Ukunxibelelana kwamapolisa nabantu abakhuphela kwelinye icala kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa komthetho wesizwe, inkqubo yasekuhlaleni, kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Isiseko sokulawula ezi ziganeko siye satshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo, siqhutywa ngumthetho wemigangatho karhulumente, imigaqo yenkundla yequmrhu, kunye nokungagunyazi ngokomthetho kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela isiseko sonyango olulinganayo kunye nokukhusela ekuphangweni okungaqiqekiyo, imithetho elawula indlela abaphathi-mayela ngayo, ukuphendla, indlu, kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkundla yezomthetho, kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ukusuka kwilizwe elinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukhuseleko lomntu, isidima, kunye namalungelo asemthethweni ngexesha lokudibana kwamapolisa amapolisa axhomekeke kuyo ngokupheleleyo kwindawo yawo. Ukuqonda le mithetho-e-equant, iinkokeli zemithetho-grogridel, i-gderderder, i-gedmisters

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nemeko yomanyano

Phambi kokuhlola umgangatho wesigqeba wesizwe, kubalulekile ukuqonda imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente elawula zonke iintsebenziswano zamapolisa. IsiHlanzi sesine sikhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhwalekeni, kuquka imfuneko esekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka okanye ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo. ULawulo lweMpande-Mpande-Mdale-mnyama lufuna ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Kumomo we-transgender, iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kumgangatho osuka kwimeko yamapolisa, i-'unyaka-waka lilo lohlobo lwe-Rocel', iNkuhlala i-lulo olusekelwe kwi-U. iNkungalo ephakamileyo kwisizathu sokungamela i-yo, i-[FLT] Bhost. [5:] ifuna ukuphembeleka kwemithetho engongongongongongongongongongongolwayo okanye ukuchasa ityala. [[FLT:]]] ]]

Phambi kwe [[NTLT:0] Bostock, iSebe loBulungiseleli phantsi koLawulo lwe-Oma linike ukhokelo lokutolika isiHloko se-IX kunye nobuGqirha bobuGcisa obuChasana noMsebenzi Womfazi (VAWA) ukukhusela abantu abachaphazelekayo, abamile ukugcinwa komthetho onika iimeko. Ulawulo olulandelelanayo lwabuyela ngasemva okanye ukubuyiselwa kwezimo zokhokelo, ukudala indlela yokungaqiniseki kolawulo. Nangona ezi nguqulelo, iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zemiqathango yesebe lamapolisa mazihlale zingatshintshi: mabaphathe abantu ngabanye ngesidima esifanayo kwaye bangakwazi ukubabeka phantsi kwabo ekuphenyeni okanye ukuba bafumaneni kwabo ngokobufana. Imithetho esetyenziswayo kulo mgangatho womgangatho womthetho-mthetho, isoloko inyusa umgangatho ophezulu kunomgangatho ophezulu kunesiseko solawulo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo soMthetho weRhulumente: Amalungiselelo

Amazwe amkele uludwe lweenkqubo zomthetho nolawulo ukulawula ihambo yamapolisa kubantu abafayo. Le mithetho idla ngokuwela kwiindidi eziliqela ezingundoqo, nganye yazo ithetha ngecandelo elahlukileyo lonxibelelwano lwamapolisa, ukusuka kunxibelelwano lokuqala ukuya kwelinye icala.

Unxibelelwano Olunentlonelo: Ukusebenzisa Ipolitiki Nokuthiya Igama

Eyona ndawo iqhelekileyo yomthetho ibandakanya indlela abaphathi abathetha ngayo abantu ngabanye. Ukubiza umntu ngegama lakhe langaphambili.. "ziintlobo zokungahloneli ezinokuphelisa ukuthembana nokuxinezeleka ngexesha lesiganeko. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi afuna amagosa okunyanzelisa umthetho aqeqeshela ukunxibelelana ngentlonelo, kuquka nokusetyenziswa kwamagama achanileyo ahambelana nobuntu obufanayo.

[[NTLT: 0] waye enguvulindlela kulo mmandla. INdibano uBill 2504 (2014 yagunyaziswa ukuba iKhomishini yaseCalifornia kwiMigangatho yeOfisi yoXolisa (POST) ikhulise uqeqesho kuphawu lwe-transgender kunye nonxibelelwano olunentlonelo. [[[FLT:]]] I-IIIII-Illinois[[[FLT: 3]] ilandele i-Transgendera Learns Bill of Rights (HB 39344), efuna ngokucacileyo abaphathi ukuba bathethe ngabantu ngabanye ngegama labo abathandayo nangamaGamaGama. [[FLT:] [[4]] iNew York ] i-octiveractives yemithetho elawula ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngentlonelo. [FOLD [F][F][5]] [FFD]] [FFFD]] [FG:34] [iffiodglat , ifuna ukuqhubekeka transtivelgla

Phendla, Seiza, ne Pat- Ezantsi Inkqubo

Enye yezona ndawo zilwayo zehambo yamapolisa ibandakanya ukuphanda abantu abatsha, ingakumbi xa igosa liziintloko-zini ngokwahlukileyo kubuntu bazo. Uphengululo lwemigca, ukukhangela ibala lomzimba obonayo, kunye nokuthotywa kwemingxuma eqhutywa ngabaphathi bomntu wesini esingahambelaniyo nomntu ngamnye onokonwatyiswa ngokuthob'isidima nokuphazamisa. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho iphendule ngokufaka imigaqo echaza ukuba neentlobano zesini.

Phantsi [[NTLT:0] ICalifornia Indlu yeQumrhu iBhili 132 (2020), amagosa omthetho abasebenzi abalelwe ekuqhubeni ukukhangela i-transformder okanye ukukhangela kwemibhobho ebonakalayo yomntu ongaphandle komntu ngegosa lomntu wesifana nomntu wesini esahlukileyo kubuntukazi obuchaphazelekayo, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezithenjiweyo zikhona. [[FLT:]] I-ILLINOIS[[[[FLT:]][FLT]][3] ngokufanayo i-HB 3934] ngokukwanjalo iyalwalela ukusetyenziswa kobuphini bobundlobo ngexesha lokuphendla nokuphendla okufuna ukuba kuqhutywe ngendlela enxulumene nokuzichazayo ubufanayo ubufanayo. [iFLT:] ukhuseleko oluthelelweyo oluluvo olulungeleyo, lumele lubonise ukuqwa kwicala lokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. [FLT:]

Iintlawulo zoluntu

Xa umntu othe wabanjwa wasiwa kwintolongo, umthetho karhulumente umisela ukuba baza kuhlala ngokweempawu zabo zesini okanye ngokwesini abaza kusifumana ekuzalweni. Esi sigqibo sineziphumo ezinzulu zokhuseleko, njengokuba abantu abathengisa izindlu kwiindawo ezingqubanayo nabo benokubachanambisa ekuxhatshazweni nakugonyamelo.

[[NTLT: 0] I-SFLT iphinda icwangcise uphawu oluphezulu lwamanzi, ifuna ukuba amabanjwa akwindawo efihlakeleyo afakwe kwisakhiwo esisekelwe kubuntu-bufana, ngaphandle kokuba inkathalo yokhuseleko ithethelela enye indawo yokubekwa, emele ibhalwe kwaye iphindwe rhoqo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] [2] [iiiiiindawo] imassuets [[[FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT]] [12] ifuna ukuba amabanjwa afudulayiswe kwizinto ezihambelanayo zihambelane mbombo zobufana, ngaphandle kokuba ukuzimisela okuzinziswano kokhuseleko kungenziwa. kunye nomthetho othenjiweyo wobugobo obusukayo, apho kuthelwe khona ulawulo lwezimo olusukayo, ulawulo olusuka kwezinye iindawo ezifuciweyo, luye luye luye luye lucingelwayo, luye luye luye luye lucingelwe lwabiwo-luvoluvo lo

Udibaniso oluchaseneyo nogcino-lwazi oluqokeleliweyo

Amatyala amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ebanzi echasene nocalucalulo equka ubuni okanye ukubanjwa ngokucacileyo, nangona le mithetho ithintela ukubekwa kwemiqathango, ukukhathazwa, kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemiqathango esekelwe kubuntu-sini. Ukunyanzeliswa kwala malungiselelo kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwingqokelela yogcino-lwazi kunye nokunika ingxelo. Amanye amaphondo afuna amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho ngokuqokelela ulwazi olubonisa ubudoda okanye ukubanjwa, nangona olu qheliselo lungekasanwebi yaye lunyusa inkxalabo yemfihlo emele isetyenziswe kakuhle. [12] kunye [FLT:] [FLT] [12]] izikoti zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukuqokelela ulwazi olukhoyo olukhoyo, kuquka nokuchaza ubufana nezobufanayo, ukuchaza indlela yokwahlulwa kolwazi nokuzichaza ngezo.

Uhlaziyo lwejiyografi: Ukusuka ekukhuseleni

Umthetho welizwe olawula abantu abahlala apho ngexesha lonxulumano lwamapolisa uphawulwa ngomahluko ocacileyo womhlaba. Iqela lamazwe, ngokuyintloko kuMntla-ntshona wonxweme nakuMntla-mpuma, liye lamisela ukhuseleko olubanzi lomthetho. La mazwe agunyazisa ukuqeqeshwa, athintela uphando olungenazintloni, alawula izindlu zokuhlala evalelwe, kwaye athintele ucalucalulo. Kula mazwe, ukudlulisa abantu ngabanye abakwimimandla ethile kungakhomba kwimimiselo echaza amalungelo abo nokubeka iimbopheleleko ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ubukho bemithetho enjalo bukwanika imibutho yamalungelo abantu abangekho mthethweni kwaye bunika amagosa afuna ukulandelwa kwemisebenzi elungileyo.

KuMbindi noMzantsi, umfanekiso udityaniswe kakhulu. Ilinois kunye no-Colado ineenkqubo zombuso ezomeleleyo, kodwa amazwe angoommelwane asenokuba angenayo nayiphi na isiseko somthetho onikezelweyo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]] neFLT] FOLD, ngelixa zinamandundundundu akhona anemithetho eqhubekayo, athenjiswe yimithetho ecinge okanye adlulise umthetho othe ngqo kwimimiselo yomthetho. [iiiindlela ekwayahlukeneyo] [5]

Ubungqina Bokuziphatha Okubi Kwamapolisa Nocelomngeni Lwenkqubo

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela engokwasemthethweni kwamanye amazwe, uphando loluntu lutyhila iingxaki ezizingisileyo nezinzulu zokunxibelelana kwamapolisa nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. I-2022 Transgender Survey yase-U.S., eqhutywa yi- Nationalal Center for Transgender Eality , ifumanise ukuba malunga nama-40 ekhulwini abantu abathe bathe baphendula amapolisa abasebenzisana namapolisa kunyaka ongaphambili banikela ingxelo yohlobo oluthile lokuphathwa kakubi, kuquka ukuhlaselwa ngokwasemzimbeni, okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini. Phakathi kwabantu abangenayo kwi-transgender yemibala, la manani ayengaphezulu. La manani agxininisa umsantsa phakathi kokhuseleko olusemthethweni kwiincwadi kunye nobomi bamalungu amaninzi.

IMithetho yangaphambi kokubhalwa kwemibhalo kunye neLifa leMithetho eLahlayo

Enye i-applican engundoqo enxibelelana namapolisa angakuthandiyo kukusetyenziswa kokumiswa kwangaphambi kokubhalwa kwemibhalo kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho okuthe phithi. Imithetho ejolise ekuxelweni ijolise ekuxelweni kwemizimba yamabhinqa amibala engafaniyo, esetyenziswa embalini, ihlala kwiincwadi kumaphondo amaninzi. Le mithetho inika amagosa ingqiqo ephangaleleyo ukuze ayeke, imbamba, ibambe abantu abajongene nembonakalo okanye into ecingelwayo. Igama elithi "ukuhamba" xa uchaza imbali echaza imbali yamabhinqa athengisa ngemizimba esekelwe kwimbonakalo yawo yesini, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuboshweni, ekufuneni kwemiyalelo yemithetho yobhaliso, kunye neengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezidala imisebenzi efuna imisebenzini, kunye nezindlu zezindlu zezindlu. Ngoxa amanye amaphondo esoloko elungisa okanye elungisa imithetho yawo, ahlala eyisixhobo sokukhusela i-scristalurn elungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-stalustal.

Ukukhangela nokuqhuba ulwaphulo-mthetho

Ngaphandle kwamatyala athi amisele imiqathango yokuphengulula, abantu abakwindawo yokugcinwa basenokucelw'umva wesigxina nokuphengulula amabala abo basemagunyeni angowabo. Oku kuphengulula kusoloko kungenamdla kwaye kusenokukhula kugonyamelo okanye ukuhlasela ngokwesini. Umthetho wowiso-mthetho owenziwe phantsi kwecandelo 1983 leCuarbel Rights Act ucel Act ucel amasiko afana nokungathobelwa phantsi kwemithetho yeSihlalo seSine neSihlalo sesibhozo, kodwa ukuphumelela kwezi zithenjiso kuxhomekeke kakhulu ekusetyenzisweni kwenkundla yesiphaluka yezo zenkulungwane. Ngaphandle komgangatho omnye wesizwe ofuna ukuthunyelwa nokupheliswa ngokweempawu ngokwesifana nesifana, umthetho uhlala uwumthombo oyintloko wokukhuselwa kwabantu abakwindawo egcina intolongo. Ukungabikho kwemithetho enjalo kumagqabi athe ahlala kwilizwe amaninzi axhaphaza ngokweebumthetho.

Indima Yoqeqesho Lomthetho

Imithetho efuna uqeqesho yezona zixhobo zinegalelo ekuphuculeni ukuziphatha kwamapolisa. Okuqulethwe kunye nobunjani bolo qeqesho, nokokuba, kuyahluka kakhulu. Ama-odolo afana ICalifornia kunye ne izikolo ezifake inkxaso [[[FLT]] ezisemthethweni, imigaqo-mthetho ehloniphekileyo, i-protoliki ye-odola, kunye nezibonelelo. Olu qeqesho lugunyaziselwe ukudibana namalungu oluntu kunye nonolwazi olunomxholo. Umzekelo, ukhupho olukhutshwayo lwesifundo sesifundo esinentsingiselo se-[FT] [FT]

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaphondo amaninzi awawufumani umyalelo woqeqesho olucacileyo. Amasebe kula maphondo angakhetha ukudibanisa i-LGBTQ kukhuphiswano olubanzi lwenkcubeko okanye uqeqesho longenelelo lwemeko yamanqam kodwa ubunzulu nocoselelo lwengxubeko luyahluka. Amanye amaqumrhu esizwe, njengeKhomishini e-Accreditorment for for forcessible Activementation (CALEA), akhuthaza kodwa awafuni luqeqesho kwimibazwe elibonisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngokusemthethweni: amanye abaphathi bafumana imfundo ephezulu esekelwe kubungqina nakwimigangatho esemthethweni, ngoxa amanye efumana uqeqesho kuzo zonke, eshiya i-Activementalmentation (EA), kodwa engadingi ukuqeqeshwa kwimibangomntu ngamnye okanye kwiimeko zobugqi.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Kubantu Abadlulisela Inkonzo Kwanabameli

Ibonelelwa ngobuchule bomthetho karhulumente, ulwazi lwenkqubo yasekuhlaleni lubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukukhusela amalungelo abo okanye ulwenziso lobulungisa. Abantu abagqithisiweyo kufuneka baziqhelanise nemithetho kwilizwe labo kunye nemigaqo engqalileyo yesebe lamapolisa asekuhlaleni. ILambda yasemthethweni[ kunye ne ACLU[] igcina ulwazi lwezikhokelo Lwakho olusebenzayo olunika amacebiso aluncedo ekudibana namapolisa, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokungavumi ukuphendla, nokucela isicelo somphathi ukuba umphathi uswele igosa okanye udedelelo.

Xa kusenzeka ulwaphuko, ukufakisa isikhalazo kumacandelo angaphakathi ombutho onyanzelisayo osemthethweni okanye iqumrhu labaveleli abasemagunyeni linyathelo lokuqala lokuziphendulela. Kumaphondo anezityholo ezinamandla ezichasene nolwaphulo-mthetho, abakhalazi basenokufaka iifayile namasebe alwela amalungelo abantu. Iingxelo zomanyano ziquka ukufaka isikhalazo kwiSebe lamaLungelo eSizwe eSihlalo soLuntu ukuba ukuchasana kubandakanya umgaqo okanye uqheliselo localulo. Imibutho yoluntu ikwanokuba inceda abantu ekunxulumaneni nemigaqo yomthetho ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-rediscriminanti. Ukubakho kwemithetho yorhulumente elwanisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho kuqinisa ezi zindululo olu mthetho kwaye inika izindululo lwenkqubo.

Iindlela zomthetho zokukhusela iFomu

Abameli kunye nabenzi bemithetho abafuna ukuvala izithuba zokukhusela banemizekelo emininzi yemithetho ekhoyo. I-Illinois Transgender Persons Bill of Rights isebenza njengesikhokelo somthetho obanzi wamalungelo abantu, igqubuthela unxibelelwano olunentlonelo, imigaqo-nkqubo yokukhangela, izindlu zamapolisa, kunye nolwahlulo-mthetho oluchasene nomthetho. ISB 132 ithetha ngengozi ekhoyo yokuphengulula ingxubusho engekho mthethweni. Imodeli ye-Colorado igxininisa uqeqesho kunye nentsebenziswano loluntu. Ukwamkela amanyathelo anjalo kumazwe ngaphandle kokhuseleko kuzakunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuchasana kwamapolisa ngoku kunye nabantu abasuka kwenye indawo.

Ngaphandle komthetho wesizwe, inyathelo likarhulumente lingadala umgangatho ophantsi wonyango kubantu abadlulisa umkhosi. UMthetho weDemocratic Prison-odemocratic Stools kwaye ucebisa ukuba kuhlaziywe kuMthetho weNtolongo (PREA) iquka amalungiselelo okuhlonela ubufana. Umanyano lunika iimeko ezibotshelelwe kwiSigwebo soLawulo lweSizwe soLawulo lweMphathi-Mbetho (JAG) inkqubo yokufuna ukuphengululwa ngokungqongqo kunye nemigaqo yezindlu, inika inkxaso yemali yokuba amaziko amkele imilinganiselo efanayo. Kodwa ke, ukukhusela abantu ngabanye ngethuba lokudibana kwamapolisa kuya kuhlala kuhleli kunye neziphathi-ofisi zamapolisa zasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Indlela Eya Kwisidima Nokhuseleko

Amapolisa alawula umthetho aqhubana nabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe asekuhlaleni ayaqhubeka ejikeleza. Ngoxa inani elandayo lamazwe liphumele imigaqo efuna ukuphathwa ngentlonelo, ukulinganiselwa kophando olungenantlonelo, kunye nokuqeqeshwa okugunyazisiweyo, amazwe amaninzi akakhange afumane. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yezonyango kuthetha ukuba uhlobo lomntu onyanzelekileyo lungalindela ukuba akhuselwe kumthetho luxhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo ahlala kuyo okanye amiswe kuyo. Ubungqina bokuxhatshazwa ngokuqhubekayo, bugxininisa ungxamiseko lwenyathelo lomthetho. Ukuqhubeka komthetho wesizwe, ukwaziswa ngemibutho elungileyo, ingqwalaselo ebhaliweyo, ingqwalaselo ephambili, inokuthi iqhube ukwanda kokhuseleko lwezomthetho de lonke urhulumente lunikeze isiseko sokhuseleko, isidima, intlonelo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwamapolisa.