Ibhanile Yamajoni: Ukwanelisa Iindleko Zokusetyenziswa Kwemali

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zenza isiseko solawulo-melo apho kwakhiwa khona abameli bedemokhrasi. Ziincwadi zemithetho eziguqulela izigidi zabantu kwiqumrhu elilawulayo. Phakathi kweenkqubo ezindala nezithathi-manyumnyezi zidla ngokunconywa ngenxa yokulula kwazo, i-FFst- Post (FPPP), eyaziwa njengeqela elinye lolawulo lwedemokhrasi (SMP). Oku kusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zedemokhrasi ezinamandla njengeUnited Kingdom, i-United States, i-Indiya, neCanada, iFPT, isoloko inconywa ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngendlela elula, unxulumano olunamandla olukhoyo phakathi kwee------inters kunye nabameli bayo, kunye notyekelo lwayokuvelisa i-onqanothi ye-P ephambili, ngelixa kuchazwa nangamaqela ambalwa e-yoburhulumente, okanye ngobuchule obuninzi, nge-FP, nangaphi nangaphi nanganye, ngemeko yezoqoqosho, echazayomeleleyokubanzinyana, nanganye i-enzalise i-ethe yoncedo, nanga.

Indlela IFPTP Ebunjwe Ngayo Umhlaba Wezobupolitika

Ukuze ubani aqonde indlela okuchaphazela ngayo abantu abambalwa, umele aqale aqonde ingcinezelo yeFPTP yezopolitiko.

Umphumeleli Uthatha- Zonke

Kwinkqubo yeFPTP, eli lizwe lahlulwe ngokwenani leziqithi ezizimeleyo. Umvoti ngamnye uphosa ivoti enye kubavoti bayo abakhethelweyo, kwaye umvoti okhusela eyona ivoti iphumelele isihlalo. Zonke iivoti ziphoswe nayiphi na enye inzala zilahlwa ngenjongo yokunikwa indawo yokuhlala. Lo matshini wematshini uneziphene ezinzulu. Iqela eliphumeleleyo kwivoti enye kwi-100% yamandla ekhoyo kweso sihlalo. Usizwe, iqela lingawina umbatho olulungileyo lwepalamente ngo 40% okanye ngaphantsi kwevoti eyaziwayo, njengoko kuboniwe kwinani le UK novoti ezininzi zovote. Oku kubandakanya phakathi kovoti kunye nesihlalo kungumphakathi wokwahlulo lwendawo.

Umthetho Womxhasi Noxinzelelo Lokuvumelana

Isazinzulu sezobupolitika uMaurice Duverger saphawula ukuba i-FP idla ngokuvelisa nayiphi na inkqubo yecandelo elibini. Wachonga iindlela ezimbini zokuqinisa. Isiphumo [[FLT: 0] singulo olungumatshini wokwenza iziphumo kukuba amaqela amancinane anyanzelekile ukuba ohlwaywe; angaphumelela inxenye enkulu yevoti kodwa angakwazi ukuphumelela naziphi na izihlalo. impembelelo yesiqu sengqondo [ ngulowo uvotiso, uyakwazi ukusohlwaya, ngokufuthi ulahla ukuthanda kwawo okunene "ongenazintluyantluyano ezimbini" okunethuba lokwenene lokuphumelela. Oku kuvota oku kwenteko yenzeko, ukwenza iziphumo ezingookna ezithe ngqo.

Ubuninzi Besithili Nesazi-mathematika Samandla

I-FPTP isebenza ngobukhulu besithili esinye (isihlalo esinye kwisithili ngasinye). Oku yeyona ndawo ingqongqo ekunokwenzeka ukumiselwa kwayo. Ngokuthelekisa kwimimandla enamalungu amaninzi esetyenziswa ngokweenkqubo zolwahlulo, isithili esinye sinciphisa kakhulu amathuba okuba iqaqobana elisasazekileyo lomhlaba lingakhetha umndilili wokukhetha kwalo. Kuphela yimibutho emincinane enokukhusela umelo phantsi kwe-FPTP yileyo enkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye [[FLT: 0]] igxininisekile ngokwemo yobomi ukwenza uninzi lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukuxinana Ngaphantsi KweFPTP

The exclusionary nature of FPTP is not an accidental bug; it is a structural feature of the system. The impact manifests through several distinct but overlapping mechanisms.

Iintsana Neentlondi Ezingafunwayo

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo egqiba ukuba amandla okhetho aphantsi kwe-FPTP angolwabelo lwawo. Iqela elizenza i 10% yabemi besizwe kodwa elisasazeke ngokunempumelelo kuzo zonke iisithili ezilishumi liza kuthintelwa. Abaxhasi balo bangamaqaqobana asisigxina kwisithili esinye, abangakwazi ukufikelela kumashumi amathathu anesihlanu-40% afunekayo ukuzuza ubuninzi. Uvoti yabo isoloko "ikhahlisiwe" kwizinto eziphulukana nabaqulukileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iqela eliminyeneyo kwimimandla embalwa ingafumana izihlalo. Umzekelo, iSikolo seSizwe sifumana inzuzo yolwano olusuka kwindawo ethile, ngoxa iGreast Parti ingu engu-UK ifumana uvotilo lwesizwe esizi-4% kodwa isoloko ibamba indawo enye kuphela. Oku kukwahlula okungalinganiswa ngokulinganiswa [ngee-FGAGenet] [0]

I-"Spoiler" Isiqhoboshi kunye nokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu

Abambalwa abasebenzayo bajongene nesonakaliso esikhulu sesakhiwo: isiphumo somonakalo. Abavoti abasuka kuluntu oluncinane basoloko benyanzelwa ngogonyamelo ngamaqela amakhulu kunye nezixhobo zetheminali ukushiya umlandeli ozimeleyo okanye iqela elincinane ukuxhasa iqela elikhulu "elisenokuba liyingozi kubo" Oku kwenza ukuba abavoti abambalwa basoloko bekhetha phakathi kokuvota okungachananga (ukuxhasa ummeli wabo wokwenyaniso) kunye nokuvota ngobuchule (ukuzama ukuthintela iqela elikhulu elithiywa). Oku kusetyenziswa kwevotisi kufundisa amaqela amakhulu ukuba akuyomfuneko ukuba bakhuphikise inkxaso yabambalwa kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni; kufuneka kuphela bakhethe phakathi kokuvota okungachananga okuphambili.

Ubuchule bokuyila nokukhupha

Ngenxa yokuba imida yesithili inamandla amakhulu phantsi kwe-FPP, inkqubo yokuzoba iba yindawo yedabi eninzi. Oku kwaziwa njenge gerrymandering. Amaqela amarhashane anegunya anga "crack" uluntu oluncinane ngokuhlula amalungu alo kwimimandla emininzi apho engaphantsi khona, okanye "iiphawu" kwisithili esinye esiphezulu kakhulu. Ngoxa ukupakisha kuqinisekisa izihlalo ezikhuselekileyo ezimbini ezikhuselekileyo, kunciphisa impembelelo yalo butho ngokuba likhulu ngokuwasusa kwimimandla emeleneyo. EUnited States, ngexesha i-Voting Actsss ikhokelela ekudalweni "ormaorjomity-mity" kwisithility" ekukhuliseni ukufuziswa kwabamnyama, abagxeki-Doccocela i-ocractic, benza imimandla ekhuselekileyo yeRiphabliki kunye nokwandisa umanyano lwe-Riphabliki ye-okrames.

Ufundo lwetyala lomhlaba wonke: FPTP iyasebenza

Amatyala e-FPTP achazwa kwingxelo etyhiliweyo kwidemokhrasi enkulu ehlabathini.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Umsantsa Ohlala Ukho

Unyulo oluqhelekileyo lwe-UK lwango-2019 lwanikeza umboniso ocacileyo we-FPP' yokujijeka. Iqela leLungu lawina i- 43.6% yevoti kunye no 56.2% yezihlalo (inkoliso yama-80). iLiberal Democrats iphumelele 11.5% yevoti kodwa i-1.7% yezihlalo (11). Iqela eliGreenweleyo liphumelele 2.7% yevoti kunye nesihlalo esingu-1. Le "isiphumo" sigxininisa kwiqela elikhulu kwaye inciphekelele iintele, ipesenti okanye amaqela ahlukeneyo. Kubantu abambalwa abambalwa abavunyiweyo, umfanekiso uxube kodwa unyanzekile ngokugqithisileyo. Ngexesha elininzi uphakanyiswayo, uphakanyiswa kuphando oluninzi.

IUnited States: INkqubela - mkhosi Yokugxotha

I-US yeyona ndawo indala iqhubekekayo ye-FPPP yedemokhrasi, kwaye inkqubo yayo yecandelo lesibini inzima kakhulu. Isithintelo sokungena kumaqela esithathu siphantse singalawuleki. Ngo-192, uRoss Perot waphumelela kwivoti ephambili kamongameli kodwa waphumelela i-zero e-reyibhile yovoti. Eli gunya le-Fokhwe leqela lithetha ukuba imfuno yeqela elincinane inqabile ukuxhaswa ngokunyanisekileyo; iyamkeleka kuphela ukuba ilingana kakuhle neqela elikhulu leqela. Iziphumo zobuhlanga, iintlabacuphi abambalwa, iziphumo zinzima. Indlu yabameli igqweqwele kakhulu i-jiswe kakhulu. I-gxanal, esebenza kwimeko yelizwe elifumana i-engile, enye ingxaki eninzi, ngaphaya koomatilabhila-o-o-onke, i-onqabileyo, i-Greagean, i-eagean, i-eages, i-eant echul echul, i-ethe ngooggg

EIndiya: Ukulawula Iintlobo Ngeentlobo NgeeNtlanganiso Zeenqanawa Ezinkulu

I-Indiya inikela imeko ebangel ’ umdla, entsonkothileyo. Yinkqubo yedemokhrasi enkulu yehlabathi kwaye isebenza inkqubo ye-FPP eninzi, eninzi-indiya, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle yeenkonzo ezininzi. Ngokungafaniyo ne-UK okanye u-U, inkqubo ye-FPTPP, ivumele impumelelo yenkqubo yecandelo lesizwe elininzi ekhoyo kwilizwe nakumgangatho wesizwe, ngenxa yokunyuka kwentlalo ye-Bhata Parties, ulwimi, kunye nommandla. Ngokungafaniyo, inkqubo ibangele ukuchatshaza kwemiba encinane yesizwe. Umelo lwamaSilamsli kwiLokha isoloko iphantsi kwesabelo sawo sabemi. Inkqubo ye-FPP, idityaniswe nokukhuphuka kwe-BBParvectory (Jita), iventine, iveneempempe yoota yoothrentians.

INew Zealand: Ubungqina Botshintsho

Impikiswano enyanzelisayo echasene ne-FPTP ivela eNew Zealand, ilizwe elayishiya ngenyameko. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yokukhula kokungakhuli kwe-PTP (umz., unyulo lowe1978 nowe 1981 apho iSizwana soMbutho sombuso sazuza khona urhulumente phezu kokuba i-Labour) imbalwa ivoti. Impembelelo kwi-metantentententemu encinci. IMMP isebenzisa inkqubo emibini ye-voti ye-MP kunye nenye yeqela lesizwe. I-FLTP ibonelela umlinganiselo we-MEnterporton. Oku kukhokelela ekuboniseni iPalamenter ephawulekayo kumabhinqa. [[FLT.FT.P] [ir.]

Imiphumo Engokwenkqubo Yempilo Yedemokhrasi

Ukungahlawulwa kweqela elingaphantsi kweFPTP asikokungalungisi nje okufuziselayo.

Ukungaqiniseki Nokungathabathi Nto

Xa abavoti abambalwa bebona ukuvota kwabo kusilela ngokuqhubekayo ukuguqulela kumelo, ukusebenza kwezobupolitika kusihla. Kutheni kuvotelwa kwisihlalo esikhuselekileyo xa isiphumo sisiphelo siso sisesinqeni? Kutheni le nto ivotela iqela lesithathu xa uyazi ukuba alinakuphumelela? Oku kukhuthaza umjikelezo onzima wokujika okusezantsi, ingakumbi phakathi kwamanani amanani asezantsi nambalwa. Phantsi kuphakamisa ngamandla, amhlophe, kunye nesiseko sokuvota esithe ngcembe ngakumbi esimelelwe ngaphezulu kwemivo efunyenweyo.

Ukutyeshelwa Komgaqo - siseko Nokuqotywa Kwengxoxo

Amaqela ezobupolitika, njengabadlali abanobuchule, asabela kwizihlomelo zonyulo. Phantsi kwe-FPTP, ukhuthazo kukwakha umbutho omncinci ophumeleleyo wama-50%+1 evoti kwizihlalo eziphambili. Iimbambano zokuba inzulu kwiqela elilishumi% kodwa aziphembeleli abavoti-majelo eendaba abarhoxiweyo kwimimandla esezantsi bathotyelwe phantsi okanye batyeshelwe. Oku kubandakanya imicimbi efana namalungelo esizwe somthonyama, ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kumaqela, inkohlakalo yamapolisa kwiqela elincinane, okanye inkululeko ethile yonqulo.

Ukuncipha Kokholo Nokuqhekeka Kwentlalo

Xa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yabemi ivakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe kubo, ukukholosa ngamaziko edemokhrasi kuyakhukuliseka. Oku kudala umhlaba ochumileyo wokukhupha ipopulism, i-graficain, kunye nokuhlulwa. Idemokhrasi engamelanga amalungu ayo azimeleyo iyaphela. Ukunqongophala kwamazwi ahlukeneyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kukwakhokelela kwimigaqo-siseko engenziwa kakuhle kwaye engasebenzi kakuhle, inyusa ngakumbi ingqiqo yokwahlukana phakathi kwabantu abachaphazelekayo.

Ezinye Iindlela: Iinkqubo Ezilungiselelwe Ukungavisisani

Iindaba ezimnandi zezokuba uluntu luye lwavelisa iinkqubo zokukhetha ezilunge ngakumbi ezifanelekeleyo ukuze lulawule iinguqu ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Rhoice Voing (RCV) / Runoff Voting yangoko (IRV)

RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake amacandelo abathathi-nxaxheba ngokomyalelo wokhetho. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti zokuqala ezithandwayo, indawo yokugqibela erhoxisiweyo, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho lwesibini. Le nkqubo iphinda ide uninzi lophumelele lufunyanwe. Ngokususa isiphumo somonakalo, iRCV ikhuthaza ulwakhiwo lwesivumelwano kwaye ivumela abambalwa abavoti ukuba baxhase umbaleki wokuqala ngaphandle kokoyika ukudlala ivoti yabo. Inokusebenza ngakumbi kwimimandla yesibini enye, yenza umelo olunolwamdlalo. Isetyenziswa kuMaine noAlaska ukwenzela unyulo lolawulo olungurhulumente kunye nakumazwe amaninzi aphesheya kwe-US.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

Njengoko kuboniswe yiNew Zealand neJamani, iMMP inika umlinganiselo onyanzelisayo. Abavoti banevoti ezimbini. Enye ivoti isiya kumeli wasekuhlaleni kwisithili seFPTP- style. Ivoti yesibini isiya kuluhlu lweqela. Uluhlu lwevoti lweqela lusetyenziselwa "phezulu" izihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa kwepalamente kusondelelene nesabelo somvoti wesizwe. Le igcina uxanduva lwasekuhlaleni ngelixa kuqinisekisa ulwahlulo. Le nkqubo iboniswe ukuba yandisa ngokuphawulekayo umelo lwabafazi nolutsha lohlanga oluthile kwipalamente ngaphandle kokunikezela ngonxulumano phakathi kwe-63 kunye ne-MP yabo.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

I-STV isebenza kwisithili esinye. Ukuphumelela abathathi-nxaxheba abakwisigaba esiphezulu. Ukuphumelela kwisihlalo, umvotelwa kufuneka afikelele kumlinganiselo othile weevoti. Le nkqubo ilungelelaniswe kakhulu kwaye inika abavoti ukhetho olukhulu. Ivumela abameli abaninzi abasuka kwisithili esinye, ithetha iqela elincinane elizenza 25% yesithili esinelungu lesine singalindela ukuchonga omnye wabathandi babo. I-STV isetyenziswa eIreland nase Malta nakweminye iminyulo yasekuhlaleni eScotla nase-Australia. Iphelisa i "etween, isithi esine, isibini esiphumeleleyo" esiyingozi kakhulu kubantu abambalwa.

Ukuthetha NeeNtloko Zorhwebo

Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa zingakhokelela koorhulumente abadibeneyo kwaye zinika amandla amakhulu kumaqela amancinane, angomnye umbango. Oku kuyinto ephambili, kodwa kusoloko kuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Urhulumente wobukholo uqhelekile kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwaye usoloko uzinzile kwaye ungqinelana. Ngaphezu koko, "umbutho womanyano" umngcipheko ungalawulwa ngeminye imiqobo yequmrhu, enjengokruquzelelwayo (ufaka imiqobo 3-5% yevoti ukuze ufumane naziphi izihlalo). Uzinzo olunikelwa nguFPTPP lusoloko lufika ngexabiso lamalizwi amancinane anokungalingani, anokuthi aqhutyekiswe kakhulu kuneembono ezahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo yoMsebenzi njengeSiseko

I-Past-Past ayingonogada, isixhobo sezobupolitika sobalo lwevoti. Yinkqubo enamandla elawulayo elawula ngokukhutheleyo umhlaba wezobupolitika. Inceda amaqela amakhulu, amaqela eepesentilithi kwaye ibophelele amancinane, ahlukeneyo. Amaqela amancinane, oku kuguqulela kwinguqulelo engapheliyo ngaphantsi komsinga, ukuvota, ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zobuchule, kunye nenkqubo. Uphando olusuka kwiUK, umthetho lubonisa ukuba ezi zinto azizizo iingozi kodwa ziphila izinto ezikhoyo. Ngokuchasene noko, utshintsho oluphumelelayo eNew Zealand lubonisa ukuba utshintsho alunakho kodwa luyingenelo kakhulu kwidemokhrasi ekusebenziseni ubuchule nokungalawuleki. Ukukhetha kwenkqubo yovolo luyisigqibo sesiseko sobugqweqwesi selizwe elilawulwa liphela.