Ukudibana kwemozulu kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi kuphinda kuguqule indlela amazwe alawula ngayo eyona mithombo yawo ibalulekileyo. Inkqubo yemozulu iye yavela njengesixhobo sokuqala sokuqhuba utshintsho kunye nenkqubo yokulawula imithombo yamanzi. Njengokuba ubushushu bobushushu butshintsha imilinganiselo yemvula, bunyusa unyibiliko, kwaye bunyusa imvula nembalela, oorhulumente banyanzeleka ukuba benze izakhiwo ezilawula ukhuseleko lwamanzi. Ukudityaniswa komphunga wekharbon, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, nemijikelo yemijikelezo yemozulu esebenzayo kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yemozulu yemozulu ayisasebenzi ngokuzikhethela. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa impembelelo enzulu yenkqubo yemozulu kumanzi, ukuhlola isitshixo sokungenelela, ukuphicotha komka okuqhubekayo, ukunyuka kwamathuba okuqhubekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemijikelezo yamanzi.

Indima Yomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu Kulawulo Lwamanzi

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu imisela ukumiselwa komthetho kunye nomthetho wokulawula amanzi phantsi kweemeko eziguquguqukayo. Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, izivumelwano ezifana neParthe Paris Agreement kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo lwe-SDG 6 kumanzi acocekileyo kunye nenkqubo yokhuseleko lwemozulu) inyanzelisa imikhosi yokumisela imozulu ekuhlolweni kwamanzi ezweni. Amanzi Amanzi [iiiinkqubo yehlabathi] agxininisa ukuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kumele kube yi-centricric, njengokuba amanzi angundoqo anokuchaphaza kwemipheko yemozulu anokuvakala ngayo. Ekhaya, imigaqo esuka ekuncipheni kwemingcipheko yoxinzelelo lwemichiza-atho echaphazela amanzi kumgangatho wamanzi onikezelweyo kwiinkqubo zoomatshini zokutshisa, kunye neenkqubo zoomatshini boomasipala. Le migaqo ibangela ukuthotho lwe-carbon, i-carbon esetyenziswa namanzi.

Amanzi asebenzayo alawulwa yinkqubo yemozulu afuna ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho edityanisiweyo. Umzekelo, amanzi awalawulwa ngokwahlukana kwemibutho yokulima, amandla, ucwangciso lwedolophu, kunye nolondolozo lwemekobume yendalo. Imithetho egunyazisa ukudityaniswa kolawulo lwemithombo yamanzi (IWRM) inceda ukudibanisa la macandelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwamanzi lungachaza iimeko zemozulu zexesha elizayo. Umzekelo, iFrame yamanzi yaseYurophu ilungelelanisa izitya ezidityaniswe ngokudityaniswe kukulingana komgangatho wamanzi kunye nobume bemeko-mezulu, ngelixa ifuna ukuba amalungu eenkqubo yokulungisa imozulu asebenze kakuhle kulawulo lomlambo. Imigaqo enjalo iguqula amanzi ukusuka kwimodeli yemozulu yexesha elizayo, eyingozi, esekelwe kumngcipheko.

Iindawo Ezingundoqo Ezichaphazeleka Yimozulu

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zokulawula imithombo yamanzi. Le mimandla ilandelayo imela ezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zongenelelo, apho umgaqo notyalo-mali lunokuvelisa inzuzo engenakuthengwa kukhuseleko lwamanzi.

Ulondolozo lwamanzi nolawulo olufuna

Ipolitiki ejolise ekunciphiseni imfuno yamanzi ziphakathi kwezona zixanduva zibangela imozulu esetyenziswayo. Phantsi kwezolimo .Ezi zinto zibangela ukuba kubekho ukurhoxa kwamanzi angenamanzi angentla ehlabathini lonke, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yemibhobho yemibho yemibhobho efunekayo. Umlinganiselo wemithetho yemithetho yemibhobho yemibhobho yemibhobho yehlabathi egunyazisa amanzi amanzi, ukunkceshela amanzi amanzi, ulwamvo lwamanzi, kunye nezolodamo lwendalo. Iinkqubo zokulondoloza i-U zisoloko ziquka ukuqokelelwa kwe-a amanzi, ukuphinda kunyuke, kunye nemithetho yezomiqathango eyimfuneko efunekayo ekuveliseni amanzi ngexesha lonyakatho lwemozulu.

Uqeqesho Nengeniso

Inkqubo yemozulu iqhubela ikomkhulu kwisiseko samanzi esinokumelana neziganeko ezinzima. Oku kuquka ukunyusa imibhobho yokwaluphala ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuvuza, kwakhiwe iinkqubo zokuthatha amanzi oqhwithela, kunye nokwakha izityalo ezikhupha amandla avuselelweyo. Uorhulumente baya bafaka inkxaso-mali engakumbi kwiziphumo zemozulu. Umzekelo, i-U.S. ukwenziwa kwemibhobhobho yogcino-mali kunye nokugcinwa komsebenzi womsebenzi womsebenzi kuxhobisa amawaka ezigidi zemisebenzi yamanzi akunika inkxaso yemozulu ecacileyo.

Ukulawula Ungcoliso Xa Kutshintsha Iimeko

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ungcoliseko lwamanzi ngokunyuka kwemvula enkulu, izinto ezincamathelisayo ngexesha lembalela, kunye nokutshintsha iteksi yamachibi nemilambo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu inqanda imilinganiselo yokukhulula imozulu eqinileyo kwimizi - mveliso kunye nezolimo, ngoxa ikhuthaza izicombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo ezifana neendawo ezimdaka zokususa ingxubeko. I-European’s Nitrates Directiveiveivevect, umzekelo, iye yatshintshwa ukuchaza iintlobo-ntlobo zemvula ezikhulu ezihlambela inyongombane emanzini. Ngokufanayo, iChoother Water Act eU.S ifuna ukuba kubekho ubuninzi bemithwalo yemihla ngemihla (TMLS) ngenxa yokungcolisa okubangelwa yimoyezo ezibangela ukurhoxakeka kwemozulu. Ngokudibanisa ulawulo lwemozulu, le nkqubo yokuthomalala kwemozulu exhomekeke kwiimeko zamanzi ngexesha ezikhoyo.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yendalo nokubuyiselwa okushenxxisiweyo

Imeko-bume yemeko-bume − imimandla emihle, amaxhaphozi, izikhukula, imisebenzi ekhusela amanzi endalo, ukulawula, ukuhluza, nokubuyisela amanzi amdaka. Iinkqubo zemozulu ziphucula ugcino nokubuyiselwa kwezi nkqubo. Iinkqubo zokubonelela ngemisebenzi yendalo (PES), eziqhelekileyo eCosta Rica naseTshayina, zihlawula abanini-mhlaba ngokukhusela amahlathi akhuselweyo. EUnited States, i- i-Wessord Program Protection inceda abantu basebenzise imisebenzi ekhusela imithombo yamanzi okusela kwimozulu kunye nezixhobo eziyingozi. Iimeko zezoqoqosho zezoqoqosho zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, njengeenqanawa ze-Greentence, ukuxhasa iprojectivessting [[FLT] i-octivesting kunye nezixhobo zamanzi akhuselekileyo.

Ukufunxa amanzi Nezixhobo Zezoqoqosho

Inkqubo yemozulu idla ngokusungula izixhobo zezoqoqosho zokudibanisa amanzi nokufumaneka kovimba. Iprojekthi yamanzi egcweleyo ibonisa ixabiso lonyango, ukunikezelwa, kunye nemekobume, ibangela ukuba ulondolozo lwendalo lusebenze kwaye lukwazi ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezinamandla. Iinqanawa ezixhobisayo ezazikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngokuchitha imali eninzi, ezifana nalawo asetyenziswayo ngezamcolo.

Ucelomngeni Namathuba Okusebenzisa

Ukuguqulela inkqubo yemozulu kulawulo lwamanzi oluphumelelayo kuzaliswe yimiqobo, kodwa ingxaki nganye ikwavula ithuba lolwakhiwo notshintsho.

Iingxaki Zemali Neebhanki Zokutyala

Ukunyusela izibonelelo zamanzi kwimo yezulu-yomeleleyo ifuna imo yezulu enkulu. IBhanki yomhlaba wonke iqikelela ukuba iindleko zokutshintsha imozulu kwicandelo lamanzi ziya kugqitha kwii-dola ezingama-500 amawaka ezigidi ngonyaka ngo-2050. Amazwe amaninzi akhulayo aswele ukufikelela kwimali ephezulu, ngelixa imimandla etyebileyo ezama ukuxhathisa kwezopolitiko ukunyuka. Ithuba lilele kwimode yemali eluhlaza, kunye nentsebenziswano kawonke wonke ezide nohlahlohlohlo-mali ehliweyo. Ubugcisa bukwahlisa iindleko ezithengwayo kunye nohla lwemibhobhozo esetyenziswayo kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lwempahla, ukwenza ulungiso lwemali olungezelekayo.

Ukuchasa Izobupolitika Nokwahlula - hlula Umgaqo

Ulawulo lwamanzi ludla ngokubandakanya amaqumrhu amaninzi anemithetho engqubanayo okanye engqubanayo. Iinkqubo zemozulu zingathotywa yimijikelo emifutshane yezobupolitika, iphunyezwe yimizi - mveliso yamanzi angenayo, kunye nokungafuni ukubeka imiqathango engathandwayo. Ukuyeka oku kufuna izakhiwo eziqinileyo zomthetho kunye neequmrhu ezizimeleyo. Ukuphumelela kwe-Ostreliya ye-Mater Act yo-2007, eyadala intengiso yamanzi yanika amandla kwi-Murroy-Diling Basin Ague, ibonisa ukuba utshintsho olucacileyo lunokwenzeka xa izivumelwano zezobupolitika zikho ngenxa yesongelo esiqatha somnqongophelelo. Ukuzinziswa kwemikhosi kunye nogcino-data olucacileyo lubalula ekunikezeni kwenkxaso kawonke ukwenzela utshintsho olunzima.

Imiqobo Yogcino-lwazi Nokungaqiniseki

Iimodeli zemozulu zivelisa uthotho lwekamva olunokwenzeka, okwenza kube nzima ukuyila iinkqubo ezisebenza kuzo zonke iimeko. Iingingqi ezininzi azinazo iinkqubo zokuhlola ezifunekayo ukuze kulandelwe amanqanaba amanzi asemhlabeni, ukufuduka, kunye nomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha lokwenene. Ngoko ke i-Pricies kufuneka ilungelelaniswe nezizathu zokuhlola kunye nokulungisa iimeko njengoko kuguquka. Ukuveliswa kwemiqathango yemozulu kunye neqonga elivulekileyo lithuba eliphezulu lokubuyiselwa. Umzekelo, iCopernicume Climate Change Service SER inika ngesisa, ukukhuthuma okuphezulu okusetyenziswa ngabalawuli bomlambo ukuhlaziya izicwangciso zokuchaphaza.

Imithetho Esesikweni

Imigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu ingaba mthwalo ophantsi ngempazamo kuluntu olufumana intsebenziswano kunye namaqela aphantsi. Amaxabiso amanzi aphezulu, ngeli xesha ephumelelayo, anokukhokelela kwiimeko ezimandundu. Utyalo-mali oluziindawo ezityebileyo ludla ngokuzimisela kwiindawo ezityebileyo, zishiye abanye bengenabungozi. Ukuphendula oku, imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iquke amaqondo okusindisa ubomi, izivumelwano zoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo zokwahlukana. Amalungelo abantu ekungeniseni amanzi, aqwalaselwe yiZizwe ezimanyeneyo, kufuneka atyhafe kwizicwangciso zemozulu.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Namanzi Agqithiseleyo

Iplanga elingaphezu kwe-260 lomlambo onqumla imida yesizwe, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kongeza uxinezeleko kumalungiselelo antsonkothileyo amanzi. Iinkqubo zemozulu ezikhuthaza intsebenziswano ngezantsi njengeliso lokuhlola icandelo lokuncedisana, ubuchule bokulungisa iziphumo, kunye nezicwangciso zokuphikisa ezidityanisiweyo zinokunciphisa iingozi zongquzulwano. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yoMlambo isebenzisa imo yemozulu ukudibanisa umkhosi wedamu kumazwe amane. IConvention ye-UNECE yamanzi inika iqonga elisemthethweni lokutshintsha imozulu.

Uphando lwemeko kumgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi ovunyiweyo

EKhalifoniya: Ubuvulindlela Bolawulo Lwezolo

Amava eKhalifoniya aneembalela ezineminyaka emininzi iyenze yaba yilebhu yomgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi owenziwe ngemozulu. UMthetho woMkhosi Wamanzi Osindileyo (SGMA) ufuna amasebe asekuhlaleni ukuxhasa amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ngo-2040, aphela amashumi eminyaka okuwasela. Inkqubo yemozulu ikwaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okujikeleza, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngesichotho, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanzi anamandla okujikeleza kwemozulu. Umthetho wama-202222 we-Water Resience Portolio uchaza iindlela zokulungiselela ukulungiselela ukuncitshiswa kwamanzi aqikelelwa kwishumi leshumi leshumi leshumi leshumi leshumi leshumi lezigidi nge-2070. Nangona imingeni ihleli injalo kwimimandla yezolimo zezolimo, kunye namalungelo amanzi anzulu athe kranyaniswa namanzi.

Icebo Elididayo lase-Australia

Emva kweMinyaka Eliwaka iDernought, i-Australia yamisela enye yezona nkqubo zokuguqula imozulu jikelele yamanzi. I-Murray-Darling Basin Plan imisela iindlela zokuhamba kwamanzi okuzingqongileyo, imisela imilinganiselo yokuhamba kwemekobume, imisela nentengiso yamanzi. Inkqubo ichaza ngokucacileyo utshintsho lwemozulu ngokunciphisa imida yokukhutshwa kwemida ehamba phambili. Uphicotho-zincwadi lwe-ethe zincwadi kunye nohlalutyo oluthe rhoqo iqinisekisa ukuba icebo liyaqhubeka lilungelelaniswa. Ngoxa iimfazwe zezobupolitika kwiindawo ezinika amanzi ziqhubeke, i-ethekistion zibonise iimpawu zokuchachachacha, kwaye abasebenzisi bamanzi baye baqhelanisa imozulu etshintshayo ngokuhambela phambili kwentengiso kunye nokuphumelela.

ISingapore: Ukuvala Iseti Yomjelo Ngenxa Yomgaqo - siseko

I-Singapore, nangona ingenawo amanzi emvelo, iphumele ukhuseleko lwamanzi ngenkqubo yemozulu ebonwayo. I-National Water Agency, PUB, izalisekisa iqhinga le “tempis” ezine: ukufunxa amanzi afudukayo, amanzi angenisiweyo, ahlawulelweyo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemozulu. Inkqubo yemo yezulu ibangela ukuba ulondolozo lwamanzi lungangeniswe ngokukhupha kwaye inyanzelise ukukhutshwa kwamanzi emvula. I-Newater, ivelise ubugcisa obuphucutheneyo, ngoku ifikelela kuma-40% emfuno yelizwe. Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Singapore ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yemozulu iyakwazi ukuqhuba ukwenziwa kobugcisa nakwezona ndawo ezihlala emanzini, inciphisa ukukhuthuthwa kwemozulu.

INetherlands: Ukuhlala Namanzi

I-Datshi inexesha elide ilungelelaniswa nemozulu kunye nenkqubo yamanzi. I-Delta Programme, ihlaziywe rhoqo kwiminyaka emithandathu ngenzululwazi yemozulu yakutshanje, ilawula ukhukuliselo lwemozulu, ukubonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo, kunye nocwangciso lwamadamatheko. I-Pricies ifuna ukuba yonke isakhiwo esitsha sikhuseleke ngokukhukuliseka kwamanzi ngo-2050. Imali exhaswa ngulo cwangciso lwemali ikhuseleke kwimali yeDelta enikezelweyo, iqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwemali yexesha elide ngaphandle kwemijikelezopoliti. Umzekelo we-Netherlands ubonise ukubaluleka kozinzo, inzululwazi eqinileyo, kunye nokuthengwa kolawulo lwamanzi athengwa ngabantu.

Icala Lexesha Elizayo Lomgaqo - siseko Wemozulu Namanzi

Ubuchule bokuphinda budityaniswe kwinkqubo yemozulu buza kuphinda buqhubeke ulawulo lwamanzi ombane. Okokuqala, i-nexus yamanzi yamanzi ifumana ingqalelo: iinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi zinciphisa umbane, zidala ii-synerges phakathi kwemiqathango yemozulu kunye nokutshintsha. Okwesibini, izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokubuyiselwa kwamanzi kunye nolwakhiwo oluluhlaza lwamanzi. "ukubekwa phambili kwimozulu yesizwe.] I-IPCC] iSiThathu Assesmentssss [[ ibalasebusweni bobunjani bokwenziwa kwemekobume bendalo ukwenzela ukubuyiselwa kwayo yomihlalo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi. Okwesithathu, ubugcisa benzululwazi lwamanani, ukuvaval-evalcean, kunye nokuvingce-ocean-accessss ezikhoyo.

Okwesine, ingqiqo “yoqingqo-mali yamanzi” ifumana intsalela elungelelanisiweyo kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni nowengingqi. Le migaqo imisela imida enyanzelekileyo enyanzelekileyo ekuphumeni kwamanzi apheleleyo kwindawo emanzi, ilungelelaniseka rhoqo ngonyaka ngokweemeko zemozulu. Le ndlela, sele isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezithile zeNew Zealand nentshona ye-United States, inyanzela abasebenzisi ukuba bacebe ukudibanisa amalungelo emozulu nolondolozo lwemozulu. Imigaqo yemozulu inxulunyaniswa namalungelo amanzi okuthiwawawawawa okanye ayaphulukana nawo. Imithetho iyatshintshwa ukuvumela abalimi ukuba bashiye amanzi emifuleni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yindawo yabo, ngaloo ndlela ixhasa indalo yabo ngexesha lembalela.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yemozulu asingomdlalo oxhasa ulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi kuphela. Ingunogada ophakathi wotshintsho. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo yogcino-lwazi, yokulawula izibonelelo ezinamandla, ukulawula ungcoliseko phantsi kolawulo oluguqukayo, ukukhusela izithintelo zendalo, nokusebenzisa izixhobo zezoqoqosho ngobulumko, oorhulumente bayakwazi ukuqhuba iinkqubo zamanzi ukuze zixhase. Ubunzima benkxaso-mali, ukhupho lwezopolitiko, imiqathango yogcino-lwazi, kunye nokungalinganiyo kuyinto yokwenene, kodwa uphando oluvela eCalifornia, e-Australia, eSingapore, naseNetherlands lubonisa ukuba inkqubo esebenzayo, inokuba neziphumo eziphathekayo. Njengoko utshintsho lwemozulu lusanda, ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nemeko-meyezulu kuya kugqiba kakuhle ukuhambelana koovimba abaziziintlobo-manyeneyo.