Imithwalo Ekhethekileyo Yokulwa Nobugrogrisi Emazweni Aneengxubakaxaka

Ukulwa nobugrogrisi kumazwe abuthathaka naneemfazwe kuyinto eyahlukileyo ekulweni nawo amazwe angazinziyo, aneziphene. La maphondo “‘ aphawulwa ngamaziko abuthathaka, ukungazinzi kwezobupolitika okungapheliyo, kwaye ngokufuthi ugonyamelo olusebenzayo. Ukulwa imiqobo eninzi ebangela ukuba kubekho ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo oluchaphazelekayo (CT) olungenakwanelisa okanye olungenaziphumelelo. Amandla okhuseleko anokuba angekho, axhotyiswe, okanye ajijizeke; umthetho usoloko ukhokelwa yinkohliso; kwaye amaqela amaphekula asebenzisa kakubi ulawulo olufanayo kunye nezikhalo ezichaza ubugrogrisi ngokwawo ngokwawo. Isiphumo siso sinegalelo esiphuhlisa: ubuthathaka bobugrogrisi, kunye nokurhoxiswa kwemeko oluqhubekayo. Nawaphi naliphi naliphi nalelo lomthetho lomthetho lwezongongoma yezonga lokulawula kumele luqonde ukwakhiwa kobume.

Ukuqonda Amazwe Anengxaki

Ngala mazwe apho urhulumente engenayo ukuthanda kwezobupolitika okanye amandla okunikezela imisebenzi engundoqo kubemi bawo: ukhuseleko, ubulungisa, iinkonzo ezisisiseko, kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho. ULuhlu lweBhanki yeWorld Bank [[FLT: 0] oludwelisweyo lwezimo zeFraglide[[[FULT:1] luchaza amazwe afana neSomalia, iYemen, uMzantsi weSudan, kunye neCentral African Republic ehlala ithe xekene. Imfazwe exhobileyo ikukulwa nogonyamelo oluxhotyiswe kakhulu. (i-Cvil, imfazwe eninzi, okanye imfazwe ekhoyo ekhoyo.) i-Harlasmes, i-Iska, i-Iskam, i-ISymond, i-Asmad, i-Aignea, i-An, i-Anvondale, i-in, i-e, i-engile, i-ease, i-ekho, i-Arase, i-e, engapheliyoki, engapheliyoku, engapheli

Umahluko obalulekileyo ngowokuba kumaphondo abuthathaka, abagrogrisi badla ngokukhuphisana nabadlali abaninzi abaxhobileyo , amaqela emikhosi, iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezilungelelanisiweyo `eengingqi, ubuncwane, kunye nobunyani. Olu gonyamelo ludityaniswe ngeentlobo ezininzi lubangela ukuba ubuchule bokuhlanganisa kwaye lukwenze kube nzima ukwahlula imisebenzi yabanqolobi kwezinye iintlobo zogonyamelo lwezopolitiko okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente usenokuba akakwazi okanye akazimisele ukuvelisa igunya kummandla omkhulu ophakathi, udala [[FLT: 0] izithuba ezithengwayo [ ezisebenza njengeendawo ezikhuselekileyo. Kwanalapho urhulumente ngokuzidla ngokulawula amaphondo, imimandla engaphandle isenokungakwazi okanye angakwazi ukulawula amaqela angekho mazwe axhobileyo, kuquka nemibutho yabagrobi.

Iingxaki Zomqukumbelo

Ukungalawuleki Nokuwa Kweziko

Olunye ucelomngeni olusasazekileyo kukungabikho kolawulo olusebenzayo. Ukungathobeli kwezobuphekula kuxhomekeke kwicandelo lomsebenzi: ukugada nokuhlola; ukumangalela; iinkundla zomagxalaba; iintolongo zinamabanjwa; iinkonzo zobulumko ziqokelela kwaye zabelana ngolwazi lwezobuntlola. Xa naluphi na uqhagamshelwano lwetsheyina, lonke umgudu weCT uphelelwa ngamandla. Kumazwe amaninzi abuthathaka, amapolisa akahoywa, akagqalwa, yaye ayasothuswa ngokubanziswa; iinkundla zezonakele okanye azinamsebenzi; kwaye iinkonzo zobulumko zikhohlakelelwe okanye zingeniswe ngamahlelo anolwanyana anesivoyikiso. Umdla ngokuba abagrobi basebenza kufuphi nemimandla emininzi, yaye ukuchana kwelizwe zisoloko ziphelelwa, zingekho mgangathweni, okanye zingekho ngqiqweni. Umzekelo, kwi-Bankin, ubuthathaka belizwe lase-Syrian, urhulumente oMntla-mntla-m, urhulumente ovumela ukubamba-zwe ukubamba-okelwe ulwe ulwelwe urhulumente, ulwelwe ulawulo

Ukuhamba kukavimba nokuhamba ngemigqomo

Amaphondo aphantse angabi nankcazelo yemali kunye nezixhobo zobugcisa babantu ukwenzela ubuchule obubanzi beCT. Iindleko zomkhosi kunye noqingqo-mali lwamapolisa zidla ngokuchithwa ziimfazwe zangaphakathi okanye iimali eziphezulu, zishiyelwa intwana encinane kuqeqesho oluchaseneyo nolawulo lobuphengululi, izixhobo, okanye imivuzo. Kwanezinto ezisisiseko ezifana neenqwelo zezixhobo zezixhobo zezixhobo zonxibelelwano, kunye nezixhobo zobusuku zisenokuba zinqabile. Iimeko zoluntu zincinane kakhulu: kukho abaqwalisela-katha abafanelekileyo, abacuphisi-nxaxheba, abaphathi-midaba, nabaphathi-mathengi, abasoloko beqeqeshwa ngezixhobo ezingcono zelizwe okanye bashiye ilizwe lonke. Izicwangciso zelizwe zisenokunikezela ngezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuze basebenzise ngokunempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, xa oovimba bebonelelana, ngoko bafumana ubuchule obuninzi, ngoko bafuneka nangoko kumgangatho we-Romean (Souniansmarreans) ngeminyaka emininzi ye-e-ansmis, kunye nezolongo yezo .

Ukunganyaniseki Njengomkhosi Owaya Kuxhathisa Abanqolobi

Urhwaphilizo asiyomeko nje engokwemvelaphi kumaphondo abuthathaka; yenza ukuba abanqolobi basebenze ngokungqalileyo. Abanqolobi banokunyoba amagosa asemdeni ukuze bathuthe abantu nezixhobo, bahlawulele amapolisa asekuhlaleni ukuphemba iiseli ezisetyenziswayo, bathenge amafutha, ukutya, nezinto zonyango ezivela kwiimarikethe ezimnyama ezisetyenziswa ngamagosa angenabunyani. Kwezinye iimeko, amalungu okhuseleko anika amaqela abanqolobi ubulumko okanye izixhobo zobugrogrisi ukuze afumane inzuzo yobuqu babo. I-symbiosis ingaqhubekeka ngaphaya kwamandla amapolisa okanye amagosa arhwebethi anokusebenzisana nee-grobithi ukuze agcine ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni okanye aphelise abanqolobi, aguqule imigudu yokuzingela i-RG. I-Afghanistan phantsi kwe-Riphabliki yookthemone. Kodwa i-odkthentiliki ye-odk

Ukungakwazi Kwezobupolitika Neziphene Ezitshintshatshintshayo

Ulawulo oluneenjongo ezithe ngqo kunye nemfazwe zisoloko zikwimeko yezopolitiko ezifutshane nezingaguquguqukiyo. Oorhulumente batshintsha ngokukhawuleza, ukutshintshana, kunye nolungelelwaniso olunamaqela axhobileyo. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuxhasa ubuchule bexesha elide leCT. Izinto eziphambili zitshintsha ngemithetho yolawulo nganye, kwaye izivumelwano zangaphambili zisenokulahlwa. Oku kubi nangakumbi, iinkokeli zezobupolitika zingafaka isibandakanyeka izixhobo zokulwa kwemali-otheko-obhilini ukuze zifumane inzuzo yasekhaya (* ukudibanisa bonke abachasi njengabanqolobi kunye nokusebenzisa imikhosi yeCT ukucinezela ukuchasana kwezobupolitika kunokuba kuxhase ukruphithiso lokwenene. Oku kwenza ukuba uqheliso lweziko lweziko-Clegiginga lukwazi ukutshintsha imeko yeliso kubemi babantu kwaye lungaphindiswa nakungaphindiswa iinkqubo zazo zezobupolitika.

Imida eyingozi kunye nesixhobo sokudubula sombutho

Amaphondo amaninzi abuthathaka, angakhutshwanga kakuhle, nangaqengqelekiyo kwimida. Ukuxambulisana kwelinye ilizwe kudla ngokuphalala kubamelwane, kwaye amaqela abanqolobi asebenzisa ezi ndawo ezinqamlezileyo zomda wemida ukuze aphephe uxinzelelo, athathe i-offranti, kunye nezixhobo zorhwebo. Ummandla weSahel ngumzekelo: ukuwa kokhuseleko kumantla eMali emva konyaka ka-2012, kwadala indawo ekhuselekileyo yamaqela akwajihadadadabini asasazeke eBurkina Fasos, iNiger, kunye ne-kunxweme leNtshona Afrika. Ngokufanayo, i-Siriya yabangela ungquzulwano lwesiphithithithi eyavumela ukuba i-ISSIS eyakhe u-2014 kumda we-Iqyi. Ulawulo lomda womda obuthathaka akuyo, akuyomfuneko nje ukuba kubekho abalindiswane, kunye nolawulo lwengingqingqi, kunye nolawulo lwemidabini lwezomthetho, lwezonkalo-mthetho, kunye nezonganiso.

Ukuxhasa Ubugrogrisi Basekuhlaleni: Ukuphenjelelwa Kwabantu Nokusetyenziswa Kwabo

Amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho akasebenzi kwindawo engenalutho. Adla ngokuzifaka kwimisebenzi ekhoyo ngokulungiselela iinkonzo `i-graficant', izigqibo, isigqibo, intlalo-ntle esisiseko .

Indima Ephawulekayo Yezinto Ezivela Kumazwe Angaphandle

Iimfazwe zamaphondo neemfazwe ezilawulayo

Amaphondo aneziphene adla ngokusetyenziswa kumacandelo amakhulu emimandla. Amaqela amaphekula angasebenzisa ukhuphiswano lwengingqi ukuze afumane inkxaso yemali neyobunzululwazi. Imfazwe yase-Syria yafunyanwa ngabalwa nangamandla ukusuka kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukwahlulwa kwegunya lorhulumente kuvumele amaqela amaninzi amaphekula ukuba aphumelele. Kulo mkhosi, amaqela asekuhlaleni ajihadenti anxibelelane neenkqubo ezingqubanayo ezibanzi eLibya, iMaghreb, kunye neMpuma Ephakathi. Amandla ephondo angaxhasa iiprojekthi ngaphakathi kwilizwe elibuthathaka, esebenzisa isigqumathelo esifanelekileyo sokuqhubela phambili izilangazelelo zawo ze-Genethikia. Oku kungenelela ugonyamelo, ukwenza izikhalo ezintsha, kunye nokuvula izithulelo ezitshaneyo ezisetyenziswa yi-Roksi.

Ukungenelela Kwamazwe Asemzini Nengxaki Engalindelekanga

Ungenelelo lomkhosi lwangaphandle .Njengokuba kunokwenzeka ngamazwana angoobume baseIraq, imibutho yemimandla, okanye amagunya ehlabathi athe thaa-xhaxhe athe aqhubekeka. Nangona maxa wambi kucetyiswa ukulwa nobugrogrisi, imisebenzi yomkhosi wamanye amazwe isoloko ibangela umonakalo omkhulu, iingxwelerha, iingxwabangxwa, kunye nemikhosi ekhethekileyo esetyenziswa ekubopheleleni i-ISYS, i-oglone, i-Drone kunye nemikhosi ekhethekileyo yokuhlasela isenokuziphelisa iinkokeli ezithile kodwa ingathethi ngemeko ezikhoyo ezivumela ubugrogrisi ukuba buchuke. Ngokomzekelo, ubukho bemikhosi yamanye amazwe budla ngokuba ngumqhubi wokungazinzi, kwaye ukuphuma kwemikhosi yase-Afghanistan kurhobo kwi-201 okanye kurhorhorhoxiwe nge-Schestern.

Iinethwekhi zobugrogrisi Zasemhlabeni Wonke Nokuncipha Kwamanani

Kwanakwimimandla ebuthathaka kakhulu, amaqela abanqolobi akahlukani. Anxibelelana ne-international international for forficulture, ubugcisa, kunye nabalweli. Udidi lwelizwe lamaSilamsi lunikwe impembelelo kunye nokhokelo lokusebenza ukuze likwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu abasuka eNtshona Afrika ukuya ePhilippines. Ii-intanethi zivumela ukuqatshelwa kwemida enqabileyo, kwaye ukubhaliswa komsebenzi kunokwenzeka phakathi kwe-diaspora yelizwe elibuthathaka. I-Internet ikwanceda ukuphuma kwemali engekho mthethweni nge-crippocturenc kunye neenkqubo zokudluliswa kwemali ngendlela engacwangciswangacwangciswanga. UFragillet Sy uyakwazi ukulawula indawo yamanani okanye ukuvalela i-intanethi, ibeka umthwalo kubantu abasebenzisana mazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe abasebenzisa iilwimi okanye inkculonke ukuze bajongene ngokuphumelelayo.

Amaqhinga Okoyisa Le Miqobo

Ukwakha Isikhundla Selizwe

Akukho mlinganiselo woncedo lwezobugrogrisi bangaphandle olunokuthatha indawo yemeko esebenzayo. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo kukuqinisa amaziko angundoqo olawulo: umkhosi wamapolisa onako nonokuthenjwa, ingcaciso elungileyo nefanelekileyo, iinkqubo zentolongo ezingabi zizikolo ze-edepression, kwaye iinkqubo zerhafu ezinokuthi zixhase ezi ntlangano. Oku kufuna ubophelelo lwexesha elide, oluthatha amashumi eminyaka, kunye nokugxininisa kuncedo lobugcisa, uqeqesho, kunye nolawulo. Imizekelo ephumelelayo ivela kodwa iyafundisa: emva kweminyaka emininzi yomzamo, ukwakhiwa kwephondo laseColombia kwiindawo ezaziwakhelwa yiFARC kunciphisa isithuba samaqela eFORC, amaqela alwaphuli-FARC azimeleyo, angook angoondleka angoongengoovuwamandla e-othe asekuhlaleni.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu: Umkhosi wobuGcisa oBanzi

Izixhobo ezisebenzayo ezichasene nobuphekula kumaphondo abuthathaka zixhomekeke kubuntlola babantu, kwaye oyena mthombo ulungileyo wobukrelekrele yindawo yasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo ezibandakanya iinkokeli zonqulo, amaqela amabhinqa, iinkqubo zolutsha, kunye nabadala basekuhlaleni banganika isilumkiso sangaphambili sokwenziwa kwenkqubela phambili kunye nomsebenzi wobugrogrisi. Ukwakha ukuthemba phakathi kwamandla okhuseleko kunye noluntu kubalulekile. Oku kunokwenziwa ngamanyathelo oluntu, amanyathelo acacileyo okulungisa impikiswano, kunye nemisebenzi enika uxolo olubonakalayo olwahluliweyo oluphakathi, ngokomzekelo, inkxaso yamagumbi ombane, okanye amanzi acocekileyo, apho amaphembelela khona uluntu oluye lwaphucuka. iCombunyy-Crigianting projectives emodentiances eKenyaday, ethetha ngocelomngeni oluninzi, ngokomzekelo, inceda ulwandoqongqothwano oluthe lwaseNtshona-Alkmi, kunye noluthi, i-Albalue.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Ingxaki Ekwahlukana Ngayo

Ubugrogrisi obukwimimandla ebuthathaka buyingxaki yehlabathi lonke efuna ukusabela ngokulungelelanisiweyo kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukhuseleko lomda, ubuchule bokwabelana, uncedo lomthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yamalungu onke bunzima. Imibutho yengingqi efana ne- i-Afrikan Union kunye nezilangazelelo zesizwe] [[[[FLT:]]]]G5] Saheltmu (ngoku encitshiweyo kodwa ihlala ifundisa)[FLT] ilungiselela ukudibanisa imisebenzi engcono elungileyo, kodwa iziphumo zayo ezikhoyo emhlabeni zimele ziqukelele ukuncedisana, ukuxhasa nokukhuthazana, ukukhuthazana nokunyusana koncedo lwezizwe. [[FLT.4]] I-Grobigggn bungasayi kuxhasa ukuxhasa ulawulo lwezopoliti zelizwe, kodwa abenzi bezobupolitika bobungingqine, kodwa abanokuxhasa ukuxhasa i-odwa, kodwa abasebenzi bezobupolitika bongingqineyo balaphaneyo bayakwazi ukuxhasa i-o

Ukuthetha Nezizathu Ezisisiseko: Umlinganiselo Wezakhiwo

Nangona isisongelo esikhawulezileyo sobugrogrisi sifuna ukuphendulwa kokhuseleko, isisombululo esihlala njalo sifuna ukucebisa abaqhubi abanqolobi abanobugrogrisi: ubuhlwempu, ukungalingani, ukuthotywa kwezobupolitika, nokungabi namathuba. Kumazwe abuthathaka, abaqhubi basoloko bejongene nenzala kunye nenkqubo. Iinkqubo zophuhliso olujolise kwimfundo, indalo, izibonelelo, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu zinokunciphisa ukutsala umtsalane wokufumana intlukwano. Noko ke, ubungqina bokudibana ngqo kobuhlwempu phakathi kobuhlwempu nobunqolobi, buxubeneyo, kwaye busoloko bungabubo bodwa nje kuphela kodwa bunokubonwa kobuhlwempu, ukuthomala, okanye ukuvinjwa kwamathuba okuqhubela phambili kwenkqubela. Ngoko ke, iinkqubo zezo zezopolitikitiki kufuneka zicombulule inkqubela ye-window, ziphinde zithintele ukuphuhliswa kwemeko zeze ziphinde ziphumele inkqubela.

Utshintsho Lokhuseleko Olunetyala

Ukuchitha izixhobo ezininzi kunye nokuqeqesha ukhuseleko olukhoyo akwanele. Icandelo lokhuseleko elikumazwe abuthathaka lisoloko linengxaki yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukungalingani kobuhlanga, kunye nokuhlaziywa kobuphekula. Imisebenzi yokulwa nemikhosi yolwaphulo-mthetho exhomekeke kwimikhosi elwayo ebangela iintshaba ezininzi kuneentshaba. Ukhuseleko lweSectation (SR) lufuna ukuguqula amaziko okhuseleko ukuze asebenze kakuhle, ajonge ulawulo lwawongawameli, yaye ahlonele amalungelo abantu. Oku kubandakanya ukuphembelela imigaqo yokhuseleko, ukudibanisa iindlela zokuziphendulela imfazwe, nokudibanisa inkqubo yokhuseleko enxulumene neengqikelelo-R. [[FLT:] Iinkqubo ze-SSR ze-SS eLiberia neCôte, ezisetyenziswayokusetyenziswa ngumthetho okhethekileyo, azinakusetyenziswa yi-Côte, emva kokuba ezi ingcali zezomthetho wolawulo oluphezulu.

Ukusuka Kwingxaki Ukuya Ekulungiseni

Ucelomngeni lokulwa noxinzelelo lobugrogrisi kumazwe abuthathaka kunye neemfazwe ezilwayo luninzi, ludibene, kwaye lusekelwe ngokunzulu kwezobupolitika nakwezontlalo. Ukuwoyisa kufuna ukutshintshwa okusisiseko ukusuka kwimeko enciphileyo yokhuseleko kuqala ukuya kumgangatho obanzi, odityanisiweyo odibanisa uxinzelelo lwemikhosi kunye nolawulo olunamandla, inkqubela-phambili, uphuhliso loluntu, ubuchule bobuntlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lwengingqi. Abenzi bezobushicinezeli-mazwe ngamazwe kufuneka bamkele ukuba akukho zingqiniso olukhawulezileyo kwaye ukungenela kwabo kungayenza ibe mbi ngakumbi ukuba abaceli kakuhle kwaye bangabi nalwazi. Usukelo olupheleleyo lumele lubangele ukwenziwa kwamazwe azimeleyo, ukulawulwa, ukulawulwa, nokukhutshwa kwezikhalazo, nokuchasana nesibongozo. Oku kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo kubantu abaphila ngolungelenelo olululungele ukhuseleko.