Uphando lwezokwelapha olungekho mthethweni lubandakanya ulwazi oluchaphazelekayo lomonde, lwenza inkqubo esemthethweni yokufikelela kwiirekhodi ezinjalo zibe lukhuselo olubalulekileyo lwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukugcinwa komthetho kunye noogxa babalawuli bomthetho kufuneka basebenzise isiseko esintsokothileyo semigaqo esekelwe kwiSine soMphengululo. Amanyathelo kule nkqubo anganikezela ubungqina obungakholelekiyo kwaye abeke engozini ingqibelelo yophando lonke. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunzulu lwemilinganiselo esemthethweni yokufuna iimfuno zezamayeza ezifuna ukuphanda nokuqhwanga, ukuvala isiseko sokufuna nokufumana umthetho, iinjongo ezilindelekileyo, ngaphandle komyalelo womthetho, ukuvavanyazisa inkundla, kunye nokusebenza kweingcali zezamayeza kunye nabaphandi.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba Neengxelo Zezonyango

UHlaliso lweSine lweNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhwalekeni. Lubonisa ukuba imvume kufuneka ifumaneke ngokuqhelekileyo phambi kokuba urhulumente afune okanye athabathe impahla yomntu othile, kuquka neengxelo zabo zezonyango. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqonda ukuba abantu banolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo kwinkcazelo yabo yezonyango. Katz v. United States[FLT][FLD] [1977] [197], iNkusungula ukuvavanywa okuntlukwano komntu okwaziyo ukubona xa kusenzeka: okokuqala, umntu umele abonise ukulindela okubalulekileyo kobuqu; okwesibini, oko kumele kube kulungele ukuqondwa lula kokulingwa, njengoko iingxelo zonyango zisabelana ngokusondeleyo ezibunono-coceleleneyo ezi nkcukacha zempilo ezibukhali ezibukhali zihlala zihleli.

Kwixesha lamanani langoku, ukubamba iqonga lokusebenza kwembali yonyango . United States kuyafundisa (208). Nangona loo meko inxulumene neseli-ndawo, iNkundla igxininisa ukuba abantu banokulindela kakhulu ukuba bazive bebodwa kuyo yonke indawo, kwaye ingqiqo efanayo ifikelele kwimbali yonyango. Iirekhodi zempilo ze-electronic (EHR) ziqulathe ulwazi olubanzi oluthi, ukuba luye lwabekwa, lukwazi ukutyhila ezona impawu zabucala zobomi bomntu. Njengomphumela, iinkundla zisoloko zibambelele kwisiqinisekiso esixhaswa ngumthetho omele ukunikezela iirekhodi zezamayeza, ezingekhoyo.

ISebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu (HHHS) likwaqinise lo mgaqo phantsi koMthetho we-Inishuwarensi yoLuntu kunye noMthetho we-Accounting Treasurement (HIPAA) woMthetho wobumfihlo, othi ngokuqhelekileyo uthintele izinto ezigqunywe zigqunywe ekuchazeni ulwazi olukhuselekileyo lwempilo (PHI) ngaphandle kokuba zifunwa ngumthetho, kwaye ngoku kuphela njengoko uvumelekile yimvume, i-edepoena, okanye enye inkqubo esemthethweni. Oku kudityanisana nomgaqo-siseko kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho kugxininisa ukuntluntlukwano yemithetho yemithetho efuna imigaqo yonyango.

Imilinganiselo Efanelekileyo Yezamayeza Aza Kulwa

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgaqo-siseko omele waneliseke phambi kwejaji okanye kumantyi ophanda unokukhupha imvume egunyazisa umthetho ukuba ungenise iingxelo zezamayeza. Kwimeko yophando lwezamayeza olungekho mthethweni, mhlawumbi kufuneka ukuba urhulumente anikele izibakala kunye neemeko ezaneleyo ukuze akholelwe ukuba ubungqina bokungaqheliseli okanye ukuziphatha okubi okunxulumene nayo bukho kwiingxelo ezifunekayo. Oku kungumgca ophezulu kunokukrokrelelwa okanye ukukrokrethwa nje okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemingeni.

I-ffidavit exhasa isicelo sotyando kufuneka imisele i-nexis phakathi kwe-odoli etyholwayo engafanelekanga kunye neengxelo ezimele zihlolwe. Umzekelo, ukuba uphando lubandakanya ugqirha wotyando owenza inkqubo ephumela kwingozi yomguli, i-affidavit kufuneka ichaze isizathu sokuba iingxelo zonyango lomguli, ii-agloric zotyando, okanye amaxwebhu omgangatho wesibhedlele anokuqulatha ubungqina bokungakhathali, ukwenza okubi ngempazamo, okanye ukuphululwa komgangatho wenkathalo. Iinkundla zilumke ngokukodwa xa iingxelo zifuna izigulana ezingakhange zifuneke zizinto zokuphanda. Kwimeko ezinjalo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba iingxelo zibalulekile ekungqineni kwenkcazelo yokuhlola nokuloba nje.

Unobangela ocacileyo ungasekwa kwakhona ngeengxelo zobungqina, iimbono zobuchule, i-spages, okanye ukungangqinelani koxwebhu. Umzekelo, ukuba umongikazi ofunxa umkhala unikela ingxelo yokuba ugqirha ogqwethekileyo emva komsebenzi wokusebenza ufihla impazamo, loo ngxelo, kunye nokuncipha komguli okungalindelekanga, inganika unobangela olindelekileyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze iirekhodi ezithinjwe ngokobuqu, ekuphepheni ukuba zibanzi okanye jikelele iinkcazelo ezinokutshayela ulwazi olungangqalangani nolulo lwabucala. Le mfuneko ithintela imfuneko jikelele — uhlobo olufuna ukunqanda ukrwelo.

ISebe leJaji (DOJ) lase-U.S. linika ukhokelo oluthe ngqo] kwimiqathango elindelekileyo yokuphendla iirekhodi zezamayeza, ligxininisa imfuneko yokuyila ngenyameko ukuze kunyathelelwe uvavanyo lwezomthetho. Abangenisi bayacetyiswa ukuba badibane nabatshutshisi okanye abaququzeleli abasemthethweni ngaphambi kokunika isicelo esisemthethweni kumagwebi, ingakumbi xa beqhubana nomo wobuchule bonyango obucacileyo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweSine lufuna imvume, iinkundla ziye zavuma iimvume eziliqela ezivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kufumaneke iingxelo zezonyango ngaphandle kokuba zifumane ezokuqala. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile kubongiswa kwezomthetho nakuogqirha ukufumanisa xa kuvunyelwa ngokusemthethweni ukuba kulandele isicelo esingekho semthethweni.

Umququzeleli

Enye yeemvume ezicacileyo kukuvuma. Ukuba umguli uvuma ngokuzithandela ukutyhilwa kweerekhodi zabo zezamayeza, akukho siqinisekiso sifunekayo. Kufuneka imvume ikwazi, ilumke, kwaye inyanzelo yokuzithandela — inganyanzelwanga ngumthetho onyanzeliswayo. Kuphando lwezonyango olungekho mthethweni, abaphengululi basenokuya kwizigulana okanye abameli babo abasemthethweni ukucela imvume yokufumana iirekhodi. Abacebisi bezamayeza bafanele babhale phantsi nayiphi na loo mvume ebhaliweyo, ngokungqinelana nemfuno yeHIPAA. Noko ke, imvume isenokulinganiselwa kwimibandela; umzekelo, umguli usenokuvuma ukukhutshelwa kweerekhodi kwixesha elithile okanye imeko ethile, isithintela ukufikelela kwayo kuphela loo nkcazelo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko ezithe ngqiqweni zithethelela ukuphandwa okungenasiqinisekiso xa kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kubomi, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ingozi yokuba umkroti angasaba. Kuphando lwezamayeza olungekho mthethweni, kusenokuvela ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba iingxelo zezamayeza ziza kutshintshwa okanye zitshatyalaliswe. Umzekelo, ukuba umlawuli wesibhedlele ufunda ngokumangalelwa okuzayo aze aqalise ukukrala amaphepha, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ungathatha ezo ngxelo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuzigcina. Noko ke, iinkundla zithelekelela ngokungqongqo ukuba iingxelo zezonyango zifuna ukubekwa komthetho, kwaye urhulumente uthwala umthwalo onzima ukungqina ukuba ukufumana isiqinisekiso asifanelekangafikelele phantsi kweemeko.

Name

Imbono ecacileyo yemfundiso ivumela umphathi ukuba afumane ubungqina ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwaye uhlobo oluchaphazelekayo lobungqina lubonakala ngokukhawuleza. Kwimeko yesibhedlele, oku kungasebenza ukuba umphengululi ukho ngokusemthethweni (umz., phantsi kwesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo ngenye injongo) kwaye abone iitshati zezamayeza ezithe zabonwa ngokuphandle. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwabucala kweengxelo zezamayeza kuthetha ukuba imbono ecacileyo inqabileyo ibanzi — iirekhodi zigcinwe kwiikhabhite, iinkqubo ze-elektroniki, okanye ezinye iindawo ezingabonwanga ziqwalaselwe nje. Ngaphezulu, “amasimi avulekileyo” imfundiso ngokuqhelekileyo ayisebenzi kwizixhobo zempilo, ezingeyo engoomatshini zokulima.

Iinteleni nabaLawuli boLawulo

Kuphando lwezamayeza olungekho mthethweni, ingakumbi ezo ziqhutywa ngamaqumrhu aphantsi — ulungelelwano — olumele lusekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo bokuba uphando lugunyaziwe ngumthetho, okanye irekhodi elisetyenziswa nguphando eliphantsi kwephepha eliqhelekileyo. Noko ke, imvume yolawulo ayifuni sizathu esilindelekileyo kwingqiqo yolwaphulo-mthetho; endaweni yoko, zifuna ukuba kubekho umgangatho ophantsi — ulungelelwano — olumele lusekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo bokuba uphando lugunyaziwe ngumthetho yaye iirekhodi zifanelekile. Noko ke, xa izaphuli-mthetho zisenza uphando olungekho mthethweni oluqhelekileyo olunokuthi lukhokelele, umgaqo wesine osisiHlandukuhlala usebenza. Umgca phakathi kolawulo nophando lwezaphuli-mthetho ubalulekile: ukuba ukuphendukuphenduku-mthetho, umthetho awunakusebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo lwezaphuli-mthetho ukuba ugqitha enyanze imfuneko.

Iinguqu ze-HIPAA ezivunyiweyo

HIPAA uvumela ukutyhilwa okuthile kwe-PHI ngaphandle kogunyaziso olunomonde lomthetho onyanzelekileyo, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezingqongqo. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu agqunyiweyo angayityhila i-PHI ngokuphendula umyalelo wenkundla, i-subpoena, okanye isicelo solawulo ukuba iimfuno ezithile zihlanganisiwe, njengokunika isaziso kumguli okanye ukufumana ucwangco olufanelekileyo lokukhusela. Noko ke, ezi HIPAA azikho phantsi kweSihlaziyo seSine IsiHRAN. Isiqinisekiso esingephithiwe sowesine soMfunxeko sisenokunyanzeleka, kwanokuba sifunyaniswe nee-HIPAA. Ngoko ke, abameli abafumana ingcebiso abafumana inkxaso-mali abafaneleyo abafanele bathembele kuphela kwi-HIPAA engaphandle ukuze bakhuphe ingxelo ngaphandle kogunyazo, ngaphandle kokuba imeko ecacileyo ibekwe ngaphandle kwemvume okanye i-grogosa-grabhu.

Inkqubo Yesicelo Engummangaliso

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo zonyango kuphando olungekho mthethweni kubandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi alungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo obuqu nokuqinisekisa ukuba ulongamelo lwezomthetho lunezo zinto. Le nkqubo iqala ngokulungiselela umphengululi ofakelwe i-affidavit eqinisekisa ukuba nokwenzeka. I-affidavit kufuneka ibe nenkcukacha, imisela izibakala ezixhasa inkolelo yokuba ubungqina bokungalawuleki bukho yaye iingxelo ezifunwayo ziqulethe ubungqina obunjalo. Kufuneka kwakhona zichaze iirekhodi ngobuchule obuthile — ichaza uhlobo lwexesha, iindidi zengxelo, iingxelo, iingxelo zekhompyutha, amaphetshana asebenzayo, amaphetshana asebenzayo, amaphetshana okunyamekela), kunye nezinto ezigcina (umz., isibhedlele, izibhedlele, okanye iofisi zoogqirha).

I-affidavit inikwa ijaji okanye imantyi, evavanya ukuba kukho na umba ofanelekileyo na. Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela owaneleyo, ikhupha isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengululwa nokuphangwa kweerekhodi ezichaziweyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sinikwe ngendlela esengqiqweni, ngokufuthi sifuna ukuba abaphengululi banike isaziso kumgcini-zonyango okanye umguli ngexesha elithile, ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ithezekile ngezizathu ezinjengokuthintela ukonakalisa okanye ukuphengulula okuqhubekayo. Kwezinye iindawo, apho iirekhodi zibanjwe liqela lesithathu elingangenisiyo (njengesibhedlele esingeso singenasihloko sophando), isiqinisekiso singachaza “uphando olusengqiqweni” ukuba inqanda ukunciphisa ukuphenguluka.

Emva kokwenziwa kwesiqinisekiso, ubungqina buqokelelwa kwaye bungalawulwa yintshukumo yokucinezela ukuba ummangalelwa uthi isiqinisekiso sikhutshwe ngokungafanelekanga okanye sifezwe. Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko ehlolisisa isiqinisekiso sokungabi nasizathu esilindelekileyo, ukugqithisa, okanye ukuphelelwa kolwazi. Kwimeko zezamayeza ezingalungelelaniyo, iinkcukacha zezamayeza zingayekelela ngokukhawuleza njengoko iingxelo zihlaziywa, ngoko ii-affidavits kufuneka zibekho ngoku.

Uphando Lwenkundla Nokuchanabeka Kobungqina

Iinkundla zisebenzisa uphando olungqongqo ekuphengululeni ngokungekho mthethweni nasekuphumezeni imvume ekuphandeni okungekho mthethweni. Ukuba isiqinisekiso kamva sifunyaniswe sipholile — umzekelo, ngenxa yokuba inkxaso ye-affidavit yayingenasizathu esilindelekileyo okanye ngenxa yokuba isiqinisekiso sasibanzi kakhulu — ubungqina obubanjiweyo bungacinywa phantsi komthetho owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho ophehliweyo uthintela ukuphengululwa komthetho wokungagunyazi ngokusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenweyo ekuvulweni kweSihlane Somthetho.

Kukho indibaniselwano ephawulekayo kumthetho wokuzikhulula. Umahluko olungileyo wokholo, omiselwe kwi-United States v. Leon (19984), ungasebenza ukuba ukunyanzelisa umthetho ngokusengqiqweni kuxhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso esiye saphelelwa, logama nje isiqinisekiso singakhange singabi nakwanelanga. Noko ke, ukuba isiqinisekiso besisekelwe kwi-ftidavit equlathe ubuxoki obungalawulekiyo, okanye ukuba isiqinisekiso sifelwe ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni, ukholo olulungileyo alusebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho wokufumana okungenakunqandwa ungavumela ukuba kuvunywe ukuba urhulumente ubonise ukuba ubungqina bungafunyanwa ngokusemthethweni ngendlela yokuzimela.

Amagqwetha okhuselo kumatyala onyango olungekho mthethweni asoloko evavanya ulwaneliseko lwezizathu ezilindelekileyo zezicelo, ephikisa ngelithi iingxelo ezivela kubasebenzi abangonelisekanga okanye izikhalazo ezingokwasemthethweni azinyuki kumgangatho wesizathu esilindelekileyo. Bangakwathi urhulumente ahluleke ukubonisa i-nexus phakathi kwendlela etyholwayo kunye neengxelo ezifunwayo. Umzekelo, ukuba isiqinisekiso sifuna zonke izigulana ezinyathiweyo ezinyangwe ngugqirha othile kwiminyaka emihlanu, inkundla ingasifumani esi siqinisekiso siqhelekileyo sokwaphula imfuneko ethile. Iinkundla ziya kuhlola ukuba ngaba iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zinokusetyenziswa kuqala, njengoko kufunwa inqaku elisezantsi lepona okanye isicelo esilinganiselweyo — nangona ngokuqhelekileyo i-supenas ayihambili amandla afanayo njengomthetho okhawulezileyo.

Umthombo obalaseleyo wokuqonda ezi zigqibo zomthetho [[QUML:0] ISwebiso soLwazi loMgaqo-siseko kwiSikolo soMthetho saseCornell , esinika iingcaciso ezigunyazisayo zeSine soMgqibo woLawulo oluGcwebezekileyo kunye nomthetho wokuzikhulula.

Uphando lweengcali zonyango

Oogqirha kunye namaqumrhu onyango kufuneka bazi imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni engqonge imfuneko yokukhusela izigulana nokuma kwazo ngokwasemthethweni. Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunika isiqinisekiso, umnikezi wezonyango kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba isiqinisekiso sisayinwe kakuhle yijaji, ukuba ichaza iingxelo ezifunwayo ngokobuqu, kwaye ikwimo elungeleleneyo yomsebenzi wabo osemthethweni wokutyhila. Abanikeli banogunya elifanelekileyo nelokufuna isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba bakhulule i-PHI, ngaphandle kokuba kuqwalaselwe uxakeka okanye iimeko ezingokomthetho. Intsebenziswano nomthetho ibalulekile, kodwa kufuneka ilungelelanise iimbopheleleko zabo ezisemthethweni phantsi kwe-HIPAA kunye nemithetho eyimfihlo.

Izibonelelo zonyango kufuneka zimisele imithetho yokuphendula kwimvume, kuquka ukuyila umphathi wezobuqu okanye icebiso elingokwasemthethweni ukuze ahlole izicelo zesiqinisekiso. Ukwenziwa kwesiqinisekiso kunye namanyathelo athathiweyo ukuze ahambisane nezo zinto kufuneka kugcinwe. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sibonakala sipholile okanye sibanzi, umnikezi usenoku — kwaye rhoqo kufuneka — zizise inkxalabo kwinkundla ekhuphayo okanye zifune umyalelo wokukhusela. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla ingasibeka okanye ilungise isiqinisekiso ukuba iphazamisa kunxibelelwano olululo, olunje kolo luphakathi komguli nomntu ogulayo kunye nomntu osebenza ngengqondo, okanye ukuba ifuna iirekhodi ezikhuselwe ilungelo lokubonana.

Kubaphengululi, isitshixo sokufumana inkxaso-mali kukuba ukulungiselela ngokucokisekileyo nokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho yesiseko akunakwenzeka. Ukusika iimbombo ngokuthembela kwisiqinisekiso esiphosakeleyo okanye ukuphambuka okungekho mthethweni kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni bubungqina obuchanabileyo kunye kwanetyala lesizwe lokwaphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi-lwazi kufuneka basebenze ngokusondeleyo nabatshutshisi abanamava okanye abaquququzeleli abasemthethweni ukuqulunqa isiqinisekiso esichanekileyo, esichanekileyo, esikhoyo, kwaye esiqwalathiswe. Bafanele bacinge ukuba ngaba yindlela encinane ekwaphuculeyo enika isaziso somonde, ingabalwanelisa, ngokukodwa ukuba uphando olusemthethweni alubandakanye nengozi okanye utshaba olukhawulele.

ISebe lezempilo nezoluntu lase-U.S. (HHS) likhuphe iphepha le- elikwi-HIPAA kunye nomthetho ogunyazisa ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho, elinika ukhokelo olusebenzayo kubaphandi kunye nabanikezeli bempilo.

Umahluko woMthetho kaRhulumente kunye neNdlela yokuHIPAA

Imfuno ezizinzileyo zeerekhodi zezamayeza ziyahluka-hluka ngokwerejista. Ngoxa uMphetho-nkqubo wesine umisela umgangatho karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko kunye nemimiselo ngokufuthi unikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna ukuba umthetho unyanzelise imvume yeengxelo ezigcinwe ngabagcini-mali bezempilo naxa i-HIPAA ingulo ivumela ukutyhilwa nge-hidea ngaphandle kwemvume. La maphondo asenokuba nemibandela eyimfihlo engakumbi engokwasemgangathweni wezamayeza, ingakumbi kwiimfuno zolwazi oluchuku njengonyango lwengqondo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi, okanye ugcino-data yemfuno yemfuno yemfuno yemfuno yemfuno. Uhlaluko lwe-HPAA luntsoko: jikelele, umthetho worhulumente akawuvani ukhuseleko olugqithisleyo. Ngalo ndlela, ekuphandal ’ uphando lwezo zezonyango, kufuneka amanani avumelane onke amagunya eemfuno omthetho omthetho we-H, kungakhathalisekisethi ye-HI.

Uphando lwezokwelapha olungasetyenziswanga kakuhle olunqamleza imida yezorhulumente luye luzinzisa ngakumbi izinto. Umzekelo, ukuba isigulana sihlala kwelinye ilizwe kwaye sinyangwe kwelinye, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sihambisane nemithetho yelizwe apho iingxelo zikhoyo — ngokuqhelekileyo urhulumente apho umgcini-zimo zempilo esebenza khona. Abaphathi-zimali kufuneka badibane nesiluleko esisemthethweni kuloo ndlela kugunyazwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yenkundla yasekuhlaleni kunye nemithetho yezobucala.

Ukongezelela, amanye amaphondo anemithetho echaza ngokungqalileyo ukutyhilwa kweengxelo zezamayeza ukwenzela uhlolo loontanga okanye ukuqinisekiswa komgangatho, ngokufuthi enika amalungelo asemthethweni akhusela iingxelo ezinjalo ekufunyanisweni. Isiqinisekiso esiza kuzama ukufumana ezi zinto zixabisekileyo sisenokucelw'iingxaki, kwaye iinkundla kufuneka zivavanye ilungelo elichasene nemfuneko karhulumente yobungqina. Kwimimandla emininzi, iingxelo zoontanga azimele zifunyaniswe kumatyala angekho mthethweni, kwaye izivumelwano azifane zisetyenziswe kwiirekhodi ezinjalo ekuphandweni ngolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona kukho imiqathango.

Izenzo ezintle zamaqela asemthethweni kwiMaldscription Cases

Uluqwalaselwa izibonda eziphezulu ezibandakanyekileyo, amaqela asemthethweni amele amacala omabini kuphando lwezamayeza angekho mthethweni kufuneka asebenze kakuhle ekusingatheni iingxelo ezigunyazisiweyo. Kubagxeli-mtshutshisi kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, uqheliselo olungcono kukulungiselela ukucacisa ngokucacileyo izibakala ezibonisa ukuba ngaba nokwenzeka, iingxelo ezithe ngqo zafunwa, kunye ne-nexus phakathi komsebenzi owenziwe kakubi kunye neengxelo. Kuphephe ukubharptatel ulwimi kwaye qinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luntsha kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngaphambi kokuba ukuphumeza lo myalelo, qwalasela ukuba naliphi ilungelo okanye ukhuseleko lwe-statry luyasebenza, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, indlela yokufumana ufikelelo olusemthethweni, njengokufuna umyalelo wenkundla ongqalileyo ekuthetheni ngelungelo.

Amagqwetha akhuselayo, ingqwalaselo kufuneka icebe isiqinisekiso kumathuba okuqala anokwenzeka. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sisetyenzisiwe, isiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka sifumane ngokukhawuleza ikopi, sihlole inkxaso yenkxaso yeentetho zobuxoki okanye ezingezizo, kwaye faka intshukumo yokucinezela ukuba iinqobo zikho. Ukuhlasela ngaphezulu kwaye inkcazo, ukuphikisa ukuba isiqinisekiso sisiqinisekiso singugunya jikelele. Kwakhona, khangela ukuba isiqinisekiso silungiselelwe kakuhle nokuba ngaba umthetho ufumene umyalelo ofanelekileyo okanye ulibazise isaziso ukuba siyasebenza. Kwimeko apho urhulumente uxhomekeke kwimeko ezikhethekileyo ezifana nezingaqhelekanga, ufuna ukuba urhulumente aqinisekise ukusetyenziswa komthetho.

Kwakhona kucetyiswa ukuba isiluleko sokhuseleko sinikezelwe ipenari kumgcini-mzinzo wempilo ukufumana iirekhodi ngokwahlukileyo, nto leyo enokuthi imohlwaye imicimbi engafanelekanga ukuba urhulumente ngokuzithandela ufumana iirekhodi ngemvume okanye ngokuzikhusela. Noko ke, eli cebo kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngobulumko, njengoko lisenokuwaphazamisa amalungelo omxhasi ayimfihlo malunga neerekhodi.

Isiphelo

Imilinganiselo esemthethweni yokuvumela iimfuno ezifunekayo ekuphandeni okungalawulekiyo kwezamayeza isekelwe ekukhuseleni kweSihlaziyiweyo sesine soMgqomo-mthetho ongekho ngqiqweni. Izizathu ezifanelekileyo kufuneka zimiselwe ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe imvume, kwaye iinkundla zihlolisise ngokungqongqo nakuphi na ukufikelela okungaqinisekiyo kwiingxelo zezamayeza, urhulumente ebeka umva okumxinwa nokungaxhomekekiyo. Abaphengululi kunye noogqirha kufuneka basebenzise le migaqo ngenyameko ukuze bakhusele amalungelo esiseko somthetho ngoxa ukuhambela phambili okusemthethweni kokunyanzeleka komthetho okusemthethweni. Ngokwanda kolwazi lwempilo nokuntluntlukwano zonyango, ukungquzulana kophando-lwazi lwezaphuli-mthetho kunye nokuzibongela imicimbi yezonyango kuya kuqhubeka kungummandla onamandla womthetho. Abacuphi nab ’ ubuchule bokuqonda nokuhlonela ezi mfuneko zomthetho baza kukhuselwa ekukhuseleni ukuthembeka kwemithetho kunye namalungelo abo babandakanyekileyo.