Imithetho elawulayo iyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yabanyuli-maMelika, esebenza njengendlela yokugcina amaqela ezobupolitika athe ngayo anciphisa intsimi yabo yabanyuli jikelele. Olu nyulo lubanjwe kuwo onke amaphondo angama-50 (amacandelo) phantsi kwemithetho enziwe ngezixhobo eyahlukeneyo, ukuphembelela ukuba ngubani okwiqela, ukhuphiswano lonyulo jikelele, nendlela olukhuphiswana ngayo unyulo, nendlela olukhoyo. Kubafundisi-mfundo, nakumntu wonke ofuna ukuqonda indlela iUnited States ekhetha ngayo iinkokeli zayo, ukuqiqa kwemiqatha lemicimbini yemiqathango kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo. Eli nqaku linikela ingqwalaselo enegunya kwibala lelizwe lorhulumente, imbali, imigaqo yokusebenza, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo ephakathi kwabo.

Imbali Yokuguquka Kwezinto Zaseburhulumenteni

Inkqubo yonyulo engundoqo njengoko siyazi namhlanje ayizange ibekho kwiminyaka yokuqala yerepublic. Ukusukela kuma 1790 ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iqela lakhethwa kwi i-caucuses kunye neendibano eziphambili. Le “gumbi elizeleyo" eliveliswe rhoqo kwimitshato engaphakathi kuneqela elikhulu. INguquko yazisa iziguqulo ezijolise ekupheliseni inkqubo.[[[FLT]1] i-Priventi:1] i-ethe i-acementss. Le projectivessss sypt inguareas. I-octive Era i-mediasssss inguadript sy yemist. Le syndmmarts yamkela uhlobo oluthile lwezibonelelo oluphambili lonyuko olusuka phambili, kwaye ikhuthaza imigaqo-1917174.

Iintlobo Zeemali Zelizwe: Uhlolisiso Olunenkcukacha

Izahlulo-mthetho ziwela kwiindidi eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye echazwa ngubani onokuthi avote kukhuphiswano lotyumbo lweqela. Indlela ekhethwayo ingachaphazela kakhulu iingcamango zomvoti, umvoti, kunye nozinzo lweqela. Ngapha koko sihlola ezona ntlobo zine ziqhelekileyo, kwakunye neenzuzo zazo, iingozi, kunye nemizekelo yalo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kweyona ndawo iphambili, abavoti kuphela ababhaliswe kunye neqela elithile abanokuvota. Ozimeleyo okanye ongonanga umvoti ususwe ngokupheleleyo, njengamalungu awo nawuphi na omnye umbutho. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuphela iqela elizinikeleyo elinobungqina obuthi likhethe imigangatho esezantsi yeqela. Abagxeki, nakuba, baphawula ukuba ivaliwe inani elikhulayo le-vota (ngoku nje elinye iqela elinqumlayo) kwaye banokunyanzela ukuba likhethe umvoti ongoyena ungoyena unamandla angakumbi kwiqela eliphikisayo.

Vula Iindawo

Kukho amavoti avula nabani na obhalisayo ukuba athathe inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili lokuvota, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi ilungu lomvoti. Kumaphondo amaninzi, abavoti bacela ibholati yeqela ngosuku lonyulo; kwezinye, bafumana ibhola enye edwelisa bonke abavoti kwaye bakhethe ukuba luluphi uhlanga lweqela lokuvota. Le nkqubo ibhiyozelwa ngokukhuthaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba nokunika igunya elifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvota. Umzekelo, uMichiganchigan noMinberg usebenzisa ii-Pritantaperies ezivulekileyo. Into engundoqo inokuba nokwenzeka ekukhetheni ukuvota okukhethiweyo. Amalungu eqela anokurhoxabela ukuba amalungu eqela elinye arhole ngabom angayivoli ngabom angakwazi ukuthatha i-a elona lungu elinamandla.

Amaza aqhotyoshelweyo

Amalungu eqela abhaliswe ngokusemthethweni asenokuvota kuphela kwisiseko sawo sobulungu, kodwa abavoti abangengawo amavoti banokukhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili ukuba lithathe inxaxheba. Eli lungiselelo ligcina iqondo elithile lokulawula kweqela ngelixa lisazama ukuhlasela. Kodwa ke, lisetyenziswa kumazwe asemthethweni afana neColorado, Oklahomas (kwieofisi ezithile), kunye nama-Massachusetts. Izixhobo ezivalelweyo zingajika ngokuzithobayo ngokuzihambela phambili ngokuziphakamisa ngokuzimela ngelixa kusenjalo amalungu amanye amaqela asenokuzama ukuhlasela. Noko ke, asenokucima abavoti ababhaliswe neqela elincinane (umzekelo, uGreberter, uGreenter), ukuba abo banqwenela ukuthatha inxaxheba kwinkalo enkulu.

Iibhariri eziphezulu- 2 (naphezulu-Mour)

Kwindlela ephambili ekwiqela eliphambili elibini, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kuwo onke amaqela bavela kwiqela elinye. Abavumi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba liliphi iqela, bakhetha naliphi na iqela. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana ivoti phambili kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lunxulumene namaqela. Le nkqubo, edume ngokusetyenziswa kakhulu eKhalifoniya naseWashington, yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ubungcathu nokunciphisa ipesenti ye-polanti ye-acessss ngokukhuthaza abathathi-ams beqela. Umahluko, ophezulu-onesine , ithumela abanyuke kakhulu [[FLT], kwiziphumo eziphezulu zonyulo ezisebenzisa uvotiso-ccocation; Alaska wamkela lohlobo oluphezulu ngo2020. Iinkqubo zokulwa kwe-Pricestingstingss, ezithelela phambili zinokukhokelela kwiqela elithelela kwiqela elithelela kwiqela elithelela kwimi nje eliqhelekileyo (onke, 2016). kwaye amanani amanani

Imisebenzi Neenkqubo Zokufundisa Ii-arhente

Ngaphaya kwemithetho yokuvota, iinkqubo zokusebenza kwe-ndouts-bholt zonyulo oluphambili ziyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumbuso. Ezinkcukacha zeproceduceturas ```````Iphepha lobhaliso, uyilo lovota', ukubala, nokucwangcisa iiprimetria'', zinentsingiselo ebalulekileyo yokufumaneka, ukuchana kwento, nokuthembeka kwabantu.

Iimfuno zobhaliso lwezibonelelo

Isithintelo sokuqala esikhoyo somvoti sibhaliswa. Ama-Astame ayahluka xa kuthe kwaphi na, nendlela umvoti angabhalisa ngayo. Ubhaliso lwemini-mini [ [SDR], olukhoyo kumaphondo afana noVermont, Maryland, noWisconsin, luvumela abavoti ukuba babhalise baze bafake ibhola ebhankini ngomhla omnye, kuquka nosuku lokuqala. Abanye abemi babonise ukuba batyelele ukurhoxaba, ngokukodwa phakathi kwabaselula nabaselula kunye nabathuthi abatsha. Ngokuchasene noko, kuthethwayo [ ukubhalisa iintsuku ezingama-30 phambi kokuba iqela eliphambili licime ukurhoxakeka kwabo bangayifuni imvume yokusike. Abanye abantu abafumana imvume (iRV, RV, u-RV]) benokufuna ukubhaliswa kumntu okhoyo okhoyo, kodwa athe athe amaqela athe athe athe athe aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde aphinde a

Uyilo lwebhola kunye neNtloko

Ibhola iphembelela indlela elula ngayo abavoti ngokuchanekileyo ukuchaza izinto abazithandayo. I-codec blott yephepha yonyulo isasetyenziswa kakhulu, ngokufuthi inenkqubo yokuhlola iliso elivumela uphicotho-zincwadi olusebenzisa ngezandla. Oomatshini bombane bokuvota (ORREs) banikezela ngokukhawuleza kodwa baphakamisa izinto zokhuseleko; amaphondo amaninzi ashenxe kude kuwo emva komjikelezo wonyulo ka 2016. Ukubekwa kwebhola e-iposi-in blot, eyafumana ukuthandwa kakhulu ngexesha le-CHOVID-19, ngoku iqhelekile kumazwe afana no-Oregon, i-Washington, kunye novolovolo, kuquka ii-Provolution. Iposi inika ubuchule kodwa ifuna utyikityo oluqinileyokuthintela ukukhusela ubuqholo.

Ubalo

Emva kokugqiba, amavoti abalwa ngesandla okanye ngekhompyutha. Ukubala kusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kodwa kuvumelekile ukuphatha abantu kwaye kusetyenziswa kwimimandla emincinci okanye kwimiba encinci. Ukubala kukhawuleze] kusekungangeni yure ezithile, kodwa kuxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokongamelayo kunye nezikhuselekileyo. Amatyala amaninzi asebenzisa iprojekthi: i-scannerss zobalo lwamaphepha ebhabhile, kodwa iphepha ligcinwa ngenxa yokuqhatha okanye ukuva okungalinganiyo. Ukubonakala kokungalinganiyo kwemi kuxhomekeke ekuthembeni kwemiqatha. Ukubonakala kokungaqhela okuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke ekuthembeni kwemiqatha; ukubonakala kokungalinganiyo kwendlela ekufuneka kunikeze kwiqela lokuthemba; kodwa kuxhomekeke kwimiqatha kwemibutho ekhoyo ekhoyo, umahluko oqhelekileyo, umahluko obeko, obe umahluko ophantsi, obe umahluko oqhelekileyo, obe utshintsho oluthe uthe hle, utshintsho lunokuwubeke

Impembelelo Yezenzo Zocawa Kummandla Wezibonelelo Nemifanekiso

Unyulo lokuqala lutsala abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kunokhetho oluqhelekileyo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala yomongameli, ukujika kusenokuba kuphezulu kwimijaho yokukhuphisana (umz., 2020 yabona amanani erekhodi kwamanye amazwe), kodwa phakathi kwemida isoloko ibona ukurhoxa ngezantsi kwe-20% yabavoti abafanelekileyo. Uhlobo lwenkqubo ephambili lungaphembelela abavoti. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [iiiiqela] elivalekileyo [ii-primes] [iii-primes] [[FLT]] [iiindlela] eziphezulu zokukhuthulwa [[FLT] zinokuvelisa ukuguquka okuphezulu kodwa ezithene khethayo zisuka kwiqela elikhoyo. [FFT]

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Imithetho elawula abaphathi abaphezulu ayimi ndawonye; isoloko ingumbandela womthetho, amanyathelo okuvota, namadabi asenkundleni. Iinkqubo ezininzi eziphambili zokuguqula ziyasebenza namhlanje:

Ukuchasa utshintsho kusoloko kuvela kwizixhobo zeqela ezisoyika ukuphulukana nolawulo kwinkqubo yokutyunjwa. Umzekelo, amaqela amakhulu aye acela ukuvala imigudu yokuvula amagumbi aphezulu kumaphondo afana ne-Arizona neKhalifoniya (nakuba ama-2 aphezulu aye axhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo). Ingxoxo ekugqibeleni ixhomekeka kumbuzo obalulekileyo: Ngaba amaqela afanele afumaneke ngaphakathi okanye anyulwe ngunyulo lukawonke wonke?

Utshintsho lweprocedical phesheya kwamazwe: Iflotoyithi ethelekisayo

Azikho imimandla emibini ehamba kakuhle kwizinto ezisezihlangwini zayo.

  • ICalifornia isebenzisa isibini esiphezulu kuzo zonke ii-ofisi ezingezo zexesha elidlulileyo. Izixhobo zokujongwa kwamapolisa zingakhetha nabani na oza kubhaptizwa nokuba uthe wakwiqela, kwaye abaphezulu babini abathathi-nxaxheba baqhubekele phambili nokuba zombini zisuka kwiqela elinye.
  • [[FLT: 0] New York igcina inkqubo evaliweyo engqongqo. kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe ngeqela iiveki phambi kokuba unyulo lungathatha inxaxheba. Abavoti abazimeleyo bavalwa ngokupheleleyo.
  • Alaska kutshanje yamkela i-aska ephezulu-4 ephambili ye-ofisi zikarhulumente ne-oventies, kunye nokuvota okucetyiweyo kunyulo jikelele.
  • [[FLT: 0] . . usebenzisa isiqalo esivulekileyo: abavoti bagqiba ngomhla wonyulo ukuba yiyiphi ipesenti yeqela eliza kuthatha, kodwa kufuneka bavote kuphela kukhuphiswano lweqela. Ukhetho lukuwonke wonke, olunokudala uxinzelelo lwentlalo.
  • Ilizwe i-Shashington lisebenzisa isiqu esiphezulu-bini (efana neseKhalifoniya) kuzo zonke ii-ofisi ezijikelezayo ngaphandle komongameli.

Ezi ntlobo zidala ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwelizwe lomthetho nolawulo. Umzekelo, abatshayeli ababalekela iofisi yorhulumente kumazwana amaninzi kufuneka basebenzise ixesha elahlukileyo lokugcina izithuba, imithetho yokufumana ivoti, kunye nemigaqo yokufumana imvume yokuvota. Amaxabiso amaphulo aphambili anyuke ngokuphawulekayo, nge Ingqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yeLegislatures[ ulwazi olubonisa ukuba ukuchithwa komdla kwimilo yokhuphiswano kungadlula ukusetyenziswa konyulo jikelele kwizihlalo ezikhuselekileyo.

Isiphelo

Imigaqo-nkqubo ephezulu ingaphezulu kakhulu kuneyokuqala nje kunyulo oluqhelekileyo; bayindawo elawulayo apho ingcamango yonyulo, ubuchule beqela, kunye nokuvota iphunyezwe khona. Ukhetho phakathi kokuvalwa, ukuvalwa, ukuvaleka, okanye imigaqo emibini ephezulu ineziphumo ezinzulu zokuba ngubani okwiqela, indlela olukhuphisana ngayo unyulo jikelele, nendlela olumele isiphumo sokugqibela sibaluleke ngayo kunyulo lwabanyuli, inkqubo yomthetho. Ukuzimela iziphumo ezikhoyo. Ukuhambelana nobuchule bokubhalisa, ubuchule bokuvota, ukuzobalula, nokuvota okutheza okuthe kra okuthe kra okuqhubekayo, ukuma kolwazi oluphezulu lwendlela yokuvota kunye nokufumana ingeniso ezenzekelayo, ukuqonda okuyimfuneko kwabalawuli, inkqubo yemithetho elawulayo, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. Ngokufunda iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zokuvavanyaniswa kwe-demo-demo-demo-