Isiseko soMgaqo-siseko soBuJuli

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lifakwe kwiGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. liqiniswa ngokubhekele phaya ziZiko-mvume zeSithandathu neseSibini. Esi siqinisekiso sibalulekileyo sibonisa abaseki be-’ inkolelo yokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo, kungekhona amagosa karhulumente akude, mabagqibe ukuba netyala okanye ukuba msulwa kwaye bacombulule iimpikiswano zamakhaya. Umsebenzi kaJury uguqula imigaqo ecacileyo yesiseko ukuba ibe ngumsebenzi wezezentlalo-ntle. Xa abantu befumana izimendumiso, baba ngumfuziselo wobulungisa bebutho labantu — i-ehawu i-qhinga elingqalileyo kwijaji yetyala nakuphendula abameli.

Indaleko ibonisa ukuba inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ikhule ukusuka kumgangatho wayo olinganiselweyo wokuqala ukuquka amabhinqa, abantu bemibala, nabo bonke abantu abadala abafanelekileyo. UMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1875 waqinisekisa ukuba uhlanga alunakuyilawula inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, kodwa ukufakwa kwelungu elipheleleyo kwathatha amashumi eminyaka. Izigqibo ezifana Babatson v. Kentucky [1986]) yalwalela ukukhulula idemokhrasi yohlanga ngemintseleleko. Namhlanje, umsebenzi wabachongi bebonke abasebenzi bejameli umele ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-demokhrasi, unika umndilili wonke indima ecacileyo ekudluliseleni isigwebo esisemthethweni.

Indima Yomsebenzi WobuJury Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Umsebenzi we Jury ungaphezulu kakhulu kunomthetho oqhelekileyo. Igalelo lawo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni linokulungiselelwa libe yimisebenzi emithathu engundoqo:

  • Idiziko lejaji elithathwe kubhaliso lwevoti kunye nelayisensi yomqhubi libonisa kakuhle iirekhodi zoluntu i’ ukwenziwa kwamanani. Xa iijaji zibonakalisa umahluko wabemi abakhonzayo, izigqibo zithwala iimpazamo eziqikelelwayo. Uphando olusuka kwi- Imanyano yeMelika Bar ibonisa ukuba iijaji ezahlukeneyo zithatha ixesha elide, ziqwalasela iimbono ezininzi, kwaye zenza iimpazamo ezimbalwa ezingundoqo.
  • Ityala. Ijaji ime phakathi kwesizwe nommangalelwa. Ngokufuna isivumelwano esimanyeneyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo inyanzela ukuba itshutshise ihlangabezane nomthwalo wayo ophezulu wobungqina ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, ijaji ihlola ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo kwaye inike izigqibo ezigcina iinkampani, oorhulumente, nabantu abanoxanduva. Oku kuphendula okuthe tyaba kunguphawu lokuhlola kunye nomlinganiselo kwijaji.
  • Ubuchule boontanga obungekho kuqeqesho olusemthethweni bavavanya ubungqina obusekelwe kwingqiqo kunye namava obomi, ukuthintela abagwebi okanye abatshutshisi ekulawuleni iziphumo. Abatshutshisi bazisa ubulumko obusebenzisekayo obunokuthintela ubuchule bobuchule bobuchule bokulinganisa, ukuqinisekisa izigwebo zisekelwe kumgangatho woluntu wobungcathu.

Ukuphulukana nezigqibo kudla ngokubonisa ulwaneliseko olungakumbi ngesigqibo sokuchophela amatyala kunokuba kuvavanywe ngemiqathango yebhedi kuba umgwebo odityanisiweyo woontanga abalishumi elinesibini uziva ufanelekile.

Indlela Ebunjwe Ngayo Ubukho Bomthetho

Ngeli xesha izigwebo zigqiba amatyala ngamanye, izigqibo zazo zikwaphembelela izindululo ezibanzi zomthetho. Umzekelo, amabhaso aphezulu eprojekthi yejaji kwityala lemveliso angashukumisela iinkampani ukuba ziphucule imiqathango yokhuseleko. Ngokufanayo, ukugwetywa kwiimeko eziphikisanayo kungakhokelela kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ekuguquleni imimiselo yakwaphula umthetho. Iziko lesizwe leeNkundla yeBhunga leRhulumente [ liphawula ukuba izigqibo zabachophi betyala zingxamise ingxubuliso kawonke kwiimeko ezifana nemithetho ye-defene, imigangatho yezonyango engekho mthethweni, kunye nokuphendula kwenkampani. Ngalo ndlela, umsebenzi wabachongi abachongi abagwebi akayedwanga abango-&dashdash; iinkonzo ezithelela kwindaleko le inguqulelo zezo zezo zezo zezomthetho.

Impembelelo Yomsebenzi WobuJuli Kubandakanyeka Kuluntu

Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kutshintsha indlela abantu abayiqonda ngayo indima yabo kwibutho labantu. Uxwebhu oluninzi lophando lubonisa ukuba abachopheli-mthetho baqalisa ukuqonda ngokunzulu iimbopheleleko zoluntu nokuthembana okungakumbi kwinkqubo yokugweba i— kodwa kuphela xa amava abo elungile.

  • [[FLT: 0] Uphando oluthe chatha. Abavumi bafumana imfundo malunga neenkqubo zenkundla, imithetho ecacileyo, kunye nokucaciswa kokungabi nabucala. Olu lwazi lunciphisa inkqubo yokusesikweni luze lunciphise amathandabuzo kawonke-wonke. Uhlolisiso lwama-2019 oluye lwe- lweZiko lesizwe loMasitholo loLugwebo [ lufumanise ukuba uluvo olungcono lwangaphambili lwejaji lwazi oluchaza indlela esebenza ngayo emva kokusebenza. Olu lwazinzo lusoloko lunyuka ngaphaya kwenkundla yetyala: abasebenzi bejaji badla ngokuvotela kwiruthi lwejaji, balandele inkundla yeendaba zasekuhlaleni.
  • Inkcazo yendlela yokusebenza. Inkqubo yokucinga inika abemi abaqhelekileyo igunya lokwenza izigqibo ezibophelelekileyo. La mava ombutho oziko angaguqula, ingakumbi kubantu abaziva bephantsi kwezinye iinkalo zobomi bengingqi. Abagwebi abaninzi bachaza ixesha abanikela ngalo isigqibo njengenye yezona zenzo zibalulekileyo nezinentsingiselo zobomi babo obukhulu. Igunya likwaguqulela ukwandisa ubugcisa bobuqu kwezinye iindima zoluntu, njengokusebenza kwezinye ibhodi, ukunikela uncedo, okanye ukuthetha ekuhleni.
  • Ikomyunithi ye-commony Cohession. I-avareji izisa kunye abasemzini abasuka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, imisebenzi, kunye neemvelaphi. Kwientsuku okanye iiveki, bayasebenzisana, bayaxoxisana, kwaye bafikelele kwisivumelwano. Le microscom yenkcubeko yedemokhrasi ikhuthaza ikomkhulu lentlalo i— iingqubano kunye nokuthemba okuxhasa ingingqinelwano ezisempilweni. Uxanduva olwahlulo lokwenza ummi ongu’ ishwano oluno oluthi lungahlala ixesha elide emva kokuba kugqitywe ukuvavanywa.

Kanti impembelelo elungileyo ekugananeni ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela iinkundla eziwaphatha ngayo amajaji. Xa iinkundla zinciphisa amaxesha okulinda, zinika izibonelelo ezifanelekileyo, kunye nentlonelo abachopheli beejaji ’ ixesha, ulwaneliseko kunye nolwandiso olulandelayo loluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, amava angemahle anokuphelisa ukuthembana. Iinkundla kulo lonke ilizwe zifumana utshintsho oluqwalaselwayo, kuquka iinkqubo zosuku olunye lovavanyo, ingingqi ye-intanethi yokuhlola ngaphakathi, kunye nolu luhlu lweposi lokubulela, ukuqinisa unxulumano phakathi komsebenzi wejaji naphakathi komanyano.

Isifundo Setyala: Ukuvuselelwa Kwenkonzo KaJury EArizona

Inkqubo yenkundla iArizona ’ isebenza inkqubo yezinguqu zenkulungwane yejubini ekuqaleni kowama- 2000: ukuphelisa ukuma okunyanzelekileyo ngeentsuku zonyaka, ukunika ukulityatyaziswa okuthambileyo, nokunika uphando oluthambileyo lwevidiyo. Uphando lokulandela lubonise ukuba ulwaneliseko lwanyuke ngama-30%, kwaye abalawuli bejaji baxe amaqondo aphezulu okuvota nokusebenza ngokuzithandela xa kuthelekiswa nabangabangasebenzi. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba amava omsebenzi wejaji ngokwawo anokutshintshwa ukwandisa iinzuzo zomanyano lwasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Abajamelene Nalo Abaqhubi

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, umsebenzi wenkundla yokuchophela amatyala ubeka umthwalo wokwenene. Ukuvuma ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuyileni inkqubo esebenza kuye wonke umntu.

Umlinganiselo woLawulo Kukhetho lwe Jury

Ngapha koko ubunzima obubodwa, imiqobo yokwakha kwinkqubo yokuthuma nokukhetha ngokungenakulinganiswa ichaphazela abantu abanombala kunye nabangenayo. Izicelo zotshintsho ziquka ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti olunxulumene nemithombo yenkundla yetyala, iindawo zokuhlala zolwimi ezandisiweyo, kunye nemigaqo yesiNgesi kuphela enokuthi ingabi namkhethe abemi abafanelekileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kweerekhodi nabaqhubi kunye novoti abangenazo iinqwelo-mafutha okanye abangabhaliswanga.

Ukubaluleka Kokwahlukahlukana KwamaJuli

Ukungafani koluntu akuyonjongo nje yokomfuziselo; kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba sesikweni nokuchana kwesigwebo.

  • Ingqikelelo-mbono ezingqukuva. Iqela labagwebi abavela kwiimvelaphi ezifanayo linokwabelana ngeendawo ezifihlakeleyo. Ijaji eyahlukeneyo izisa eyahlukileyo intlalo-meko yezoqoqosho, inkcubeko, namava obomi akhokelela ekuqwalaseleni ubungqina obupheleleyo. Umzekelo, kwiimeko ezibandakanya ihambo yamapolisa okanye ucalucalulo, umgwebi onobukho ohlala nomntu onamava ocalucalulo anganceda abanye baqonde umongo onokuthi ngandlela ithile uphelwe.
  • Ukuncitshiswa kobuhlanga. Imijukujelwa yejaji edibeneyo ilula kakhulu ekucingeni kunye nocalucalulo olupheleleyo. Uphando lwenzululwazi yentlalo iSommers kunye ne-Ellsworth lufumanise ukuba abamhlophe kumaqela ohlanga oludityanisiweyo balugqibele ngokucokisekileyo kwaye babonakalisa ukungacalucalucalucani kakhulu kunoxa besebenza kuzo zonke iintloko zobumhlophe. Ubukho bemikhosi yamazwi eyahlukeneyo ethatha inxaxheba ukuthethelela iindawo zabo ngobungqina kunokuba bathembele kwimibalwa.
  • Ukwakha Intelekelelo. Ingingqi ezizibona ziboniswa kwiibhokisi zejaji zibonakala zikulungele ukusebenzisana nenkqubo yokugweba. Ukuthemba kukhuthaza ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusebenzisana nophando, kunye nokwamkela izigqibo ezisemthethweni. Ngokuchaseneyo, imbali yazo zonke iijaji ezimhlophe kuluntu olwahlukeneyo ikonakalisa intembelo kwaye ikhuthaza ukukrokrela ubuhlanga benkqubo.

Iinkundla zisamkela amanyathelo okuvuma ukuphucula iinguqu: uludwe lomthombo owandisiweyo, ukunciphisa ukukhulula kwimisebenzi yobugcisa, uqeqesho olucacileyo lwekhethe kubagwebi namagqwetha, kunye nokuvumela i— kwanokulukhuthaza i— imingeni yokukhulula engaveli semthethweni. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S.’ izigqibo kwi-Flowers v. Missississippi[[[FL:1]] (20.9) yaqinisekisa oko kususwa komkhethe olufuna ukugadiswa okuqhubekayo, hayi nje imithetho esesikweni.

Ucelomngeni Oluzizinzileyo Notshintsho Lwawo

Uhlaselo lwe-— apho amagqwetha agxotha abagwebi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu i— iye yasetyenziswa ngokwembali ukukhupha iqela elincinane. Amazwe anjengeKhalifoniya, iWashington, ne-Oregon aye ashukunyiselwa ukumisela okanye ukuphelisa iingxaki zokuzikhulula, ezifuna ukuba zonke izibheno zibe zesizathu okanye ukuba naluphi na ucelomngeni olusekelwe kwiempawu ezicacisiweyo zeqela lungavumelekanga. Olu tshintsho luzimisele ukwenza ukhetho lwejaji lucace ngakumbi kwaye luquleze luqule.

Amanyathelo Okufundisa Okukhuthaza Imisebenzi Yobutsha

Ukuqonda inkqubo linyathelo lokuqala lokubandakanyeka kuyo. Amanyathelo okufundisa kumgangatho omninzi anceda ekususeni inkonzo yokuchophela ityala kwaye akhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokwenziwa kwale mihla

Ubugcisa bemfundo butshintsha indlela iinkundla ezinxibelelana ngayo nabachopheli bejaji. kwiOnline ivumela ukuba iinkundla zejaji zihlole izicelo, iincwadi ezipheleleyo, kunye neevidiyo ezicacisayo. Ezinye iinkundla zisebenzisa izikhumbuzi zomyalezo kunye neebheji zemiboniso ukuze zibone inkonzo. Isifo seCOVID-19 sikhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-voir oraccesside kunye neemvavanyo zenyani, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inkonzo yabachopheli-komiti yejaji ifikeleleke ngakumbi kwabo banemingeni yokuhamba okanye yezithuthi. Ngoxa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zemfundo ye-projective ziqinisekisa ukuba uwonke ufunde ngemisebenzi yejaji elawulayo kungakhathaliseki indawo.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi we Jury asiyombopheleleko nje yokunyamezela i— kukusetyenziswa kolawulo-lwazi. Ngomelo, ngokuphendula ngoxanduva, nangokusesikweni, izigwebi ziqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yoluntu ifaka umgangatho wokulawula inkqubo yobulungisa. Impembelelo yomsebenzi wejaji ekudibaniseni inzulu: ifundisa abemi, inika amandla abantu, kwaye ikhuthaza ukudibana kwezentlalo. Kodwa ukuze oku kufunyaniseke, kufuneka sijamelane nocelomngeni lokwenene lwexesha, uxinzelelo lwemali, kunye noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo olujongeneyo. Sikwamele sifune ingcungela-mfatha yokuphelisa ukucwa kwemizwa nokuthemba. Izindululo zemfundo, ukusuka kwizikolo zenkundla ukuya kwiinkqubo zenkundla, zibeka isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ikamva lobulungisa bentlalo lixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabemi ukukhonza kunye nokuvuma kwenkqubo ukususa imiqobo yokusebenza. Amazwana asebenza ngembuyekezo yokulinda, inciphiso, kunye neenkqubo zokukhetha ezizizo zonke aza kubona izigqibo ezingcono hayi kuphela kodwa kwanezomelele ngakumbi. Ummi ngamnye obiziweyo onikela ingxelo, owenjongo, onika isigqibo, kwaye anika isigqibo aqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyonto igawulwa ziingcali kodwa ngumthwalo wesisebenzi esidityaniweyo.