Umthetho ubumba phantse yonke imiba yobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwisantya sendlela yasekuhlaleni ukuya kumlinganiselo werhafu kwingeniso kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko kwiimpahla zabathengi. Kodwa indlela elula ethathwayo ukuze ibe ngummiselo onyanzelekileyo idla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle. Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kumgangatho worhulumente nowasekuhlaleni yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa uphando, ukumela, nokuphendula. Le ndlela inika inyathelo elicacileyo, ngenyathelo lendlela echazwa ngayo imithetho, apho iinkqubo ezimbini zahlukene khona, nendlela abemi abanokusebenza ngayo ngokunempumelelo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sokwenza imithetho

Inkqubo yokuyila imithetho eUnited States isekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., oseke inkqubo yorhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla okulawula ahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente ngamnye. 10]th Amendment [ icacisa ukuba amagunya awanikwanga urhulumente wesizwe, okanye awalelwanga kumazwe, agcinelwe kumaphondo okanye abantu. Le candelo linesizathu sokuba kukho inkqubo eqinileyo yokuyila umthetho eWashington, D.C., kunye nokuhambelana kwemeko--[[FLT] e-10] kurhulumente ngamnye wamaphondo angamashumi amahlanu.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko udala amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo karhulumente ukuze aqhube amagunya: iSebe elilawulayo (IKhonsathi) eyenza imithetho, [ iSebe leSebe [[[FLT:]] [iiiNtendelezo]] [iiiNtendelezo] [ii-FLT] [iiiinqambiso]] [iiiBhunga] [ii-Awuthi] [iiii-FLT] [iinqanawa] [iiiiiiiiiindlela zokuchaza imithetho]. Imithetho yelizwe ilingisa esi sakhiwo, ukwenza imigaqo yomthetho, igqwenga eliphetheyo, namasebe esesikweni. Ukuqonda oko kuthenjiweyo komthetho. [5]

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Indlela IBhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo Kwingqungquthela

Uhambo lomthetho karhulumente lulucelomngeni, luyilelwe ngabom ukuthintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo okanye ongacaciswanga kakuhle. Lilungu leKhontrathela kuphela elinokungenisa umthetho, kodwa iingcamango zamatyala zivela kwimithombo emininzi: izalathiso, amaqela okuphatha ii-advocation, amashishini, uMongameli, okanye kwanamaqumrhu karhulumente. Xa ethe waziswa, ityala kufuneka lisinde kwicandelo elijongene nekomiti, iingxoxo, iivoti, kwaye ekugqibeleni, inyathelo lobungameli.

Ukwazisa Ibhili

Umthetho uveliswa kwindlu yabameli okanye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [[FLT] . . . .[[FLT] .3] (nomahluko obalulekileyo wemali yengeniso, omele uvele kwiNdluphetho []]. Kule meko, irekhombe libhekiselwa kwikomiti elungeleleneyo.

IKomiti: IHoloshe Zomsebenzi Zengqungquthela

Iikomiti zilapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho wenziwe khona. Ingqungquthela ineekomiti ezininzi ezimileyo (njengeKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlela kunye neNkcubeko okanye iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlela zoManyano zaMazwe Angaphandle), nganye inegunya kwimimandla ethile ekhethekileyo yezomthetho. Eli liqonga apho kuhlala khona okanye kufa khona ityala.

Ukuva Nokuphawula

Xa ityala libhekiswe kwikomiti, isoloko ibekwa kwikhalenda yekomiti. Ikomiti ingabamba ukuva ukuqokelela ulwazi nokuva ubungqina obuvela kwiingcaphephe, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabameli bemali. Emva kokuba iikomiti zichongiwe, iququzelela kwintlanganiso "iphawu" ukuxubushelana ngomgca wetyala ngomgca nokuqwalasela iimvume. Amalungu ekomiti avota kwezi zigqibo kwaye ekugqibeleni avote ukuba anikele ingxelo yemali emva kwegumbi elipheleleyo.

Ingxelo

Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, i-"adved" kwindlu epheleleyo okanye kwiBhunga kunye nengxelo ebhaliweyo echaza izenzo zekomiti kunye nenjongo yetyala. Ukuba ikomiti ayivumi ukwenza, ityala linokuba "litshatyalali" ngokungenasiphelo. Kwimeko ezinqabileyo, isibongozo sokukhupha isibongozo singasetyenziswa eNdlukeni ukunyanzela uxwebhu ngaphandle kwekomiti, kodwa oku kufuna uninzi lwamalungu endlu ukuba asayine.

Isenzo Somgangatho: Impikiswano NeziHluzi

Emva kokuba kuchazwe ityala, kufuneka kubekwe ingxubusho kumgangatho wendlu okanye weBhunga. Imithetho yokuxoxa iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabini.

Indlu Yabameli: Ingxoxo Equlunqweyo

Inikwe ubukhulu bayo (amalungu angama-435), iNdlu ixhomekeke kwimithetho engqongqo. IKomiti yeNdlu yeMimiselo [[FLT:] isebenza njenge "traffic cop," ikhupha "umthetho" omisela imigaqo yengxoxo, kuquka ixesha eliza kuvunyelwa, ukuba zininzi kangakanani izilungisi eziza kuqwalaselwa, nokuba ngaba iinguqu kufuneka zibe yi-emanane (umvuzo) kwimali. Le nkqubo igcina iNdlulo ihamba kakuhle kodwa ibeke umda amandla amalungu ngamanye amalungu ukuba angakwazi ukulibazisa imicimbi.

IBhunga: Ingxoxo Engenamda NeFilibuster

Indlu yeNtsimbi isebenza ngobhedu oluninzi. Imithetho ivumela ukusetyenziswa ukulibazisa okanye ukuvala ivoti. Iqumrhu lingabamba umgangatho ixesha elide, xa lifuna, lithetha iiyure okanye iintsuku. Eli qhinga, elaziwa ] numbhinqo [, lingasetyenziswa ukubeka umkhalaze okanye ukuvala ivoti. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho omkhulu kufuneka ama-60 e-omatiloti , kunokuba ufune i-offrate eninzi lwe-FLT.

Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Xa iqukumbela impikiswano, ivoti yegumbi kwimali. Uninzi olulula luyafuneka ukuze udlulise irejista (218 ukusuka kuma-35 kwi-35 eNdlu, ama-5 ukuya kwi-100 kwiBhunga). Ukuba ityala lidlula, lithunyelwa kwelinye igumbi (iSenate okanye iNdlu) apho inkqubo efana ngqo iphinda khona. Ngenxa yokuba amagumbi amabini asoloko egqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, inyathelo elilandelayo libalulekile.

Ukulungisa Iingxaki: IKomiti yeNkomfa

Ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela kunye neNdlela yoXhosa eyahlukeneyo, ikomiti evumelanayo isekwa. Le komiti yenziwa ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi asebenza ngokuxolelanisa iingxabano. Baxubusha uhlobo olunye, oluphitheneyo lwesivumelwano somthetho. Ingxelo yengqungquthela mayidluliswe ngoobhozo bendlu kunye neBhunga kwivoti ephezulu okanye ephantsi engekho mvumelwaniso.

Isenzo soMongameli

Xa isiko elifanayo lidlule kumacala omabini eBhunga, lithunyelwa kuMongameli waseUnited States. UMongameli uneenketho eziliqela:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uphawu lomthetho:[[Umthetho:1] Ikhawuleza ibe ngumthetho kwaye inikwe inombolo yoMthetho kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubuyisela uxwebhu: UMongameli ubuyisela uxwebhu kwi Congress ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingazama ukuqhuba ngaphezulu.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo: Ukuba uMongameli akenzi nto iintsuku ezilishumi (ukrwela iiCawa) ngexesha iBhunga liseqesheni, umlomo uba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • iPocket Veto: Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nto nento engqinelanayo yeCandelo ngelo xesha leshumi losuku, umthetho awubi ngumthetho. UMongameli uphumelele ngoku "imposiso" ngaphandle kwesenzo esisesikweni.

Ingqungquthela Iphazamisa

Ingqungquthela inamandla okuhlola igunya likaMongameli. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha umthetho, uMbutho ungavota [[FLT: 0] iveto]. Ukuphumelela, ii-350 ezininzi zifunwa kuzo zombini iNdlu kunye neCatenat. Oku kungumvalo ophezulu, kwaye kunqabile, kodwa kusebenza njengovavanyo olunamandla kumandla olawulo lwegunya elikhulu. Ukuqwalasela okukhoyo kwemali nemithetho yesebe, igosa elisemthethweni .go inikeza ulawulo olubanzi lwezibonelelo kunye nolawulo lwezemfundo [FLT].

Inkqubo Yokwenza Imithetho KaRhulumente: Indlela Efanayo Neyahlukileyo

Ngeli xesha ukwenza umthetho kufutshane nenkqubo karhulumente, kukho umahluko omkhulu owenza ukuba oorhulumente belizwe bafikeleleke, bathambeke, basabela kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente ngamnye (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska) unendlu yowiso-mthetho (ngaphandle kwe-bimeval) inezindlu ezimbini, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiBhathe-marn kunye neNdlu okanye iNdibano. INebraska inendlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye) engenazigweqe.

Indlela IBhili Karhulumente Eba Ngayo Ngumthetho

Inkqubo kumphakamo wombuso ilandela indlela eyaziwayo:

  • Udibaniso:[FT:0] [ I-sententer yesizwe okanye ilungu lendibano lizisa umthetho.
  • Impinda yeCommittee: Le ngxelo inikwe ikomiti yowiso-mthetho karhulumente yokuchophela nokunyusa. Ikomiti yesizwe isebenza ngokungekho mthethweni kunabanye borhulumente, ikwenza kube lula ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banikele ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo yeFloor kunye ne Vote: Le mithetho iyaphikisana kwaye ivotelwe yigumbi elipheleleyo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zisoloko zinexesha elingqongqo lokususa amatyala kule nkqubo. Amanye amazwe akanawo umthetho wenkwenkweli, okwenza inkqubo ikhawulezise.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iqonga elidityanisiweyo: Imali ihamba kwinkqubo efanayo kwenye igumbi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isenzo seGovernor: Ukuba igqithisiwe, ityala lisiya kuRhuluneli.

Amandla eRhuluneli: Umqondiso, iVito, kunye ne-Line-Ite-

IRhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yesigqeba sikarhulumente. NjengoMongameli, bangasayina umthetho, okanye bawuvumele ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lwabo. Noko ke, irhuluneli ezininzi zinesixhobo esinamandla esingekhoyo uMongameli: i-line-intwana ye-veto. Oku kuvumela irhuluneli ukuba ibethe izinto ezithile okanye amalungiselelo asuka kwimali ngexa ityikitya ukuphumla. Oku kwandisa isibambi serhuluneli somthetho.

Idemokhrasi Ethe ngqo: IiNkqutyana Zolawulo-siseko Neenkqubo Zokubuyisela

Olunye umahluko omkhulu phakathi kokwenza umthetho karhulumente norhulumente lukwanda kwedemokhrasi engqalileyo kumgangatho karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi avumela abemi ukuba bagqithe ngokupheleleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuyila okanye ukuguqula imithetho. Oku kufunyanwa ngokuyintloko ngobuchule obubini:

  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Intitive: Abami bangawenza umthetho ocetyiweyo okanye ulungiso-siseko. Ukuba baqokelela utyikityo olwaneleyo (inani elifunekayo limiselwe ngumthetho wesizwe), inyathelo lokuqala libekwa kwivoti kawonke-wonke. Ukuba idlula, iba ngumthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Referendium: Le yinkqubo apho umthetho odluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ubhekiswa kubavoti ukuze bavume okanye bakwamke phambi kokuba isebenze. Amanye amazwe afuna iintlobo ezithile zemithetho (njengokunyuka kwerhafu) ukudlula kwinkqubo ye-arendendum.

Ezi zixhobo zivumela abemi ukuba baqhube utshintsho lwenkqubo kwimixholo efana nokubhatalwa komjumba, umvuzo omncinci, kunye notshintsho lwerhafu. INgqungquthela yesizwe yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) inikela ushwankathelo olulungileyo lwemithetho yesizwe [[FLT: 0] engafaniyo yenziwa ngendlela ecacileyo nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo yidemokhrasi.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu Nokwenza Umthetho Wolawulo

Ngeli xesha ingqungquthela kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zigqithisa "imithetho ecocekileyo," iqumrhu elikhulu lomthetho liyilwe ngabameli bamasebe abalawulayo. Oku kwaziwa njengomthetho wolawulo okanye ulawulo. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa ummiselo obanzi (umz., "qinisekisa umoya ococekileyo"), ithumela igunya kumbutho (umz., i-Nqamlo yokusikela i-Ageometmental Protection Agement) ukwenza imimiselo ethile ukufikelela olo sukelo.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Ulawulo Lomanyano

Amasebe azimeleyo kufuneka alandele inkqubo kawonke-wonke eneenkcukacha ukwenza imimiselo emitsha. Le nkqubo ilawulwa nguMthetho woLawulo (APA). Amanyathelo angundoqo aquka:

  1. Igunya lomfundisi- ntsapho elikwi- Umbutho ufumana umyalelo ovela kumthetho omtsha odluliswa yiBhunga.
  2. Umthetho ofunyanisiweyo: Ulungiselelo luzalisa idrafti umthetho ocetyiswayo kwaye luwupapashe kwi REgister. Olu xwebhu luchaza indlela eqikelelwa ngayo nombutho kunye neemfuno ezizodwa zomthetho ocetyiweyo.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Ixesha lokugqabaza: Uwonke-wonke umenywa ukuba anikezele amagqabaza abhaliweyo ngomthetho ocetyiswayo. Ii-atmosfera zifuna ngokusemthethweni ukuhlola nokuphendula kuzo zonke iintetho ezibalulekileyo. Le yindlela enamandla kubemi namashishini ukuphembelela iinkcukacha zomthetho.
  4. Umthetho oPhambili: Emva kokuqwalasela amagqabaza, umbutho ukhupha u "Umthetho woBudala" kwi Faceral Register, kunye nesishwankathelo samagqabaza afunyenweyo kunye neempendulo zombutho. Umthetho ngoko udityanisiwe kwi udede kaFOLR [FLT]] kwaye uthwala uxinzelelo olupheleleyo lomthetho.

Le nkqubo inempembelelo enkulu. Kumthetho ngamnye odluliswa yiKhonkxa, abameli bangakhupha intlu yemimiselo. Ungathabatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo ngokutyelela [[FLT: 0] Imithetho.gov, izibuko elisembindini lokunikezela amagqabaza kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika Nokuhlaziya Imithetho

Isebe lesithathu likarhulumente lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumjikelo wokwenza umthetho. Iinkundla azenzeli imithetho ngendlela efana neyomacato, kodwa amandla awo ohlolo lwezomthetho [[FLT: 0] zivumela ukuba zilungise oko kuthethwa yimithetho nokuba zingama kusini na.

Ukuhlolwa kwezeejaji nobuGaqo-siseko

Imiswe kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo uMarbury v. Madison (1803), uhlolo logwebo lungamandla eenkundla ukuvavanya umthetho nokugqiba ukuba iyavumelana nawuMgaqo-siseko. Ukuba inkundla ifumana umthetho ungenamthetho ochasene nomthetho, ungawubetha phantsi, uwunike ilize. Oku kusebenza kuyo yombini imithetho yesizwe neyorhulumente. Umzekelo, umthetho wombuso othintela ukuthetha ngenkululeko unokuvavanywa kwinkundla yolawulo kwaye uphendulwe ukuba uphula uLawulo Lokuqala.

Inkcazelo yesiseko

Kwanaxa umthetho ungumgaqo-siseko, ulwimi lwawo lungadidaniswa. Iinkundla zisoloko zibizwa ukuba zitolike intsingiselo yomthetho othile. Xa inkundla itolika umthetho, loo nkcazelo iba yisalathisi seqhinga kumatyala exesha elizayo angaphakathi. Ukuba inkundla ichaza umthetho ngendlela iBhunga okanye uwiso-mthetho wesizwe ebengacebanga, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaphendula ngokudlulisa umthetho omtsha [[[[FLT:]] ocacisa injongo yawo. Oku kucacisa injongo esemva-kanye-kanye phakathi kwamasebe kumqondiso ofanelekileyo wokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso lwenkqubo yesizwe emsebenzini.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuyiphembelela Ngayo Inkqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho asiyoyoyabantu bezobupolitika nabaphembeleli. Yenzelwe ukuquka igalelo elivela kuluntu ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Ulwazi nokwenza idinga lobumi kuyimfuneko kwidemokhrasi esempilweni. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo zokwenza ilizwi lakho liviwe:

  • IVote: eyona ndlela ingundoqo yokuphembelela ukwenziwa komthetho kukunyula amagosa amela iimbono zakho kwinkqubo.
  • Ukudibana nabameli Bakho: Umnxeba ocaphukileyo, i-imeyili, okanye ileta kurhulumente wakho okanye ummeli wezwelonke ungaphembelela ukuma kwabo kwityala. Umfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono-mfono wabameli abasebenzi bemikhondo kwaye ngokufuthi unike ubalo kummisi-mthetho.
  • Uvavanyo kwiMava: IKomiti evakalayo kumgangatho worhulumente noworhulumente isoloko ivulekile kuluntu. Ungacela ukungqina okanye unikezele ingxelo ebhaliweyo yerekhodi.
  • Comment kwimithetho ebekwe kakuhle: Njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, ungangenisa amagqabaza asesikweni nakuwuphi na umthetho wezwe ocetyiweyo nge .
  • Ukudibanisa namaqela alwahlulelwano: Iqela lommi elidibanisa intlalo-ntle ehambelana nezilangazelelo zakho linako ukunyusa ilizwi lakho kwimibandela ethile.

Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kukunceda uhambe ukusuka ekubeni ngumbandela ongenzi nto womthetho ukuya kumntu osebenzayo kwindalo yayo. Kwimeko ecacileyo yolwimi lonke, [[FLT: 0] USA.gov inikeza incam entle yokuqalisa [[[FLT: 1]].

Isiphelo

Ukusuka kwingcamango elula edweliswe kumthetho obotshelelweyo osisibophelelo kumthetho osebenza kumthetho we-U.S. okanye imithetho equlunqweyo karhulumente, uhambo lomthetho lude kwaye lulucelomngeni. Amaqondo amaninzi okuhlola ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, iikomiti zengqungqungquthela, imvume yenkomfa, kunye nohlalutyo lwezomthetho aqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwe ngenyameko phambi kokuba ibekwe kuluntu ngokubanzi. Ngoxa inkqubo yorhulumente norhulumente ihlanganyela iDNADNA, iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zikarhulumente . /8] ezifana nedemokhrasithi yedemokhrasi ne-min-vetoes-menti-menu-menu-menu-menu-iejini, ibone amathuba acacileyo okuthe ngqo okugana abami bani. Ngokuqonda ezi nkqubo, abemi bayakwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle urhulumente babo kunye nokuxhasa imithetho yabo ngokwendlela elungelelaseburhulumente kunye nelizwe labo.