanduvano phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwesikolo, umgangatho wokuhlola kunye nolawulo lwesizwe.

Ukuzinziswa konyango

Ubuchule bempilo bubonisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente kunye norhulumente. Urhulumente wesizwe uqhuba iMedicas yabaphezulu kwaye umisela imilinganiselo yesizwe ngemibutho efana ne- Imisebenzi yeeNkonzo zempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu. Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zeMedicaid, emisela intsebenzo kunye neenzuzo kumaziko orhulumente. I-Affordicurence Carence Act yandisa intengiso yombuso ngokudala iintengiso ze-inshorensitinethi kunye nokwandisa uMdidid, nangona amanye amazwe akhetha ngaphandle emva kokulawula kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kudala utshintsho olukwizikhokelo lwempilo olusezantsi kunezingathwali ezingekhoyo. I-COVID ingxolo ye-19 yabalaseko yabalase yandisa ezi ngxondo yoongezo zikarhulumente, njengoko kusetyenziswa ulungele ukuhanjiswa koongezwa koorhulumente nolawulo lwezorhulumente.

Imigangatho yokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo idla ngokubalaselisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente negunya lesizwe. I-EPA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisela umoya kunye nomgangatho wamanzi kumgangatho wesizwe phantsi kwemithetho efana ne-Celean Air Act. Noko ke, amazwe angamisela imithetho engqongqo, njengokuba iKhalifoniya isenza ngemilinganiselo yokukhupha imoto ngemiqathango ekhethekileyo evela kwi-EPA. Le ndlela idityaniweyo ivumela amazwe ukuba alungise iingxaki zengingqiniselwano, kodwa ikhokelela kwiingxaki xa inkqubo yezolawulo zikarhulumente zitshintsha. Umzekelo, ebudeni bemithetho ekhutshwayo yemibhobhobho ekhuselweyo yemibhobho ekhuselayo iye yacelwa phantsi kwemiqatha yemiqatha. Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemeko-ontalvi ithetha iindle zemali ezinokuthana neendle ezahlukeneyo ngokwendawo exhomekeke kwindawo elawulwa kuyo, iphembelela izigqibo xa kusebenza.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nobulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho ubopheleleke ngokuyintloko, ucalucalulo oluninzi lukarhulumente, oluquka ulwaphulo-mthetho olufana nobusela nokuhlasela. Urhulumente ulawula amatyala aphakathi kwemida yesizwe, njengokurhwaphilizwa kweziyobisi, kunye nokunyanzelwa kokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Lo mgaqo-mthetho ungenza umahluko; umzekelo, imithetho karhulumente ichaza umyanzo njengeShedyuli I, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi ewubhalise ngokusemthethweni ukuze asebenzise ukuzonwabisa. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nemida yemithetho yorhulumente, njengoko amagunya orhulumente kunye norhulumente kufuneka agqibe enoba alungele intsebenziswano okanye anyanzelo. Imithetho yomthetho kunye nemithetho ebonakalisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo ekwahluka-mthetho ekwakugwetyelweni, ukulungiswa komrhumo-bhede.

Uvavanyo lwetyala kwimpixano kaRhulumente-Federal

Ukuhlolisisa imiba ethile kubonisa indlela ulwahlulo lwamagunya olusebenza ngayo, ngokufuthi olukhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni nokuvavanya inkqubo. Nantsi imizekelo emininzi ebalulekileyo ebonisa ukunxibelelana okuqhubekayo kwegunya phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente.

Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yeMali

Ukususela oko iSpeyin eyamkelekileyo ngokwezonyango ngo-1996, inani elikhulayo lamaphondo liye labhaliswa ngokusemthethweni nge-cannabis ukuze lisetyenziswe kwezonyango nangokokuzonwabisa, phezu kwayo nje into evaliweyo karhulumente phantsi koMthetho olawulayo we-Substances Act. Oku kuye kwadala indawo engekho mgangathweni apho amashishini agunyaziswe ngurhulumente asebenza ngaphandle kokugunyaziswa ngurhulumente, ukubekwa esichengeni. Ityala le-Cole Meemirandum phantsi kolawulo lwe-Obama olubambekayo, kodwa iintlanganiso ezilandelayo zabona ukubuyela kwimithetho engqongqo engqongqo. Ingqungqungquthela igxininisanisa ulawulo nolawulo lwesizwe, ichaza indlela amatyala asebenza ngayo njengeeprojelo esemthethweni, ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa komthetho, impilo-wonke, kunye nerhafuthelo lwerhafu yerhafu yesizwe.

Amalungelo

Amalungelo okuxhasa athe athe athe athatyathwa phakathi kwamaphondo norhulumente wesizwe. Umthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965 wamiselwa ukulungiselela ulawulo lukarhulumente ukukhusela ucalucalulo lohlanga kumazwe ngembali yoqheliselo olunjalo. Kodwa, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Sholby County v. SiSibheno [ [2013]) [2013]) Senza umgaqo wokugqiba ukuba amazwana afuna ukucalulo, ukuvumela amazwe ukuba amisele imithetho emitsha yokuvota. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekusebenziseni imithetho eqinileyo, kunye nokungena kokhetho kwasekuqaleni, ukucalula ukhuseleko, ngelishwa kwemithetho ekhutshwayo. Umthetho ocebisiwe-omthetho ofana nocetyiselwayo kulungele ulungele ulungeleniso oluqhubekayo. [5]

Umgaqo-nkqubo woTshintsho

Ukufuduka yimbopheleleko karhulumente, kodwa amazwana asoloko ezama ukuphembelela inkqubo ngemithetho echaphazela ubomi bafuduki. Umzekelo, iSB 1070 yase-Arizona ngo-2010 ifuna ukuba amapolisa ahlole ubume bokufuduka ngexesha lokumisa, ikhokelela kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo apho iinxenye zabethwa ngenxa yokungqubana nomthetho karhulumente. Amazwe nawo ayahlukana ekunikezeni imvume yokuqhuba abaphambukeli abaphambukeli, adala inkqubo eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe aye azibiza ukuba "andumasi," intsebenziswano ethintela amagunya eququze nempikiswano engomthetho nezobupolitika. Ezi zenzo zibonisa indlela amazwe anokuyilungisa ngayo imiqathango yokufuduka phakathi kwemiqathango karhulumente, ingakumbi kwimimandla efana nemisebenzi ye-irventiaccoration nenzuzo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Amanyathelo Okulawula Imipu

Umthetho wesiXhobo somlilo ubonisa omnye ummandla woxinzelelo lwesizwe. UMthetho wesibini woMphetho-mvaba utolikwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa urhulumente unesibanzi esibanzi sokumisela imithetho yawo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya imisela amaxesha angqongqo okulinda kunye nokuvalwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela, ngelixa abamelwane bayo njengo-Utah benemithetho evumela irejijithe. Umthetho wemanyano umisela imigangatho encinane yokuhlola okungasemva ngenkqubo yeNational Mon Preant Criminal, kodwa amaziko anokuyandisa le mithetho. Olu mahluko lukhokelela ekuhlukani kwemipu nengxoxo enxulumene nolawulo lwesizwe. Ukungaphindwa komthetho karhulumente oqhelekileyo kuguqule amanqaku kulawulo lwemipu, kunye neminye imithetho ehambisa ulawulo lwemipu evumela ukususwa kwemipu okwexeshana.

Isiphelo

Ukusasazwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente asilolungiselelo elisisigxina kodwa yinkqubo esebenzayo ephenjelelwa yimbali, izobupolitika, kunye nokutolikwa kwezomthetho. Kubemi, ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile ukuze kungenelwe idemokhrasi − kucaciswe ukuba ngubani obeke ityala ngokokuba imigaqo-nkqubo yahlukene njani kwaye kutheni ingurhulumente ngamnye. Ukusuka kwimfundo nakunonophelo lwempilo ukuya kumali kunye namalungelo okuvota, ukulawulwa kolawulo lwesizwe kuyaqhubeka kuphembelela ubomi bamaMelika kwiindlela ezinzulu. Njengoko ukulungelelanisa phakathi komanyano lohlanga noluguquguquko lwasekuhlaleni kuya kuhlala kungumsebenzi ongundoqo wolawulo. Ngokuqonda iindima zorhulumente ngamnye, abantu ngabanye banokukhuthaza imigaqo ebonakalisa amaxabiso abo kunye namalungelo abo amagosa amele ukuba aphendule kwimigangatho karhulumente nolawulo olunzulu.