Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Senkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akha isiseko esisisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukusekwa kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezikhusela inkululeko yabantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko kunye nezindululo zawo zidala isiseko esiye savela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zokutolika, ukuhlaziywa, kunye nomzabalazo woluntu. IBhili yamaLungelo . /iNkunga lokuqala leshumi lokulungisa iinguqu ezigunyaziweyo ngo1791.91] ihlala ingunobumba ophambili obalulekileyo kwezi zikhuselwayo, kodwa umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko, kuquka nokulungisa, ukuphendula yonke into kumalungelo okuvela kwinkqubo yokuvota.

La malungelo awahlali ehleli. Amaxwebhu aphilayo achazwa kwakhona njengendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo ubulungisa ayanda ngayo. Umzekelo, isiqinisekiso sokuGawula kokuqala sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo siye sandiswa ukukhusela ukubonakaliswa komfuziselo, iminikelo yezopolitiko, kunye nentetho ye-intanethi, ngoxa kukwafuneka ukuba kubekho imibuzo emitsha ngenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nentetho yentiyo. Ukhuseleko loMyezo-Myezo-Mda wesine ekuphengululweni kobugqhinga bekhompyutha abaQaphi nabangaqondisiyo. Umthetho weSindululo se-Eighth Amend wesigrafekthezi uthintele impikiswano enzima nesohlwayelwayo yokubulawa kwabantu.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kufuna ukuqaphela ukuba akhona kuxanduva lwawo. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngokukhululekileyo lingangqubana neenkxalabo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, elikhuselwe phantsi koMphetho-mvaba wesibini, lidla ngokungqubana nemigudu yokumisela amanyathelo okuthintela ugonyamelo. Olu ngquzulwano asiyomiqathango kodwa ziimpawu zenkqubo ezenzelwe ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo. uMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika ubuncwane obuninzi ngendlela asebenza ngayo la malungelo ophathekayo kunye nolo.

Amalungelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko adibana rhoqo nemicimbi yobulungisa

  • IsiHlalisi soQonda: Inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, neyesicelo
  • [[UMTL:0] IsiHlalisi-somhlaba se-Four: Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni okungaqikelelekiyo nokuxhuzula
  • F5th Amendment: inkqubo elindelekileyo, ukhuseleko kwi-incrime, kunye nommandla ophezulu
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulungiso lwendawo olubanzi:[ Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo, iimali ezihlawuliweyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine:[[[FT:1] Ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho, inkqubo efunekayo, namalungelo obumi
  • Ushenxiso lweNtlanganiso lwe-Fetenth: Amalungelo arhoxiswayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga
  • [[UMTL:0] Ushenxiso lweNyakatho-mda: Amalungelo arhoxiswayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini

Nganye yezi zilungiso inembali yolwandiso kunye nokudibana, ngokufuthi okubonisa imeko yezobupolitika nentlalo ebanzi. Ulungiso lweziNqanamso lweshumi elinesine, umzekelo, lwaqinisekiswa emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kubantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili, kodwa kwathatha phantse inkulungwane yempi kunye ne-activiism , ngokubonakalisa amatyala afana Brown v. Board of Education [1954]).[to qalisa ukukhulula urhulumente-omatilotling-outsortion.

ISiko loNyaka njengeSicwangciso sokuQhubelana

Okusesikweni kwezentlalo kuhamba ngaphaya komthetho wamalungelo ukubhekisa kusasazo lwamandla, oovimba, kunye namathuba kwibutho labantu. Ngelixesha amalungelo omgaqo-siseko emisela oko urhulumente angenakukwenza kubantu ngabanye, intlalo yobulungisa ibuza oko ibutho labantu lifanele likwenze [ ukwenzela amalungu alo] ngokwemomonzileyo akhutshiwe okanye akhuselwe. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo: amalungelo omgaqo-siseko angowona angalunganga kakhulu (inkululeko ekuphazanyisweni), ngoxa intlalo lusoloko lufuna iimfanelo ezifanelekileyo (inkululeko yokufikelela kwiimpahla neenkonzo eziyimfuneko).

Ingcamango yokusesikweni kwentlalo inemvelaphi enzulu yentanda-bulumko. UPlato u-Retrepublic wagqala okusesikweni njengemvisiswano phakathi kwebutho labantu apho indawo nganye idlala indima yayo efanelekileyo. Iingqondo ezikhanyiselweyo `John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, kunye neImmanuel Kant'. Iingcamango eziphuhlisiweyo zesivumelwano soluntu kunye nesidima somntu esisekelwe kumalungelo angaphakathi. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iinkcuba ezinjengoJohn Rawlsspects zicacisa iingcamango zokusesikweni njengendlela yokusesikweni, ziphikisa ukuba ibutho elinokulungele ukulingana nokungenamsebenzi. Iingcamango zobugracle "il zesoluevayo yokungazi" zihlala zisesona sixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya enoba amalungiselelo entlalo enyani.

Imibutho yobulungisa yeNtlalo ejolise kwimimandla emininzi edityanisiweyo:

  • Imithetho yezoqoqosho: imivuzo ephilayo, indawo yokuhlala efikelelekayo, unyango lwehlabathi lonke, kunye nerhafu elungileyo
  • Okusesikweni: Ukudibanisa ucalucalulo olulawulayo kumsebenzi, kwindlu, imfundo, kunye nomsebenzi
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isigwebo se-asemoyeni: Imali elinganayo, ukuzilawula kokuzala, kunye nenkululeko kugonyamelo olusekelwe kwi-ibrease-com
  • [[Umthetho:0] Okusesikweni okungundoqo: Ukulawula impembelelo engalinganiyo yongcoliso kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuluntu olufumana intlawulo ephantsi kunye noluntu olunombala
  • utshintsho lobulungisa: oluphelisa ukuvalelwa komgqaliselo, ukuphelisa ibheyile yemali, nokukhuthaza ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa
  • [[Umthetho:0] Okusesikweni okungagqibekanga: Ukunceda ufikelelo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu

La mathambeka awasebenzi ngokuzikhetha. Igalelo elidityanisiweyo qha liqanjwe ngumphengululi wezomthetho Kimberlé Crenshaw . libonisa indlela ezigqithise ngayo iimpawu ezifana nohlanga, ubufana, udidi, kunye nesini ezidala amava akhethekileyo elungelo nengcinezelo. Ibhinqa eliNsundu elijongene nocalucalulo emsebenzini lingaba nolwahlulo olwahlukileyo kunesicalulo somfazi omhlophe okanye indoda emnyama, ngenxa yokuba ukubekwa kwalo kumgama ophakathi kweendidi ezininzi ezigabadi. Impumelelo yokugweba kwentlalo kufuneka iphendule ngezi nkqubo zingenamntlukwano.

I- yomsebenzi weZizwe ezimanyeneyo wezobulungisa bentlalo-ntle le miba njengemfuno yehlabathi lonke, iqonda ukuba ubuhlwempu, ukungalingani, kunye nokushiya iziphumo ziphazamisa uxolo nenkqubela-phambili emhlabeni wonke. Iinjongo zoPhuhliso oluSikeleleyo, ezamkelwa ngo-2015, ziquka amaxhoba okuncitshiswa kokungalingani, ukukhuthaza umsebenzi onesidima, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.

Apho Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko Adibana Khona Nobulungisa

Ukudibana kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nobulungisa bentlalo kulapho imigaqo ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni ijongene nenyaniso. Ukubhalwa kwemigaqo ebhaliweyo kuthetha ukuba imiqobo esesikweni incinane ukuba imiqobo ithintela abantu ukuba bangayisebenzisi. Ilungelo lokuvota, ukukhuselwa okucacileyo ziinguqu ezininzi zomgaqo-siseko, likhutshelwe ngaphandle yimithetho ye-ID evoti, ukukhutshwa kwemivoti, nokuvalwa kweendawo zokucoca kwimimandla encinane. Ukulingwa ngokufanelekileyo kuthotywa yikhethelo lohlanga oluselukhethweni, ukungameleki komthetho osemthethweni olinganayo, kunye nemithetho encinane ekhupha iziphumo ezigabade.

Lo msantsa phakathi kwesithembiso somGaqo-siseko nento eyenzekayo ngokwenene yinto ephambili ekuxhalatyelweni kwemithetho yentlalo. Iinkampani azifuni ukuwathatha indawo amalungelo omgaqo-siseko; zifuna ukuwenza abe yinyaniso kwaye abe nentsingiselo kuwo wonke umntu. Umzabalazo usoloko ungowokutolika nokunyanzelisa: yintoni efunekayo ngokwenene? Iyiphi inkqubela efunekayo ngaphezu komthetho wesithethe? Zifanele ziwalinganise njani iinkundla xa zixakeka?

Intlangano Yamalungelo Abemi: Ukuvala Umsantsa

I-Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 neyowe-1960 inikela owona mzekelo unamandla wendlela ukusebenza kobulungisa obungokwentlalo okunokuguqula ngayo intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Phantse emva kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesine neshumi elinesihlanu loHlaliso oluqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo namalungelo okuvota, amazwe aseMazantsi agcina inkqubo yenkohlakalo yokukhetha nokuphelisa ucalucalulo kunye nokusebenzisa imithetho kaJim Crow. Ama-Afrika angenako ukuvota, ukungenela izikolo ezimhlophe, ukusebenzisa iindawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke, okanye ukukhonza kwimiqathango. Amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ayekho ephepheni kodwa ayekhatywa ngogonyamelo, ukuqhaqhathaza, nokugweba.

Intshukumo esetyenziswayo kwimiba emininzi yokuvala lo msantsa: ukusetyenziswa komqaqoba (Imali yeNaACP yasemthethweni yoNcitho-zincwadi yamatyala aphumela kwisiphelo se Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[]), isenzo esingqalileyo (izintlu-inkululeko, kunye nohambo), kunye nomthetho wokulwa kwemithetho-mthetho (umthetho wamaLungelo ka-Onke (umthetho wamalungelo esizwe ka-1964 kunye nomthetho we-Voling Rights Act ka-65). Lo mbutho waphumelela kungekuphela nje ekutshintsheni imithetho kodwa ekucingeni okuthe ngqo ngoko kufunwa ngabantu. INgxowa yokhuselo yomthetho [[FLTLT:3]] iyaqhubeka lo msebenzi, ukulwa nocalucalucalucaluko lohlanga kwimfundo, nomthetho lwezomthetho lwezomthetho.

Intlangano yamalungelo amabhinqa nokuqhubeka kwemfazwe ye-ERA

Umbutho wamalungelo amabhinqa ubonisa amandla kunye nemida yokutshintsha komGaqo-siseko. UHlomelo lweSineshumi elinesithoba, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1920, lwanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota, kodwa aluzange luqinisekise ukuba afanele aphathwa ngendlela efanayo kwezinye iinkalo zomthetho. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, amabhinqa aye ajongene nocalucalulo olusemthethweni emsebenzini, kwityala, emtshatweni, nakukuzilawula ngokuzenzela inzala. ISimiqathango samaLungelo samaLungelo (ERA), esaziswa okokuqala ngowe-1923, saziswa ngokuphelisa ngokucacileyo oku lucalucalulo olusekelwe kuMgaqo-siseko.

I-ERA yade yadluliselwa yiBhunga loMbutho ngo1971 yaza yavunyelwa ngamaphondo angama-35, kodwa yawa kumazwe amathathu afutshane kuma-38 afunekayo ukuze athathwe. Ukusilela kwentshukumo ukukhusela i-ERA kushiye ukulingana kwe-ERA ngaphandle kwesiseko somGaqo-siseko esicacileyo, inyanzelisa abameli ukuba baxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko olinganayo we 144th Demendmentmentation kunye nemithetho efana neSiHloko neSihloko se-IX. Umlo oqhubekayo we-ERA, osandul'ukubonwa uvusel'uhla uqhubeko kwizindlu zorhulumente, kwaye ujonge indlela umGaqo-siseko oyiyo uyinjongo nesixhobo sokulungisa intlalo.

ILGBTQ+ IMbutho yaMalungelo kunye nokulingana komtshato

I LGBTQ+ + uququzelo lwamalungelo luphumele enye yeenguqu ezikhawulezileyo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko ngokulwela ukulingana komtshato. Ngo 1986, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa imithetho elwa nolwalamano olufanayo lobuGqwibi [[FLT: 0]] bhowars v. Hardywick[. Ngonyaka wama 2015, iNkundla enye yalawula ewehlele i-obergev v. Hodges izibini ezifanayo ezizezezezezezeze-ex zinelungelo lokutshata. Olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo lwalungeyomveliso yendaleko iyodwa; yaqhutywa ngamashumi eminyaka yezenzo zemfundo kawonke, kunye nokulungele ukucwangcwa koorhobo ezitshintshiweyo zatshintsha yoomthetho.

Iqhinga lenkampani ladibanisa igalelo (amatyala omtshato akwiqondo eliphezulu), umthetho (ukuphinda ulwelwelo lokhuselo lomtshato), kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko (ukubona okunyusiweyo ngolwazi lwezenkcazelo, ulwamkelo lwentsapho, kunye nokufakwa emsebenzini). Isiphumo yaba kukuphumelela komgaqo-siseko okwaguqulelwa ngqo kwiziphumo zentlalo-ntle: izibini ezitshatileyo ezikwizigwebo zonyango, ezifumana ilifa, amalungelo erhafu, iinzuzo zerhafu, kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwentlalo. Kodwa umbutho uyavuma ukuba ukulingana okusemthethweni akuqinisekisi ukulingana okuhlala; LGBTQ+ amaMerika ayaqhubeka ejongenemo-ntle entlalo-ntle, umsebenzi, kunye nokhuseleko lwempilo kumazwe amaninzi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olucacileyo.

IZiko: Ukubonelela ngamalungelo

Zimbini ezona zicinezelo zicinezelekileyo zamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nobulungisa bentlalo namhlanje ngamalungelo okuvota kunye nelungelo lokuqhayisa. UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wawungomnye weyona mithetho yamalungelo abantu isebenzayo kwimbali yaseMelika, kodwa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013 kwi Shelby County v. Raker ukonakalisa amalungiselelo angundoqo afunekayo kumaphondo anokucalucalucalulo ukuze afumane imvume karhulumente ngaphambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Kuyo ukususela kwiminyaka, i-2013, iye yamisela imithetho ye-ovota, i-otho, i-votah, i-ontalls, kunye novotiwe kwasekuqaleni okuchatshayo okuchaphazela ngokugqithisyo intlaba, abafundi, nabafundi abakhulileyo.

Ilungelo lokuqhayisa, elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo Sokuqala, likwajongene nocelomngeni olutsha. Iimpendulo zamapolisa kwimibhiyozo yoqhankqalazo kaGeorge Floyd ngowama-2020 zatyhila ukungacaci ngendlela abantu abachasana ngayo. Amatyala amangalelwayo maxa wambi aye ahlangatyezwa ngogonyamelo okanye ukungakhathaleli okusemthethweni. Abameli bezentlalo-ntle baphikisa ngelithi ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lithetha okuncinane ukuba amapolisa anokuvakalisa ukuba nayiphi na into ehlanganisa "indibano engagunyazimthetho" okanye ukuba oomasipala banokunyanzela ukunyanzela imfuno yemvume kunye neemfuno ze-inshorensi.

Izithintelo Ezingapheliyo Kubulungisa Bentlalo

Phezu kwayo nje imigaqo-siseko ekhuselayo kunye namashumi eminyaka ezenzo zokuhamba, imiqobo yenkqubo iyaqhubeka ithintela inkqubela kwinkqubela kwimicimbi yoluntu. Le miqobo ayiyonto yokwakha, ikwimithetho, imigaqo, kunye namaziko asoloko enzelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa.

Ubuhlanga Benkqubo Nokungalingani Kolwakhiwo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yobuhlanga ibhekisela kwiindlela zokuvelisa nokuvelisa nokuvelisa izenzo eziqhelekileyo zamaziko. Iinkqubo zendlu, uqheliselo lokubolekisa, iindlela zokuxhasa isikolo, kunye neenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezigweba zonke zivelisa iziphumo ezingafaniyo ngokwee-zinhlanga. URedlin, uqheliselo lokungavumelani nezindlu ezithelekelelwayo kwimimandla emnyama, zavalwa ngokusemthethweni kwi-1968 FairHouse Act, kodwa iziphumo zayo ziyaqhubeka kwimimandla ebharhileyo, ubuhlwempu obumanyeneyo, kunye nemiqobo yobutyebi. Uninzi lwentsapho emhlophe egcina ulwazi lwemihlathi ye-Atlanti yezigidi zezigidi ze-Atlanti, umsantsalo oye waphela kasibhozo, umsantsalwane oye waphela amashumi eminyaka.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

Ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, elimiselwe Gideon v. Wainwright (63), lisoloko lihlonelwa kulwaphulo. Iinkqubo zokhuselo loluntu lonke lelizwe ziphantsi kwemiqathango, nezithwele iijaji ezenza ukuvalwa komelo olusebenzayo. Isiphelo sommangalelwa singaxhomekeka ngakumbi kubuchule babo bokufumana igqwetha labucala kunamandla obungqina. [```iiiiiiiiprojekthi ezitheza', iingxoxo zokugcina abantwana, ii-ambutho zetyala zabantwana, zikho [iii] ukumisela ngasekunene, kwaye abantu abafumana iinzuzo eziphantsi bajongana ngokuqhelekileyo kwimeko ezintle.

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kukwalawula igunya lezobupolitika. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sinxulumene ngamandla nengeniso nemfundo. IFEC (2010) ivumela ukuba amaqumrhu angenasiphelo kunye nenkcitho yemali echithwayo kwiphulo lezobupolitika, ukuphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo batyhalwa zizinto ezityebileyo. UVoter urhoxagoso lunxulumene ngamandla nengeniso nemfundo, ithetha ukuba umnyuli akamelani nabemi njengeqela. Imithetho yezentlalo inyanzelela ukupheliswa kwephulo, ukuvota, ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuqinisekisa ukuba imeko yezoqoqosho ayilibali ilizwi lezobupolitika.

Ukungavisisani Kwezobupolitika Nemiqobo Ekhoyo

I-United States yenye yeedemokhrasi ezimbalwa ezikhanyela amalungelo okuvota kubemi abaneenkolelo zokunganyaniseki, ngokufuthi iminyaka emininzi okanye ubomi babo bonke emva kokuba begqibile izigwebo zabo. Oku kuqhelisela ukudibanisa phantse izigidi ezintandathu zamaMelika, amaBlack no-Latino. Kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho yokuvota echaswe ngokuphandle kwe-okrantics yamiselwa ngokucacileyo ukuthintela ivoti emnyama kwiziphumo zemfazwe ye-Populty. Impembelelo yobuhlanga yale mithetho iyaqhubeka namhlanje, kwaye izama ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota anxulumene nezopolitiko asoloko elungele ukuchaswa kwezopolitiko kodwa isetyenziswa njengemiqobo yokuthatha inxaxheba.

Ngapha koko kudityaniswa kwe-felon, i-gerrymandering", ukuzoba kwesithili sonyulo ukuncedisa iqela elinye okanye iqela elinomxholo wezopolitiko. Ngokudityaniswa nomelo lwe-propatities kunye ne-Electoral College, ezi mpawu zesakhiwo zidala inkqubo apho abavoti abaninzi bevika ukuba bavote ingento. Imibutho yezentlalo igxininise ngakumbi ekuguquleni isakhiwo: ukuvota okuzimeleyo, ukuvota okuzimeleyo, kwaye ukupheliswa kwe- Redicioctiotisting Colleges, zonke izindululo zeElpole ze-Electoral zijongwa ekwenzeni inkqubo yezopolitiko elungele ukusabela nokulungayo.

Izakhono zokuqhubela phambili kweNtlalo-ntle yoLuntu ngoMgaqo-siseko

Ubulungisa obuqhubela phambili bentlalo bufuna ukusebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ukubekwa kwemigaqo-siseko kungamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo, kodwa iingqwalaselo zenkundla zinokuba mxinwa, zibuthathaka, okanye zipheliswe ziinkundla zexesha elizayo. Umthetho olawulayo ungenza ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lwemithetho, kodwa imithetho isenokubuyiselwa okanye ikhutshwe. Iingcambu zokulungiselela amandla nokuguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kodwa kufuneka umgudu oqhubekayo kwiminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.

Iqhinga elingokwasemthethweni nokuchaphazeleka

Impatho ye-ligigation [1]. Ii-actives eziziswe ukuseka imigaqo ebanzi esemthethweni kunokuba ziwine kwiimeko zomntu ngamnye, ziye zaba lisiseko lomthetho wentlalo wezobulungisa ukususela Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo. Izintlu ezifana ne-ACLU, iNaACP Levince Defect Fund, iNacillence Conf Leance Comment Center, kunye neZiko lamaLungelo eMgaqo-siseko zizisa imiba evavanisa imithetho ye-dis-cam, ihambo engekho mthethweni, ihambo engekho mthethweni, kunye nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ezi meko zingavelisa iimbono zokwahlula iinjongo zokhuseleko ezicacisa intengo yokhuseleko kwaye zimisela izigwebo-nkqubo ekwaphulisweni.

Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka kwiinkundla kunemida. Abagwebi bamiselwa, abanyulwanga, kwaye ijaji yesizwe iye yahlala ibambelele kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zamalungelo okuvota, inkxaso-mali, ukuqhomfa, kunye nokuvuma zonke zihambe kakuhle, zithintele izixhobo ezikhoyo kubameli bezentlalo-ntle. Ngoko ke ucwangciso olusemthethweni kufuneka ludityaniswe neengcakaliso zemithetho kunye neengca ezifikelela kwiimeko ezintle ezingazilungileyo ezifanelekileyo.

Umthetho kunye noMthetho

UMthetho wokwalathisa umthetho ufuna ukumisela imithetho evumela imigaqo yezentlalo evumela imigaqo yobulungisa kwimithetho-siseko. UMthetho wamaLungelo eSizwe, iSivumelwano samaLungelo, iMelika ephethe uMthetho weNtlalo ePhakamileyo, kunye noMthetho weNkxaso eNgamandla, yonke imizekelo yendlela inyathelo lowiso-mthetho elinokuguqulela ngayo amaxabiso emigaqo-siseko kunye neyobulungisa ehlalisa imigaqo-mthetho egunyazisa imigaqo-ntlalo. Inkqubo yomthetho isebenza nakurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, apho abaxhasi batyhalela imimiselo enjengokulungiswa kwamapolisa, ukuhlawulwa kwemivuzo, ukuhlawulwa kwemivuzo ezihlala, nokusetyenziswa kweminxeba yemali, nokusetyenziswa kwemibutho elifumana inkxaso yemali.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifuna ukwakhiwa komanyano, ukuphembelela, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Imibutho yezentlalo esesikweni ibandakanyeka kuyo yonke le misebenzi, ngokufuthi isebenza ngomanyano olulawula ukusesikweni kobuhlanga, okusesikweni kwezoqoqosho, ukulondolozwa kwemekobume, namaqela enkululeko yabemi. Impumelelo yombutho wokulingana komtshato, umzekelo, ixhomekeke kwimigudu elungelelanisiweyo ngaphaya komthetho, kwemithetho, nenkcubeko.

Ukwakhiwa kweNtshukumo

Iinkqubo zokucwangcisa iinguqu ezinamandla nendlela eyenziwa ngayo izigqibo. Imibutho yoluntu iqeqesha iinkokeli, yakha iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, kwaye ikhuthaza abantu ukuba basebenze ngokwayo. Imikhosi eyakhelwe ngokulungiselela i-Civil Rights Movement (iNtlanganiso yamaLungelo kaWonk ’ Uwonke, umbutho wefamarkker, ukulwela amalungelo esiphene, kwaye iphumeze iinguqu ezingenakufezekiswa zimigaqo-mthetho kuphela. Ukwenziwa kolu lawulo lwezopolitili, ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye ibeka amagosa anyuliweyo etyala.

Ucwangciso lwale mihla lwezixhobo ze-millic. Iindawo zogcino-lwazi zentlalo zivumela inkqubela-phambili yokusasaza imiyalezo, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nolwakhiwo lwelizwe kunye nehlabathi lonke. Umbutho we-Black Live Matter, # Intshukumo yeMeToo, kunye nombutho wokulawula imozulu okhokelwa ngabaxhasi abatsha abanjengoGreta Thunberg bonke baye basebenzisa ukulungelelanisa kwemichiza ukunyusa amazwi abo kunye nokwandisa amandla. Kodwa ukulungelelanisa ubugcisa bezixhobo zamanani kufuneka kudibane nolwalamano lwasemhlabeni kunye namaziko okwakha utshintsho oluqinileyo.

Ukwakhiwa komzi wogcino-lwazi kunye nomanyano lwamanqam

Akukho mbutho mnye unokuthi uphumeze okusesikweni kwezentlalo kuphela. Ukukhuthaza okunempumelelo kufuna ukuba kwakhiwe imibutho edityanisiweyo kwiimbambano nakwii-Mbali. Imibutho yezentlalo engqongileyo isebenzisana nemibutho yemisebenzi yezentlalo kunye nabameli bezonyango. Imibutho yezentlalo ephakathi kohlanga isebenza namaqela amalungelo abaphambukeli kunye nemibutho yamalungelo ovota amalungelo. Ukunganyaniseki kuxhasa amaqabane alwa nolwambutho alwela ukufikelela kwempilo kunye nokuyila kwendalo yonke indawo. Le mibutho ikhuthaza amandla kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imibutho icombulule ukuntsonkothile kokungekho sikweni.

Ukumanyaniswa okudibeneyo kwakhona kuthetha ukuba imibutho kufuneka ihlolisise amandla ayo angaphakathi. Umbutho wobulungisa wohlanga otyeshela ubufana okanye ubulwelwe obufanayo obufunwayo kukuchitha. Imibutho yezentlalo esesikweni iya ithatha izibonelelo ezisemgceni ezixhasa amava abo bathe bacekelwe phantsi, iqonda ukuba ukuphakamisa ezona zinxaxhini ziphakamisa wonke umntu.

Amandla Okuguqula Emfundo Ngenxa Yokusesikweni

Imfundo lusukelo lokusesikweni kwezentlalo ngamalungelo ayo kwaye sisixhobo sokufikelela ubulungisa bentlalo. Ukungalingani kwemfundo okubanzi kwezemfundo.

Imfundo yelungu kunye nokufunda okubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko

Ukwazi amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akusasazwa ngokulinganayo. AmaMerika amaninzi akanakuwabiza amagama amasebe amathathu karhulumente okanye achaza amalungelo akhuselwe yiSihlaziyo sokuqala. Oku kunqongophala komGaqo-siseko kwenza ukuba abantu bangabi nanxaxheba kwidemokhrasi kwaye kukwenza kube nzima ukucela amalungelo abo. Imfundo yobulungisa iquka imfundiso ecacileyo ngokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko, imbali yolwando lwabo, nemizabalazo eqhubekayo ukuze bawenze abe yinto yokwenene.

Imfundo yezentlalo ephumelelayo ayipheleli ekukhumbuleni intsingiselo. Ibandakanya abafundi kwiingxubusho zemibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko ephikiswayo, uphando lwembali, kunye neemfaniso zeenkqubo zedemokhrasi. Iinkqubo ezifana neyethu Abantu, iSitrato, kunye ne-iCBIcs zinikela izifundo ezinceda abafundi baqonde imigaqo kunye nobuntsonkothile bolawulo lwezikomfa. Xa abafundi befunda ngokusetyenziswa kweZiko loMgaqo-siseko, iLGBTQ+ umbutho wokulwela ukulingana, okanye ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngamalungelo okuvota, bayaqonda ukuba umGaqo-siseko awululo uxwebhu olusisigxina kodwa uluxwebhu olusisigxina kodwa ululo oluqhubekayo.

ISindululo seNkcubeko esiBalulekileyo neSiko

Umbhali wezemfundo yemfundo uPaulo Freire waphikisa ngelithi imfundo ayithathi cala; ibandakanya okanye iyakhulula. Imfundo iphatha abafundi njengabanenxaxheba abakhutheleyo kwimfundo yabo, ibakhuthaza ukuba bathandabuze ukujongwa kwemiqathango, bahlolisise izakhiwo zamandla, baze bathathe amanyathelo kwimibandela abayikhathaleleyo. Imfundo yezentlalo iquka iimbono eziye zabekwa phantsi kwizifundo zesithethe zemfundo , inkcubeko yabantu abathanjiweyo, igalelo labafazi nabantu bebala, amazwi entlalo esesikweni.

Izikolo ezisebenzisa imfundo yentlalo-ntle zikwakho nakwimeko yokufunda ngokwazo. Imali elinganayo, abafundisi-mfundo abahlukeneyo nabalungiselene kakuhle, umlinganiselo wodidi oluncinane, kunye nemeko-bume exhasayo azihlukeneyo kucwangciso lwezifundo; zizinto eziphathekayo ezenza ukuba kukwazi ukufunda. Ukusesikweni kwezemfundo kuthetha ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi ngamnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uluphi na uhlanga, ingeniso, okanye isiphene, uyakwazi ukufumana izinto azifunayo ukuze aphumelele.

Izenzo Zolutsha Nezibonelelo

Abantu abaselula abalindeli ukuba abantu abadala babanike okusesikweni kwezentlalo. Umendo oxhotyiswe ngumfundi wembutho weMiyoni Yethu, ophenjelelwa kukudubulana kwesikolo ngo-2018 eParkland, eFlorida, wakhuthaza izigidi zabantu abaselula ukuba bafune ukuthintelwa kogonyamelo lwemipu. Iqela leYouth Climate Attaltings, eliphenjelelwe nguGreta Thunberg, lilungiselele ukuphuma kwesikolo kunye nokuqhatha kwelizwe ngalinye. Le mikhosi ibonisa ukuba abantu abaselula bangaba ngabathunywa abanamandla botshintsho xa befundiswa ngamalungelo abo, belungelelwa ngoovimba-ndaba kunye neenkqubo zesikolo, kwaye inike amathuba okukhokela.

Izikolo zingaxhasa uqheliselo lolutsha lokuzilolonga ngokunika indawo yokulungelelanisa abafundi, ukufundisa ngobuchule bokufundisa nokuthetha esidlangalaleni, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo abafundi okuvakalisa iimbono zabo. Xa abafundi bephathwa njengabemi kunokuba bathathiswe njengeemfuno zemfundo ngokungakhathali, bahlakulela imikhwa nobuchule bokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi exhasa imibutho yezentlalo esesikweni ixesha elide.

Ukuqhubeka Kufunwa Uluntu Olunobulungisa

Ukudibana kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo akuyondawo emileyo kodwa ngummandla onamandla wokulwa. Isizukulwana ngasinye sifumana ilifa leseti yokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko owenziwe yintshukumo yangaphambili kwaye sijongene nocelomngeni olutsha ekwenzeni ezo khuseleko zibe zokwenene kubo bonke abantu. Imbali isenokujikela kwicala lobulungisa, njengoko uMartin Luther King Jr. watsho, kodwa ayithobeli ngokwaso. Ifuna ukuba abantu bawaqonde amalungelo abo, balungelelanise nabanye, kwaye bafuna ukuba umthetho uphile ngokweenjongo zawo eziphezulu.

Imithetho-siseko ayisisiphelo kodwa ngumkhwa. Kufuna ukuphaphanyiswa okuqhubekayo ukukhusela inzuzo enzima, ubuchule bokuyila ukuvelisa iindlela ezintsha, kunye nomanyano ukutyhubela intsebenziswano kunye ne-Mpatho-siseko. Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anika isiseko esibalulekileyo nesinamandla solu lwimi kulo msebenzi, kodwa awanele. Amalungelo ngaphandle kweemeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho zokuwasebenzisa ahlala engaqondakali. Umthetho ongenayo imigaqo yokuzibophelela uluphawu olufileyo. Ubulungisa ngaphandle kokuthabatha inxaxheba esebenzayo kuluntu luyilwakhenketho, abenzi gunya.

Umbuzo ongundoqo kule ngqungquthela asikokuba ngaba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anjalo, kodwa anelungelo elikhuselweyo, elisetyenziswayo, kwaye lingakanani ixabiso. Impendulo yaloo mbuzo iguqula inkqubela njengoko iinguqu zisakha amandla, njengoko iinkundla zichaza zize ziwuchaze kwakhona umthetho, kwaye njengoko isizukulwana ngasinye sigqiba ukuba luluphi uhlobo lwebutho labantu esifuna ukulwakha. Umsebenzi wokusesikweni ngokwentlalo ngumsebenzi wokwenza izithembiso zomgaqo-siseko zibe zokwenene, kwaye awupheliseki.