Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Ezineengcwangu Zaseburhulumenteni Ziyaqhubeka

Izaphuli-mthetho zisebenza njengesiseko somthetho wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, zilungelelanisa imfuneko yokuba urhulumente ahlole ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lomntu lokukhululeka ekuhlolweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Isivumelwano singumyalelo wejaji ogunyazisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uthathe inyathelo elithile. Ngokufana nokungena ekhaya, ukuthatha ubungqina, okanye ukubopha ubungqina, okanye ukubopha ngemigaqo esemthethweni kufuneka kusekelwe ekuboniseni ityala elilindelekileyo. Ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo yemithetho kungabeka engozini ukungafaneleki kobungqina, ukutyhafisa, okanye ukukhokelela ekubekeni ityala labaphathi. Oku kuhamba phakathi kwezinyuko ezifanelekileyo kunye nemilinganiselo esemthethweni elawula izigwebo zezomthetho, ngengqiqo kukhuseleko lomntu ozikhuselayo, umtshutshisi-gqwesi, nawu, nawu nawu nawu nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi inkqubo yokugweba.

Yintoni Imvukelo?

Isiqinisekiso singumyalelo obhaliweyo okhutshwa ngumgwebi okanye ijaji engathathi cala okanye ijaji enika umthetho amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza ngendlela enokuthi ngapha koko kungqubaniswe nokulindela komntu okusengqiqweni kobumfihlo okanye inkululeko. Isiseko esisemthethweni semiyalelo yemiyalelo yogunyaziso sisuka kuMphetho-Mda wesine ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S., okhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka. Umgaqo-siseko wezomthetho karhulumente usoloko unikela uthelekiso okanye ukhuseleko olungaphezulu. Ukuze imvume ikwazi ukuba ifanele ifikelele kwimiqathango engundoqo emithathu: kufuneka ikhutshwe ngesizathu esifanelekileyo, ixhaswe sisifungo okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaze indawo yokuphehlwa okanye umntu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe.

Asilotyala nje. Zisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lomphathi, ziqinisekisa ukuba igosa lejaji lihlola izibakala ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente angene kwikhaya lomntu, kumaphepha, okanye kwiziphumo. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho yaseburhulumenteni, inkqubo yemvume ilawulwa yiyo yomibini imimiselo yesizwe nemithetho yenkundla, enokuthi yahluke ngokulawula kodwa isoloko ihambelana nobuncinane bomgaqo-siseko worhulumente.

Inyathelo 1: Zimisele Izinto Ezifanelekileyo Ezinokukubangela

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni othethelela ukufaneleka kwesiqinisekiso. Ukho xa ubuninzi beemeko ezaziwayo kumsebenzi womthetho bungakhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho, lukho, okanye luza kwenziwa, okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bukho kwindawo ethile.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kunokwenzeka, amagosa afumana ubungqina kwimithombo emininzi:

  • Ingqwalasela: Igosa elibona umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni ucacile ````Imali ethengiswayo yeziyobisi kwipaki kawonke-wonke''. Ingasebenzisa ulwazi lwalo ukuxhasa isiqinisekiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iincam ezitshintshileyo: Ulwazi olusuka kubalathisi abayimfihlo okanye abemi lungasetyenziswa, kodwa kufuneka luqinisekiswe ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka. Iinkundla zihlola ubunyani bomamkeli, isiseko solwazi, kunye nobungakanani amapolisa aqinisekise ngabo incam.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ubungqina obuphathekayo: Izinto ezifana neminwe, iDNA, okanye intsika ehlolayo edibanisa umkrokrela nolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Iingxelo zamaNgqina: ezivela kumaxhoba okanye kumangqina anika iinkcukacha ezithile ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umzekelo Wemeko: Ukuphinda Kubekho IiInformants

Ku I-Illinois v. Amasango, 462 U.S. 213 (193), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yamkela "ubungakanani bemeko" uvavanyo lokuvavanya iincam zokwazisa. Le ndlela ithambileyo ivumela umantyi ukuba aqwalasele zonke izinto, kuquka irekhodi yomnikezi werekhodi kunye nenqanaba lolwazi olunikezelweyo, ukufumanisa ukuba umba okhoyo kusini na. Iinkundla ezininzi zeli zilandela lo msebenzi.

Inyathelo Lesibini Lungisa Isiqhubi Esineentambo

Xa kunokwenzeka ukuba kufunyaniswe unobangela, umphathi-mikhosi makayinciphise ukuze abhale kwi-affidavit − isifungo esenziwe phantsi kwesifungo okanye isifungo se-pejury. I-affidavit iyintliziyo yesicelo sogunyaziso; ixelela imajistati oko umphathi akwaziyo kwaye kutheni ithethelela ukungenelela. I-affidavit mayiqulathe iinkcukacha ezaneleyo zejaji engondithi ngokuzimeleyo ukugqiba ukuba ityala likhona. Ukucengcelela nje iziphelo ("ndikholelwa ukuba iziyobisi zikhona" azinele.

Amalungu angundoqo e-affidavit esebenzayo aquka:

  • Ukwahlula igama lomphathi, isikhundla, kunye nesebe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkcazo yendawo: Idilesi okanye inkcazelo ethile yesakhiwo esiza kukhangelwa, kuquka naziphi na izithuthi okanye izikhongozeli kwipropati ukuba iyafuneka.
  • Inkcazo yezinto ezimele ukubanjwa: Uluhlu lobungqina obufunwayo (umz., izinto ezilawulwayo, imipu, amaxwebhu).
  • Imisebenzi emisela onokwenzeka: Ibali lokuqwalasela, iingxelo, okanye ubungqina obuxhasa isiqinisekiso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isakhelo sexesha: Xa iziganeko zenzekile, kuba ulwazi oludala alunakuxhasa unobangela olindelekileyo.

Inyanise kunye nolwahlulo lokholo olulungileyo

Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babe nenyaniso kwaye banyaniseke kwii-affidavits zabo. Ngokwazi okanye ngokungakhathaliyo ukwenza iintetho zobuxoki banganikezela ngesiqinisekiso esingekho semthethweni kwaye bangakhokelela ekucinezelweni kobungqina phantsi u-Flared v.Delaware, 438.U-154 [1978]). Ngoko, ukuba igosa elithe lakholelwa ukuba i-affidavit ilungile, kwanokuba iqulethe impazamo yempazamo yempazamo engacetywanga ngengozi, ubungqina bunokuba busenokwenzeka phantsi kwe "ukholo olulungileyo" olumiselwe ku-. Leon.[FLT], 468.U-U.U-844) luneembono ezininzi ezinikezelweyo, nangona lukho ukhuseleko oluninzi.

Inyathelo 3: Phakamisa Iqhinga Kwijaji Okanye KuMatshi

Igosa linika igosa elifungele ukugweba okanye ijaji elinobundindi elinika igosa elinobulungisa elinobundilele elithi lihlole ukufumanisa ukuba ityala likhona kusini na. Eli nqaku liyinxenye engaphambili, elithetha ukuba ixhoba lesicelo alinalo ithuba lokukhuphisana nesicelo kweli qonga. Ijaji ingabuza umphathi ukuba acacise imibuzo okanye acele ulwazi olongezelelekileyo. Ukuba lanelisekile, umajiji ubonakalisa imvume, ngaloo ndlela igunyazisa ukuphendla okanye ukubanjwa.

Ixesha Neemeko Ezimanyumnyezi

Izicelo ezinika amandla zinganikelwa ngexesha leeyure zenkundla eziqhelekileyo okanye kusetyenziswa inkqubo yamagwesa etsalwayo. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuthobela nge-electronic ngefax okanye i-imeyili kuyavunyelwa. Ukuba kukho imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yokwenza okuthile.

Inyathelo lesi - 4: Yiphelise Iqhawe

Ukwenziwa kwesiqinisekiso kumele kuhambelane nemilinganiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nazo naziphi na iimfuno ezikhethekileyo ezibekwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Umthetho jikelele ngowokuba amagosa kufuneka ankqonkqoze aze avakalise ubukho bawo nenjongo phambi kokungena kwindawo yokuhlala. Lo mthetho uvumela abahlali ukuba bathobele ngokuzithandela kwaye banciphise amathuba okungqubana kogonyamelo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo e-U.S. iMichigan[, 547 U.S.586 (2006), ibambe ukuba ukucinezelwa akufuneki ngokuzenzekelayo ukwenzela ukunkqonkqo nokunga kwemiza, nangona amanye amaziko enokuthi asebenzise izicombululo ezingqongqo.

Umda Wokukhangela

Amagosa angaphendla kuphela iindawo ezichazwe kwisiqinisekiso aze athabathe izinto ezidweliswe kuphela. Ukuba afumana ubungqina bolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokucacileyo, angabufumana phantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo. Kodwa abanako ukukunwena uphando ngaphaya kwamagama emvume ngaphandle kobulungisa obahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, imvume yokukhangela igalaji yee-elektroniki ezibiweyo ayigunyazi umkhuphisi kwiidrowa zokukhangela ngaphandle kokuba umxhasi uxhase ukuphendla kwezo ndawo.

Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Nokubuya Kwenkonzo

Izibophelelo zisebenza jikelele kwinani elilinganiselweyo leentsuku iintsuku ezilishumi ukuya kwezili-14. Emva kokubulawa, umphathi-mikhosi makafake u "buyiseni benkonzo" ngenkundla, adwelise oko kwabanjwayo. Oku kubuya kuba yinxalenye yengxelo yenkundla. Ukungabuyi ugunyaziso kusenokungakuphelisi ukuxhuzula kodwa kungaphembelela ukuthobela iprocedism.

Ukunikela Ulwazelelelo Olubalulekileyo Olusemthethweni

Iimfuno Zokucacisa

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngokuziindawo eziza kuphengululwa kwaye izinto eziza kuthinjwa. Ngokugqithisileyo, zibizwa "iimvume zomthetho zomthetho"" ngokunjalo-njalo azivumelekanga nguMphengululo wesine. Isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengululwa "nabuphi na ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho" asisebenzi kuba inika abaphathi ubulumko obungalawulekiyo. Endaweni yoko, imvume kufuneka idwelise iindidi ezithile, ezifana ne-"cocaine, izikali, izinto zokupakisha, kunye neerekhodi zemali ezinxulumene nokurhweba ngeziyobisi."

Abalindelo

Isiqinisekiso sokulindela ukwenzeka kuphela kwisiganeko sexesha elizayo. umzekelo, "xa umqulu oqulethe iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni usiwa kwindlu." Iinkundla zidla ngokuxhasa isiqinisekiso esinjalo ukuba isiganeko sokunkqangisa ngokuqinisekileyo sizakwenzeka kwaye umphathi ubonisa ukuba nokwenzeka ukuba isizathu sokuba ubungqina buzakufunyanwa ngelo xesha. Imithetho karhulumente iyahluka kwindlela emele ichazwe ngayo imeko yokudubulisa.

Uphando Olungenamsongelo: Luqhelekile

Kwanangona kukho imfuneko engqongqo, iinkundla ziyayivuma imiba emininzi evumela ukuphengululwa ngaphandle kwemvume:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa: amagosa angakhangela umntu obanjwa ngokusemthethweni kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imvume: Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukukhangela, akukho mvume ifunekayo.
  • Imbono ecacileyo: amagosa angathatha ubungqina obucacileyo ukuba bakhona ngokusemthethweni.
  • Umahluko ozenzekelayo wenqwelo - mafutha: Ukuba kukho isizathu esinokwenzeka sokukholelwa ukuba imoto iqulathe isibaleki, ingaphengululwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ngenxa yokuhamba kwayo.
  • Iimeko eziqikeleleyo: Ingxamiseko efana nosukelo olushushu okanye umngcipheko okhawulezileyo womonakalo ungathethelela ukungena okungenayo okungenangagunyaziswanga.

Ngamnye kule mithetho ichaseneyo udla ngokubekwa umva yaye usenokuba nocelomngeni. Kwinkundla yeli lizwe, amagqwetha asoloko ephikisa ngelithi le nto ayisebenzi, ifuna unyanzelo olungafanelekanga lobungqina obufunyenweyo.

Imiphumo Yezigwebo Ezingekho Mthethweni Okanye Yokuphunyezwa

Unyango lokuqala lokwaphulwa kwemvume ngumthetho wokuzikhulula, othintela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise ubungqina obufunyenwe ngenxa yokuphendla okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuthamba. Lo mthetho usebenza kumthetho othe ngqo ngoMgaqo-nkqubo we-145. Noko ke, ngaphandle kokuba "ukholo olulungileyo" kunye nokufunyanwa okungenakuphepheka kunokwenza ubungqina buvunywe. Isiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka sihlolisise ngenyameko i-affidavit ngokukhutshwa kwezinto okanye ukushwampulwa okungeyiyo, ukucaciswa kwemithetho ecacileyo, kunye nenkqubo yokubulala.

Uguqu-guquko Lwemeko

Ngelixesha imigangatho yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente iseka umgangatho, urhulumente omninzi unikela ukhuseleko oluninzi. Umzekelo, amanye amaphondo afuna umgangatho ongqongqo ukwenzela uqinisekiso, okanye angaluqondi "ukholo olulungileyo" lomahluko kwiimfuno ezinesiphene. Imimiselo karhulumente isenokumisela iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo, njengokufuna isiqinisekiso kuzo zonke iingeniso ezingenisiweyo (i-avrective egqaliweyo) okanye ukufuna ukuba uphengululo lubhalwe ngekhamera yomzimba.

Amacebiso asebenzisekayo kwizixhobo zokhuselo

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Cela isiqinisekiso kunye ne affidavit kwangoko. Ngokukhawuleza xa imeko ibandakanya uphendlo, fayile intshukumo yokufumana isiqinisekiso kunye nezixhobo zokuxhasa. Jonga amaphepha alahlekileyo, utyikityo olungaphelelanga, okanye imiba yomhla.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukhangela ubudala. Ukuba ulwazi kwi-affidavit luneeveki okanye iinyanga, iphikisa into yokuba umba onokwenzeka uphelisiwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlola uqeqesho lwabaphathi kunye namava. Affidavits zisoloko zixhomekeke kubuchule bomphathi ukuchaza ubungqina; ukuba umphathi akalufumani uqeqesho olukhethekileyo, iziphelo zingathandabuzeka.
  • Lungisa ukwenziwa kwemiqathango. Fumana iingxelo zamapolisa, ikhamera yomzimba, kunye neengxelo zokungqina ukubona ukuba umthetho wokunkqonkqoza nowokukhupha ulandelwa kusini na, nokuba ukukhangela kungaphaya komda wesiqinisekiso, nokuba ngaba kukho na izinto ezibanjwe ngaphandle koluhlu.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho

  • [[Uxwebhu:0] Uxwebhu lonke. Gcina amaphetshana adwelisweyo ophawulo, iingxelo zokwazisa, kunye namanyathelo axhasayo. quka ii-wamps.
  • [[FLT: 0] Fumana umphathi okanye umxhasi osemthethweni ukuphinda uhlole i-affidavit. Iseti yesibini yamehlo ingabamba iintlawulo okanye intelekelelo engoneleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imigaqo yemo ecacileyo. Ezinye iimeko zifuna imfuneko zokwenziwa ngexesha elithile naphantsi kweeyure ezithile; khangela imithetho yasekuhlaleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ungaxhomekeki kumkhwa. Nokuba ijaji ivumile ii-affidavits ezifanayo kwixesha elidlulileyo, isiqinisekiso ngasinye kufuneka sigwetyelwe ngokwaso.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno eziqinileyo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente zibonisa ukulungelelana okuluqilima phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nomntu ngamnye. Ukusukela ekumiseleni isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuphumeza lo mthetho ngokusemthethweni, inyathelo ngalinye lineziphumo ezisemthethweni ezinokufumana iziphumo zetyala. Amagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda ezi mfuneko kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo abaxhasi. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho, ukunamathela ngenyameko ekuqinisekiseni iinkqubo zomthetho komeleza ingqibelelo yobungqina kwaye kunciphisa ubungozi bokucinezelwa. Njengoko iinkundla zelimo ziqhubeka zichaza imigangatho yombutho nomgaqo-siseko, ukugcina ulwazi ngeziphumo ekufuneni nasekuxhwaleni nokuqhwala umthetho kubalulekile kubo bonke abathathi bemi benkqubo yobulungisa.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi- Icandelo lesizwe localucalulo lobulungisa lweziko lobuRhulumente kunye nomthetho wesiphazamiso , i- i-ABA Criminal Justice Serviment Service kuphendlo kunye neSeziture , kunye neencwadi zebhedreji zesizwe ezikhoyo kwiZiko loburhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, [[[FLT:]] iCornell Leginformation Institute's's yesazi sesazi semithetho yequmbhuli [ inika incopho eyomeleleyo yokuqalisa iimfuno zokuqonda macala aphezulu. Ekugqibeleni, [FLT] U.S. iNkruversethi yemeko ye-FLD [F]