Umgaqo wengozi ephindwe kabini umi njengenye yezikhuseli ezihlala zihleli kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ukhusela abantu ukuba bangazanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye. Wasekwa kwizithethe zamandulo zezomthetho kwaye wafakwa kwiSigqibo sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., lo mthetho uthintela urhulumente ekubekeni umntu ityala eliphindaphindiweyo, izigwebo, kunye nesohlwayo sokwenza isenzo esinye. Kodwa njengokuba inkqubo yokusesikweni ijika isiya kwimiqathango yokuzinzisa nesasentlalo-ntle, `esona silungelelanisa ngokusesikweni nokusetyenziswa komnye umqathango ophindwe kabini kunokubangela imbambano ephawulekayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziphumo eziphindidibini zokuzinzo kwimithetho elungisayo kunye nokugweba, lihlola zombini izithintelo ezibangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho.

Isiseko Seengozi Eziphindwe Kabini Embalini Nasemthethweni

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini isekelwe ngokunzulu kumthetho waseNtshona, ilandela imigaqo yomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaRoma nowaseNgilani eyalela ukutshutshiswa kaninzi ngesenzo esifanayo esiphosakeleyo. EUnited States, uMphetho-Mdathiso wesihlanu uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho mntu oya "kubekwa phantsi kobubi obufanayo ukuze abekwe kwingozi ephindwe kabini yobomi okanye isiqobo. Le migaqo isebenza kurhulumente nakwimiqathango yorhulumente ngokuququzelelwa kwemfundiso yeMgaqo-siseko we-145. Uqikelelo lukukhusela abantu kwimingeni yemali nengokweemvakalelo, umngcipheko wokungalawuleki, kunye nesigwebo esiguquguqukiyo sikarhulumente.

U Jeopardy udibanisa xa inkundla yetyala ithe yafakwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye yafunjwa, okanye xa ingqina lokuqala lifungelwa kwityala lebhedi. Ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe okanye wagwetywa, umtshutshisi akanakumbhenela okanye amfake ityala elifanayo kwi-modeli enye. Noko ke, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. Umahluko ophambili uquka imfundiso emanyathelwe amatyala amabini (ukuvumela amatyala ahlukeneyo ngurhulumente norhulumente ukuba enze into efanayo), ukulahleka okubonakala ukuba uyimfuneko, kwaye ukumangalelwa emva kokuba kuphumelele isibheno sommangaliso sommangaleli. Ezi zizinto ziyagxeka xa zivavanyanisa indlela eziphindiweyo ezinokuchasana ngayo neenkqubo ezidiza ngokuphindiweyo.

Ulawulo Olunye Nezicelo Zalo Zokuphinda Uqheliselo

Phantsi kwemfundiso yolawulo olubini, isenzo singaphula imithetho yabalawuli abaninzi (umz., urhulumente kunye norhulumente). Umlawuli ngamnye angamangalela ngaphandle kokubangela iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Oku kungenza ukuba imigudu yokulungisa imigudu yokulungisa enenjongo yokucombulula isiganeko esinye kwinkqubo emanyanisiweyo. Umzekelo, umntu owenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo angajamelana nezityholo zombini zezolawulo kunye namalungelo esizwe. Nokuba inkqubo yokulawula inkqubo yokusesikweni ebanzi ikhokelela kwisivumelwano, urhulumente wesizwe usenokuyiphikisa. Ulwamkelo olunjalo lungakululaza ukuvala ukunikezelwa kwenkqubo ye-enzaliseko.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokubuyiselwa Kobulungisa: Iimbambano Namathuba

Ukulungisa okuzinzileyo kugxininisa ekulungiseni umonakalo ngokuncokola ngokuzithandela, ukuphenduliswa, nokubandakanywa kwentsebenziswano yoluntu. Uqheliselo lomzekelo luquka ukunxibelelana namaxhoba, iintlanganiso zentsapho, kunye neendawo zokwenza uxolo. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokwenzeka ngaphambi, ngexesha, okanye emva kwengxelo yenkundla esemthethweni. Ingozi ephindwe kabini isenokukuthintela ukuvuselelwa kokulungisa okusesikweni ngokulinganisela amandla okuphinda uphicotho-ciso lolunye uhlobo lwamanyathelo asele egqitywe lityala.

Masithi ummangalelwa uthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo yobulungisa njengenxalenye yesivumelwano setyala esibambekayo. Kamva ixhoba lisenokuvakalelwa kukuba inkqubo ayiphelelanga okanye iziphumo ezintsha zomonakalo zivele. Imigaqo yengozi ephindwe kabini idla ngokukhusela inkundla ekuvuleni ityala ekuvuleni ulawulo olongezelelweyo. Ngoxa amaqela eengxoxo anokuzenza angenelele ngokuqhutywa yingxoxo, urhulumente akanakuzinyanzela. Oku kudala uxanduva phakathi kobungozi obuphinda kabini obunika abamangalelwa kunye neemfuno eziqhubekayo zokuphilisa amaxhoba kunye noluntu.

Ucelomngeni Lokusebenzisa Okusesikweni Okuzinzileyo Ngakwicala Lengozi Ephindwe Kabini

  • [[NTL:0] Ubungqiniba obudityanisiweyo kwityala le Revisit: Xa inkundla yamkela isibongozo okanye imiba yesigqibo, imivalo ephindwe kabini yengozi iqhubekeka ngokugqithisileyo ngenxa yetyala elinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba izivumelwano zokubuyisela izivumelwano ezifikelelwe emva kokukhulula okanye ukuqinisekisa akunakunyanzeliswa ngokunyanzelisa ukuba kusebenze.
  • I-Victim kunye noLuntu Disationsationsfaction: Ukuba inkqubo yokubuyisela inika isivumelwano sokuba amaxhoba akholelwa ukuba awayicombulule ngokufanelekileyo umonakalo, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini uthintela urhulumente ekufuneni ezinye iimvume. Amaxhoba asenokuvakalelwa kukuba okusesikweni akuphunyezwanga.
  • Ubungqina obutsha bobungozi okanye uxanduva: Ngamanye amaxesha emva kokuba ityala livaliwe, kuvela ubungqina obutsha bokuba ummangalelwa wabangela umonakalo owongezelelweyo okanye ukubandezeleka kwexhoba kukhulu kunokuba kuqondwe. Ubungozi obuphinda-phindiweyo buthintela nawaphi na umgudu wokwenza obu bungqina bube sisicwangciso sokubuyisela esilungisiweyo.
  • Icala elithe ngqo leCoercion in Early Accounts: Ukuphepha ukuvala iingozi eziphindiweyo kwizenzo zexesha elizayo, abatshutshisi banganyanzela abamangalelwa kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela izinto kwangoko, ngaphambi kokuba zonke izibakala zaziwe. Oku kungakuthoba phantsi ukuma kobulungisa bokuzithandela nobusebenzisana.

UMthetho Wetyala Nokwahluka Kwamatyala

Iinkundla zixhasa isiphelo somgqibelo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwanaxa iziphumo zokubuyisela zibonakala zinqweneleka. United States v. Scott, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphawula ukuba iMibini I-Jeopardy Claus ibonakalisa umdla onzulu onzulu wokongamela ekugqibeleni kunye nowokubuyisela iziphumo. Noko ke, ezinye izivumelwano, zidale umahluko womthetho. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo ase-Canada avumela iprojekthi yeposi-viction elungelelanisa iinkqubo ezingaguquleli isigwebo kodwa ezivumela incoko yababini yexhoba ukuba ingasebenzi ngaphandle kokwenza iziphumo ezisemthethweni. KuNew Zealand, iqela lentsapho lingene kwiNkundla Yolutsha, kodwa iphinde iphindekelele emva kwemidalo yokugqibela.

Impembelelo yenye isigwebo

Enye isigwebo sibhekisela kuludwe olude lwezigwebo ezisuka ekuvalweni ngokwesithethe: ukulingwa, inkonzo yoluntu, iinkundla zonyango lweziyobisi, iinkundla zempilo yengqondo, iinkqubo zokuthoba iingcinga, kunye nokuzimela okuxelwayo. Ezi zicwangciso zijolise ekunciphiseni ukuncitshiswa kwe-recifidism, iingxaki ezisisiseko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye zinciphise iziphumo ezithe zagcinwa. Ingozi ephindwe kabini ingachaphazela elinye isigwebo ngokumisela okanye ukunyusa isigwebo xa sibekwe kwaye sinyuse ekugqibeleni.

Qwalasela ummangalelwa ofumana ityala lokugwetywa kwetyala elingenabundlobongela. Inkundla kamva ifumanisa ukuba ummangalelwa waphula umthetho ngendlela engakhange ilindelwe ngaphambili. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuvavanywa kokurhoxiswa akujongwa njengezingxengxezo ezintsha ngeenjongo eziphindwe kabini kuba zibandakanya ityala elifanayo nommangalelwa sele ewaphule amalungelo athile. Noko ke, ukuba inkundla izama ukubeka isigwebo esiqatha. [iiiinkcukacha] esinjengesohlwayo /iwiso sesigwebo, ingxinano ephinda kabini enokuthi inyuke njengesohlwayo sesibini solwaphulo-mthetho olunye.

Isiphelo somjikelezo

Umgaqo wokugqibela ligumbi lengozi ephindwe kabini kwaye ukhusela abamangalelwa kwixhala lokucinezelwa ngaphandle. Kumongo wesinye isigwebo, oku kungaba ngamandla kunye nobuthathaka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso sabaKhuseli: Xa isigwebo sithe sagqibela, abamangalelwa bayayazi iziphumo kwaye bangaya phambili. Olu luzinzo lubalulekile ekulungiseni kwakhona nasekubuyiselweni kwakhona.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ulwahlulelo kwi-Iviviation Olayers: Abagwebi abanako kamva ukutshintsha izivakalisi ukuze badibanise amanyathelo amatsha okanye iimeko ezitshintshiweyo .ezifana nemfuno ezijikelezayo zexhoba okanye inkqubela phambili yommangalelwa kunyango/_ngaphandle kokufumana uvuselelo lwengozi eziphindiweyo.
  • Ingeniso yeNjongo yokuqala: Ngenxa yokuba iingozi eziphindiweyo zithintela uhlenga-hlengiso olulandelayo, abagwebi kufuneka baqwalasele ngenyameko zonke izinto ezinxulumeneyo .Kuquka amandla okubuyisela imisebenzi, igalelo lexhoba, kunye nolawulo lwexesha elide(ukusebenza) ngexesha lokusebenza.

Ukwaliwa Okuchasiweyo Nokufakelwa Okuphindwe kabini

Iinkqubo zokwamkelwa zivumela ummangalelwa ukuba avume ityala ngokuqonda ukuba ityala liza kurhoxiswa ekugqityweni ngempumelelo kwegama lokuvavanywa nezinye iimeko. Ukuba ummangalelwa uyehluleka, inkundla ingena kwisiqinisekiso kwaye ibeke isigwebo. Ingozi ephindwe kabini ivela xa inkundla izama ukulungisa iimeko emva kokuba yamkelekile kwinkqubo. Iinkundla ezininzi zibambe ukuba ukunqandelwa kwetyala kuluhlobo lwe-premist, hayi umgwebo wokugqibela, ngoko ingozi ephindwe kabini ayibophini de isiqinisekiso singene. Oku kwenza ukuba ukulungele ukutshintsha, kodwa xa ixesha elibekiweyo liphelile kwaye ityala licinywa, iintsontela eziphinda kabini zezohlwayo ngenxa yoko tyala.

Ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko nokubuyiselwa koncedo nokuphilisa

Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunye nokubuyiselwa kwesigwebo/ukuphinda kuphindwa lubonisa impikiswano enzulu ekuhlaziyweni kwesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho: indlela yokulungelelanisa amalungelo omntu neemfuno zoluntu kunye nolwaneliseko lwamaxhoba. Abaxhasi bengozi eqinileyo baphikisa ukuba ugqibelo luyimfuneko kwinkululeko ("ngaphandle kwayo, urhulumente unokuba ungabahlupha ngokungapheliyo abemi ngokuphinda bavule imicimbi. Noko ke, phawula ukuba inkqubo yokulawula isigwebo yangoku ifuna ngaphezu kwesohlwayo nje; ijolise ekulungiseni, ekulungiseni, nasekukhuseleni abantu. Baphikisa ukuba ugqibelo oluqinileyo lungaphazamisa ezi zinto, ingakumbi xa amaxhoba engakhange aviwe okanye xa kungqinwe ukuba amaxhoba angevanga ngokwanelenga.

Abanye abaguquli bacebisa uphakamiso oluphindwe kabini kwingozi yokubuyisela kunye nenye imo yesigwebo. Umzekelo, ummiselo ungavumela ukuvulwa kwakhona kwetyala ngokwenjongo yokubandakanywa kwimiqathango yenkonzo yexhoba okanye intsebenzo yoluntu, ukuba inikezelwe ukuba akukho sohlwayo songezelelo sibekweyo. Okanye, imigaqo-mthetho ivumela iinkundla ukuguqula ezinye izivakalisi ukuquka izinto ezintsha eziguqukayo, lo gama nje utshintsho lungalungisiyo kumgangatho wenkonzo ngaphandle kokuxhobisa intelekelelo ephindwe kabini. Enye indlela ibandakanya ulungiso lomthetho ngaphambi kwenkqubo, phambi kokuquququzelela, iqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu ento akwigalelo luqukelwe ngegalelo olutsha.

Iimbono zehlabathi kunye neemodeli zokuthelekisa

Ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho zinika ingqiqo yokuba iingcebiso eziphindiweyo zingaphilwa njani kunye nokulungisa. EJamani, ingcamango yeebhini ku-irem (kungekho kabini ukusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo) kodwa amaxhoba anelungelo elizimeleyo lokufuna imbuyiselo kwimicimbi yamakhaya, kwaye inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ibandakanya iingxelo zexhoba. EMzantsi Afrika, ipost-aparting transform Justial jast jamplity isebenza ngaphandle kwengozi engokwesithethe ephicociweyo ngokunikezela ngemvume epheleleyo. Ngexa ukurhoxilongwa kolunye uhlobo logwebo, kubonisa ukuba abantu bayakwazi ukwenza iindawo ezisemthethweni apho kuqhutywa ukhuseleko olunexabiso oluphezulu.

EUnited States, amanye amaphondo aye azama ukubuyisela inkqubo yomqhubi wobulungisa ehambelana nezityholo eziqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ibhodi yoluntu yeVermont iphatha amatyala aphantsi ngezangqa ezibuyiselayo, abathathi-nxaxheba abathinteli ukuba barhoxiswe xa begqiba udweliso lwenkqubo. Ekubeni kungekho lugwebo lokugqibela lungenisiweyo, umngcipheko ophindwe kabini awuba yingxaki. Ezimodeli zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kwexesha kunye noyilo lwendlela yokulungisa. Xa ulungiso lwenzeka lusenzeka phambi kwengozi, ingozi ayiso sisithintela sokuphinda umva iingozi.

Iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo noqheliselo

Ukuvisisana nokhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwengozi kunye nosukelo lokulungisa okusesikweni kunye nesinye isigwebo, abachazi-mthetho kunye noogqirha kufuneka baqwalasele oku kulandelayo:

  • Udibaniso oluKhulu-Prose: iinkqubo zokubuyisela ezandisiweyo ezisebenza phambi komtshutshisi zibekwa umthetho okanye emva kwesicelo kodwa phambi kogwebo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na imigudu elandelayo yokulungisa umonakalo ayingqubani nolokugqibela.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho ecacileyo evumela iinkundla ukuba ziquke iimfuno eziqhubekayo zokubuyisela njengenxalenye yesigwebo, ezinokulungiseka ngaphandle kokwaphula iingozi eziphindiweyo, lo gama utshintsho lungakhange lungakhutyeki kwindalo.
  • Inza ubuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba kwisigwebo esinentsingiselo kwaye yaziswe ngotshintsho olucetyiweyo. Xa amaxhoba evuma ukuvala, umngcipheko wocelomngeni lwamva uyancipha.
  • Iziphene ezidityanisiweyo: Sebenzisa iinkqubo zephini elilibazisayo ezineenkqubo ezicacileyo, ezithambileyo eziquka ukhetho olunokulungiswa. Ukuba iimfuno ezintsha zinokuvela, imvume yommangalelwa ikuvumela utshintsho ngaphandle kokunyusa imibandela yengozi ephindwe kabini.
  • I-Cross-Juridictionion Bandlane: imingeni edityanisiweyo yolongamo lwedilesi ngemetatranda yokuqonda phakathi korhulumente norhulumente abatshutshisi ukunqanda ukutshutshiswa xa inkqubo yokulungisa yanelise izilangazelelo zombini iinkosi.

Isiphelo

Ubungozi obuphinda-phindiweyo buhlala bulukhuselo olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko olukhusela urhulumente ekubeni usoloko uvavanya abantu ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Ukugxininisa kwawo ekugqibeleni kunika abamangalelwa ubuqiniseki kwaye kukhusela ekuxhatshazweni koburhulumente. Kodwa, njengokuba kubuyiselwa kobulungisa kunye nokufumana igalelo lokufumana intlukwano, ukungalingani kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunokuthintela imigudu yokuphilisa, ukutshintsha, nokuziqhelanisa nolwazi olutsha lolwazi olutsha. Ucelomngeni lotshintsho lomthetho wale mihla kukulungisa imigaqo esemthethweni egcina amaxabiso angundoqo engozi ephindwe kabini ngoxa kusenziwa iindlela zokulungisa izinto ezijonge phambili kwaye ziquququleze. Ngokuyila iinkqubo ezisebenza phambi kokuzinziswa kwengozi, ngokufuna ulungiso olucacileyo lomthetho lolungiso, nokungenelela ixhoba, inkqubo yokugweba nenkqubo yokugweba yamandulo inokuzukisa imo.

Ukufundwa okungakumbi kwingozi ephindwe kabini, bona i [[FLT: 0] iCornell Information ye-Application Institute . Ekulungiseni imigaqo ye- Justice, i- Justice International[ inikeza ezinye iimpahla zogcino-lwazi. [iiimodeli zesigwebo, [[FLT:]] iprojectieeproject [ inika ugcino-lwazi nohlaluliso lwenkqubo. Ngaphezulu, U.S. iSebe lokucaphula komthetho okokugqibela lithetha ngezomthetho. Okokugqibela, [FLT] iBPT]