Table of Contents
Kwihlabathi apho igunya lingamosha lula kwaye igunya elipheleleyo lingasongela inkululeko, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano ime njengenye yezona migaqo ezibalulekileyo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Lo mgaqo ubalulekileyo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu, elikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nokulondoloza uzinzo oluxhomekeke kulo uluntu. Ukuqonda indlela ezinokuxilonga nokulungelelanisa umsebenzi ngayo kuwe ngokobuqu kwaye kutheni kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Ziziphi Iindlela Nolungelelwano?
Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lumela umgaqo karhulumente apho amasebe ahlukeneyo anikwe amandla okukhusela izenzo zamanye amasebe kwaye aphenjelelwa ukuba abelane ngegunya. Le nkqubo idala ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo noxanduva oluthintela naluphi na ulungiselelo okanye umntu ekusebenziseni igunya elingathintelwanga.
Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano lubuchule bokusasaza amandla kuyo yonke inkqubo yezobupolitika, ukukhusela nawuphi na umbutho okanye umntu ekusebenziseni ulawulo olupheleleyo. Amagama 'ii-checks' kunye 'nomlinganiselo' asetyenziswa kunye, kodwa angacingelwa njengokubhekisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ngokufihlakeleyo (nakuba zibekwe ngokweenjongo). Oku kubandakanya izakhiwo ezifana nemithetho yezolawulo-moya, okanye iimpawu ezibanzi zemisebenzi yezoburhulumente zivumela ukuba zinqumlane amandla omnye nomnye, ukuze umzekelo ngokuvala okanye ngokusuka nje ucutheze izigqibo. Ulungelelwaniso, okwangoku, kuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi kunye nezilangazelelo zimelwe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Oku kubandakanya izinto ezifana nenkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi, okanye ukusebenza okubanzi kobukho kwamaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika.
Ulwahlulo lwamagunya e-United States lunxulunyaniswa nenkqubo yeetsheki neSikali. Inkqubo yokukhangela nokulinganisela inika isebe ngalinye lorhulumente elinamandla okuhlola amanye amasebe nokuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu.
Isiseko Seengqikelelo Nesilungeleleneyo Embalini
Ingcamango yokuxilonga nokulingana ayizange ivele ngobusuku obubodwa. Inemvelaphi enzulu yembali enwebeka emva kwiinkulungwane nakumazwekazi, iphembelela kanye isiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMelika.
Imvelaphi Yamandulo Nesiseko Sezifundo Zobunzululwazi
Umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uPolybius wahlalutya umgaqo-siseko wamandulo wamaRoma oxubeneyo phantsi kolwahlulo oluyintloko: ulawulo lookumkani (olumelwa ngumlawuli); ubungangamsha (iNdlu yeeNtsimi); kunye nedemokhrasi (abantu). Waphembelela kakhulu kamva iingcamango ngolwahlulo lwamagunya. Le ngqiqo yamandulo yorhulumente olungeleleneyo yayiza kuvakala ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ixelela izithandi zobupolitika kunye nabo babumba bemiqumrhu yanamhlanje.
Igama elithi "Ukucazululwa kwamagunya" laqanjwa sisithandi sobulumko sasebuGrike senkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo senkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo sesifama se-Montesquieu sabhala ngokubaluleka kolu vavanyo kunye nolungelelwano kwiThe Spirit of Laws (1748), ukusasazeka kwiingcamango zombhali-mbali ongumGrike uPolybius. UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuba ubuzwilakhe busongela zonke iintlobo zikarhulumente kwaye amasebe ahlukeneyo karhulumente afanele abe neendawo zoxanduva kunye namandla ezobupolitika ukuze avavanye amanye amasebe.
IziHlamlisi zaseMerika noyilo loMgaqo-siseko
Xa bequlunqisa umGaqo-siseko, abalawuli baqwalasela indlela yokuyalela inkqubo karhulumente eyayinika amandla aneleyo okulawula ngoxa bekhusela inkululeko yabalawulwa. Ootata abasekileyo bazibonele ngeengozi zegunya eliphakamileyo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane, kwaye babezimisele ukwenza into eyahlukileyo.
Imfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamagunya, eyaphunyezwa ziziHlamli ekuqulunqeni umGaqo-siseko, yayisekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi edla ngokugcinwa: ukwahlulwa kukarhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nekomiti egwebayo; ingcamango yokuba isebe ngalinye lenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo nenokubonwa efanelekileyo kwisebe ngalinye; kunye nemithetho emiselwe ngokuchasene naye nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela elikhonza kwisebe elingaphezulu kwelo elinye ngexesha elinye.
Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wawusebenza kakhulu le migaqo, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabalawuli kwakungekho lukhuni, kodwa waquka inkqubo yokukhangela kunye nolungelelwano apho elinye isebe lalinokuhlola amandla awabelwe elinye. Oku kubhexeshiswa bekungacetywanga, kudala inkqubo enamandla enokuqhelanisa ngexesha lokugcina umsebenzi walo ongundoqo wokukhusela.
UJames Madison wachaza ngokudumileyo: Isiqu somdla kufuneka sicetywe ukulwa namabhongo. Umdla womntu kufuneka udibane namalungelo omgaqo-siseko wendawo. Le ngqiqo ithatha ubukrelekrele benkqubo yamaMelika ."ayixhomekekanga kwisidima seenkokeli kodwa endaweni yoko isebenzisa iphupha lomntu ukukhusela inkululeko.
Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Namagunya Awo
Ukuze uyiqonde indlela esebenza ngayo iingxibo nolungelelwano, kuqala kufuneka uqonde amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo karhulumente neembopheleleko zawo ezikhethekileyo.
Isebe Elisemthethweni
Kurhulumente wesizwe, iGatya 1 lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States limisela iSebe loMgaqo-siseko, eliqulethwe yiKhonkxale. iKhomishini, ukongezelela kwezinye iimbopheleleko ezibaliweyo, ijongene nokuyila imithetho. IBhunga linezindlu ezimbini: iCamplate neNdlu yabameli, kwaye linokuyilawula i-veto e-Ofisie ngo-2/3 kuzo zombini izindlu.
Isebe lowiso-mthetho liphethe oko abaninzi bakugqala njengelona gunya lisisiseko kurhulumente: amandla okwenza imithetho elawula uhlanga. Kodwa eli gunya livela kwamanye amasebe, liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga alinakusebenza ngaphandle kokuvelela.
Isebe Elilawulayo
Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa ligosa eliyintloko njengerhuluneli okanye umongameli wase-U. Isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa imithetho ewiswe lisebe lezewiso-mthetho. Umzekelo, uGeneral, umtshutshisi oyintloko, ujongene nembopheleleko yokunyanzela imithetho echasene nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukuhlasela, kwanongcoliso. Isebe elilawulayo likwanembopheleleko yokumisela imithetho kwizikolo, ukukhusela abantwana, imisebenzi ekhuselekileyo, iinkonzo zentlalo-ntle, iimoto, njalo njalo.
Isebe elilawulayo lizisa imithetho ebomini, lisebenzisa lize linyanzelise imigaqo echaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Isebe Eligwebayo
Isebe lejaji linembopheleleko yokuchaza imithetho ebhalwe lisebe lemithetho. Oku kuquka ukucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwabantu ababini abangavumelaniyo phantsi komthetho, kwakunye nokuvelela iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona zingagqunywanga ngokucacileyo kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, ukucalucalula okuchazayo, uqikelelo-magama olubonisa ngezantsi, amandla eenkundla okuhlola izenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezixhobo zolawulo oluphezulu nolawulo lukarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba zingumGaqo-siseko / / waba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo karhulumente eUnited States.
Isebe eligwebayo lisebenza njengomgcini wemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, liqinisekisa ukuba amasebe owiso-mthetho okanye alawulayo angaligqithi igunya lawo okanye aphule amalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko.
Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nolungelelwano
Ubuhle bendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela bungekho kwingcamango kodwa kusetyenziso lwayo olusebenzisekayo. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisela nokuvelela ezinye, lidala ulungelelwano olunamandla olukhusela kwiingcinezelo.
Iingqwalasela zoMthetho kwisebe elinolawulo oluphezulu
IBhunga lisebenzisa izixhobo ezininzi ezinamandla zokuhlola igunya eliphezulu. YiNgqungquthela kuphela enokufumana imali efanelekileyo, kwaye indlu nganye isebenza njengengqwalasela ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya okanye isenzo sobukrelekrele. Eli gunya lemali lithetha ukuba nokuba uMongameli ufuna ukulandela inkqubo ethile, iBhunga kufuneka livume ukuxhasa imali.
IBhunga lingakuphelisa ukuvota okungoMongameli ngokuphinda kuthethwe umthetho nokuwudlulisa ngobuninzi obu-2/3. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba iNkqutyana ixhasa ngokuqinileyo umthetho, unokuba ngumthetho kwanangaphandle kwemvume kamongameli.
IBhunga lingamgweba umongameli ngezenzo eziphezulu zolwaphulo-mthetho, njengokungcangcazelisa okanye ukunyoba. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuzisa izityholo ezityholo kuMongameli; iNdlu yeeNgwevu inamandla okubanjwa nokususwa kukaMongameli esikhundleni. Olu hlolo luqinisekisa ukuba akukho mongameli ongaphezulu komthetho.
Umongameli umisela amalungu eNkundla Ephakamileyo kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso, elikwavumelana namanye amagunya athile aphezulu. Kwakhona iNdlu yeQeqesho kufuneka yabelane ngezivumelwano. Oku kwabelana ngegunya kumadinga kunye nezivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe kuthintela uMongameli ukuba angawuxoxi inkqubo yejaji okanye yasemzini.
Ukujongwa koMthetho kwisebe lezeejaji
IBhunga kufuneka livume ukutyunjwa kweejaji zoManyano, ezibavumela ukuba baphembelele abakwisikhundla kwisebe lejaji. Ngenkqubo yokuqinisekisa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inokungayamkeli ikomiti egwebayo engahambelani nemilinganiselo yayo okanye intanda-bulumko yayo egwebayo ibafumana beneengxaki.
Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, kodwa iNdlu yeeNdlu zeMasahlulo-mthetho iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa koMongameli ngezikhundla zokugweba, kwaye iBhunga linokugatya nabani na kwezo jaji lize lizisuse kwisikhundla. Eli gunya lokususa abagwebi linikela uvavanyo ngokuchasene nehambo engafanelekanga okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla.
Ngokuqalisa ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko, kungaqhelisela izigqibo ezigqwethekileyo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Nangona oku kunzima kwaye kunqabile ukusetyenziswa, kumela uvavanyo lomthetho olupheleleyo ekutolikeni komGaqo-siseko.
Isebe elilawulayo lihlola isebe elinomthetho
Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli kwisebe elilawulayo angayiphembelela loo mithetho kunye noMongameli we-Vto. Le mikhosi yamandla inyanzela iBhunga ukuba lakhe inkxaso ebanzi yomthetho, njengoninzi oluqhelekileyo alwanelanga ukuba uMongameli uchasa umthetho.
Isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iMithetho eLawulayo, efana nezibhengezo ezithwala amandla omthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingavakalisa ezo zenzo zingekho semthethweni. Imiyalelo yegunya ivumela uMongameli ukuba athathe inyathelo ngokusisigxina, kodwa eli gunya lilinganiselwe ngokuqwalasela okugweba.
Isebe Elilawulayo Lijonge Isebe Lejaji
Isebe lejaji lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka izigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkundla yabagwebi ababhenela kwinkundla yezibheno, kunye nabagwebi benkundla yesithili abathatha olo vavanyo. Ngolawulo lokumiselwa, oomongameli banokubumba uqambiso lwejaji kunye nolwalathiso lwalo olusezizulwini zezizukulwana.
Ukuhlolisisa Isebe Elisemthethweni
Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingayivakalisa loo mithetho ingekho ngokwemigaqo. Isebe lezeejaji likwanokuvakalisa imithetho edluliselwe yiKhomishini ukuba ibe yeyomthetho engekho semthethweni iphela okanye ngokwenxalenye. Eli gunya lokuhlola ikomiti liqinisekisa ukuba wonke umthetho umele uhambelane nemigaqo-siseko.
Ukuhlolisisa Isebe ElinoLawulo Oluphezulu
Isebe lezeejaji lingavakalisa izenzo zoMongameli ezingavumelaniyo nomthetho, ozisusayo kumthetho. Enoba ngumyalelo olawulayo, umthetho, okanye inyathelo lokusebenza, iinkundla zingabetha izenzo zempatho-mandla ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko.
Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano
Ukuqonda le ngcamango kubalulekile, kodwa ukubona indlela ubuchule nokulungelelana okusebenza ngayo kwiimeko zokwenene kuzisa le ngcamango ebomini.
Ityala LeStolen Vallor Act
Phantsi kwale nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kukho ukusetyenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Isebe ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa kufuneka lixhomekeke kwigunya lamanye amasebe ukuze urhulumente asebenze.
IGastivative Branch (16).Corer, yadlula kuMthetho weStolen Vallor ka-2005, yohlwaya abo bathetha kakubi ukuba bafumene uzuko oluphezulu lomkhosi. Isebe Leejaji (=INkundla ePhakamileyo yeUnited States) ilawula ngo-2012 ukuba i-Actives yayingagunyaziswanga kuba yaphula umthetho wasekunene ukukhulula ukuthetha okukhuselwe yiSindululo Sokuqala soMphengululo. Isebe Legunya Elilawulayo (*) iPentagon kunye noMongameli (*) lathatha inyathelo ngenyanga yesigqibo seNkulawula iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkulwayo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkatho-2012) lokumisela i-mendlela yemendlela yesizwe yemendlela yolawulo karhulumente ekhuselweyo ngexesha elingaphezulu-5.
Lo mzekelo uyibonisa kakuhle indlela la masebe amathathu asebenza kunye ngayo, ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo ahlukileyo ngoxa lihlonela igunya lamanye.
Ingxelo yoMphathiswa wamanzi neyoMongameli
Ukuphembelela yinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko exhasa umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela ukugcina umthetho nokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya ngamagosa karhulumente. Ihlazo leWatergate lee-1970 labonisa indlela ii-checks nomlinganiselo onokuthi ubeke ityala kwanakweyona ofisi iphezulu.
Njengomongameli, uRichard Nixon namalungu olawulo lwakhe abandakanyeke kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziliqela aza azama ukuzifihla ukuze aphephe ukuchotshelwa ityala. Amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe orhulumente azama ukusebenzisa amandla awo ukunqanda umongameli aze ohlwaye ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakubi igunya lakhe. Isisongelo sokungathotyelwa kwamagosa ekugqibeleni sakhokelela ekubeni uNixon arhoxe, engqina ukuba akukho namnye ongaphezulu komthetho.
Impinda Entsha Nezeejaji
Ngexesha leNkundla yaseNew Development, iNkundla yalwa nemigudu karhulumente karhulumente ngezenzo zikaMongameli Franklin Roosevelt kunye neNkundla yokulawula uqoqosho ngexesha loKudodobala Okukhulu. INkundla nganye yagqiba kwelokuba uMthetho weSizwe wezentengiso ungabi nagunya eSchechter v.S.1935) ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lalawula intengiso yezoshishino (umbutho onganqumli migca yorhulumente) laza lanika igunya lalo lokulawula isebe eliphetheyo.
Eli tyala libonisa indlela isebe eligwebayo elinokuyijonga ngayo iNgqungquthela kunye noMongameli xa ligqitha imida yomgaqo - siseko, kwanangamaxesha eengxaki zesizwe.
Isizathu Sokuba Ukujonga Nokulungelelana Kube Luxanduva Kuwe
Usenokuzibuza ukuba ezi nkqubo zikarhulumente zibuchaphazela njani ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Impendulo yile: ngeendlela ezininzi, ezininzi zazo usenokungazazi kwaukuziphawula.
Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye
Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano ngaphakathi komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elinamandla amakhulu kakhulu, ngaloo ndlela likhusela inkululeko ethenjisiweyo kumGaqo-siseko. Iingqi zoluvo nolungelelwano ziqinisekisa inkululeko ethenjiswe kumGaqo-siseko ngokumisela amandla alo naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba lithintele amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linamandla akhethekileyo kwaye liyakwazi ukuqinisekisa nokulinganisela amandla amanye amasebe.
Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokukhusela naliphi na isebe ekusebenzeni okanye ekusebenziseni kakubi loo malungelo. Nokuba yinkululeko yakho yokuthetha, ilungelo lakho lokuba wedwa, okanye ukhuseleko lwakho ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukujonga kunye nokulungelelana kuqinisekisa ukuba la malungelo ahlala ekhuselekile.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iBhunga likhupha umthetho ophazamisa ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, isebe eligwebayo linamandla okuwisa loo mthetho njengongavumelaniyo nomthetho.
Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya
Iingxilo kunye nolungelelwano zilumkela ubundlobongela nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla ngokuthi kuthintelwe iqela elithile okanye elincinane phakathi korhulumente ukuba libambe amandla amaninzi. Imbali izaliswe yimizekelo yoko kwenzekayo xa amandla egxininisa ezandleni ezimbalwa kakhulu (ukucinezelwa, ukonakala, nokuphulukana nenkululeko.
Imigudu yesebe elinye yokuthintela elinye isebe ekubeni libe likhulu icingelwa ukuba isoloko isithintela naliphi na isebe ekubekeni amanyathelo anzima ngokungeyomfuneko kwizahlulelo. Oku kuxinezeleka okuzingisileyo phakathi kwamasebe, ngelinye ixesha kudimaza, kusebenza njengesikhuselo esibalulekileyo senkululeko.
Ubunjani obuphuculiweyo bokwenziwa kwesigqibo
Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano luzizinto ezisisiseko zedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko ezithintela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungalungelelwani, ziphucula umgangatho wokwenza izigqibo kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba ubuchule bukho ukuthintela okanye ukusohlwaya ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni. Xa amasebe amaninzi kufuneka avumelane kwizigqibo ezingundoqo, anyanzelela ukucingisisa ngokucokisekileyo nokuqwalasela iimbono ezahlukeneyo.
Imithetho esindayo kuvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano idla ngokuhlolwa kwii-engile ezininzi, ixakene kakhulu, kwaye icocwe ngokunyenyeza. Le nkqubo, ngelixesha icothayo, idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunokwenza izigqibo ezingekho mgaqweni.
Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya
Ukuxilonga nokulinganisela kubangela ukuba isebe ngalinye likwazi ukuphendula ityala. Xa elinye likwazi ukuhlolisisa ezinye, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba inkohlakalo okanye ihambo engafanelekanga ihlale ifihliwe. Oku kukhokela kukhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukukhanya nesimilo kulo lonke urhulumente.
Inkqubo ye-Vecks and Balances idlala indima ebalulekileyo kurhulumente wase-United States. Le nkqubo yakhiwa ukuze elinye lamasebe karhulumente lingaze libe namandla agqithiseleyo; ngoko ke elinye isebe likarhulumente lilawulwa ngamasebe amabini. Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lihlola amandla amanye amasebe ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amasebe anamandla alinganayo.
Indlela Iindlela Eziluchaphazela Ngayo Uluntu Lwakho
Ngoxa sisoloko sicinga ngeengqiniba nezikali kumgangatho wesizwe, le migaqo isebenza nakumazwe nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ichaphazela uluntu lwenu ngokuthe ngqo.
Urhulumente noRhulumente wasekuhlaleni
Urhulumente worhulumente waseUnited States kunye noorhulumente abangamashumi amane bahlula oorhulumente babo babe ngamasebe amathathu. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayicacanga kumgangatho worhulumente kuphela kodwa ikwabonakala kumgangatho karhulumente, apho oorhulumente basebenza phantsi kwemigaqo efanayo ukuze bakhusele abaphangi bamagunya esizwe okanye esizwe.
Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe idlulisela imithetho echaphazela imfundo, ezothutho, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kuluntu lwakho. Irhuluneli yakho iyakwazi ukuxelela loo mithetho okanye icebisa amanyathelo amatsha. Iinkundla zelizwe lakho zingawisa imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko wakho. Le mithetho inamandla afanayo ekhoyo kwiphondo lakho, D.C., idlala kwikomkhulu lakho kwaye idla ngokudla ngokudla ngokudlala kwisixeko okanye kurhulumente wephondo lakho.
Ukukhuselwa kweemfuno zoluntu
Xa amasebe karhulumente esebenza ngokuvelelana, anceda ekukhuseleni izilangazelelo zoluntu ngeendlela ezibonakalayo. Umzekelo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe idlulisa uqingqo-mali lokuba kwimali yezikolo zasekuhlaleni ezinganele, irhuluneli isenokuwugunyazisa, inyanzelise ukuba abenzi bemithetho baphinde bawuhlolisise kwakhona umthetho wesixeko sakho. Ukuba ibhunga lesixeko sakho liphumeza umthetho ophula amalungelo abemi, iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zingawubetha.
Ezi zihlo zithintela izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo okanye eziqwalaselwe kakubi ezinokulonakalisa uluntu lwakho. Ziqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziqwalaselwa phambi kokuba kuqaliswe imigaqo echaphazela ungingqi, izikolo, kunye neenkonzo zasekuhlaleni.
Ummi Uba Nenxaxheba Njengendlela Yokulungisa
Abantu baseUnited States banawo amagunya abanikwe nguMgaqo-siseko obavumela ukuba babe neseti yabo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano kumasebe karhulumente woMasipala. Abantu baseUnited States banokuthintela ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko yiKhomishini ukuba 3/4 yamazwe ayala ukupheliswa kokulungisa. Abantu banawo amandla okuvota kubameli babo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini kunye nakuMaquququzeleli babo iminyaka emi-6.
Wena, njengommi, uyinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Uvoti yakho, ilizwi lakho kwiiholo zedolophu, iileta zakho kubameli, nokuba nenxaxheba kwakho kubomi boluntu konke kunikela ekuphenduleni urhulumente. Lo mveleli mhlawumbi umela eyona nto ibalulekileyo ejongwayo kuzo zonke iziqithi, amandla abantu okukhetha iinkokeli zabo nokufuna ukuba baphendule.
Ucelomngeni Lokuxilonga Nokulungelelana
Nangona le nkqubo isebenza ixesha elide, ihlala ikho, kodwa ummi ngamnye umele ayiqonde.
Ingozi Yokuvala iGridi
Kodwa ke kukho imiqobo enxulumene nokuxilonga kunye nolungelelwano xa zinamandla. Ngenxa yokuba benza elinye inyathelo libe nzima kakhulu kwaye bavumele udidi olukhulu lwabadlali ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulawulo, iingqikelelo nezikali ezomeleleyo zinokunyusa umngcipheko wentambo yentsimbi. Bangenza lula iminqweno efakelweyo ukuzikhusela ngendleko yabanye, ngokudala amathuba amaninzi okuqhelisa iveto ecetyiweyo.
Xa amasebe karhulumente ahlukene ngokunzulu, uhlolo nolungelelwano maxa wambi lungathintela inyathelo eliyimfuneko. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokuthintela ubundlobongela nokunceda ulawulo lube nempumelelo kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.
Ukuwohloka Kokwahlukana Kwamandla
Abantu ababhala umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. bazama ukwahlula amagunya nokunika ii-checks nezizinziso ukuqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinokukwazi ukuthatha wonke urhulumente. Noko ke, ukuba elinye isebe aliwuphumeleli umsebenzi walo, okanye ukuba elinye isebe alihoyi elinye, singangena kwingxaki yomGaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amazwi, urhulumente wethu akasayi kusebenza ngendlela lo mgaqo-siseko onenjongo ngayo, kunye nolungelelwaniso olulucosele luphakathi kwamasebe amathathu anokuwela kulawulo lozwisholo.
NgeSigunyaziso sokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi kunye neSigqibo saMagunya emfazwe esingqongqo kakhulu, iKhomishini inike oomongameli ingqwalasela yakutshanje engenanto yesenzo somkhosi ongasetyenziswanga mkhosi. Abahlalutyi bacebisa ukuba ezi zenzo ziphazamise ukwahlukana kwamandla kunye nokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana kuba le migaqo isetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kuphela xa isebe ngalinye liwakhusela ngamandla amandla alo omgaqo-siseko. Abaninzi boyika ukuba xa la mandla engasebenzi ngokulinganayo, isiphumo sinokuba ngumongameli osebenza ngaphandle kokuzivumela abantu nabameli babo.
Ukuxhaswa Yidemokhrasi
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumazwe abandezeleka kuphazamiso lwedemokhrasi, iinkokeli zinciphisa uvavanyo kumandla azo . Ngokubhekiselele kwimfuneko karhulumente ogqibekileyo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, kwaye kuthatha iindlela ezifihlakeleyo ngakumbi kunokupheliswa kwamaziko ngokuthe ngqo.
Kufuneka ulumko ukuze kugcinwe uxilongo olufanelekileyo kunye nolungelelwano. Xa iinkokeli zihlasela ukufaneleka kweenkundla, zijongela phantsi igunya lowiso-mthetho, okanye zingavumi ukuthobela ulawulo, zisongela inkqubo yonke.
Ukuqinisa Iipeksi Nolungelelwano Kuluntu Lwakho
Njengommi, unamandla nembopheleleko yokunceda ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni le nkqubo.
Hlala Unolwazi
Ulwazi lunamandla kwidemokhrasi. Landela oko kwenzekayo kurhulumente wakho wasekuhlaleni, welizwe, nowezwelo. Qonda indlela abameli bakho abavota ngayo nokuba baxhasa iimbopheleleko zabo zomGaqo-siseko. Funda ngaphaya kwentloko-ndaba ukuze uqonde umahluko wendlela amasebe awasebenzisana ngayo.
Yiba Nenxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi
Zibonele kuzo zonke iinyulo, hayi nje iintlalo zomongameli. Unyulo lwasekuhlaleni nolwaseburhulumenteni lusoloko lunempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke. Xhumana nabameli bakho xa unenkxalabo. Ukuba nenxaxheba kwakho kuqinisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi okubangela ukuba kubekho uxilonga nolungelelwano.
Iziko lokuzimela lokuxhasa
Isebe lezezimali elikhululekileyo, elizimeleyo, elisebenza ngezakhono, nelingenacawa linegalelo ekuphumeleleni ekuxilongweni nasekulinganiseni. Inkxaso yoondaba enika igunya. Yimelele ukuzimela kwenkundla naxa ungavumelani nezigqibo ezithile. Qaphela ukubaluleka kobuchule kwisebe likarhulumente.
Fundisa Abanye
Yabelana nawe ngeendlela ocinga ngazo nazizinto ozijonga ngazo naziimbono ezilungeleleneyo nabahlobo, intsapho, kunye namalungu asekuhlaleni. Abantu abaninzi abayazi kakuhle indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo okanye isizathu sokuba ibaluleke. Ngokufundisa abanye, unceda ukwakha ubumi obunolwazi olungakumbi obukwaziyo ukukhusela amaziko edemokhrasi.
Yiba Nembopheleleko Yeenkokeli
Xela ukuba amagosa akho anyuliweyo akuhlonele ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela. Xa iinkokeli zalo naliphi na iqela zizama ukuphepha ezi khuseleko, thetha phandle. Baxhase ababonise intlonelo ngemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nemigaqo-siseko.
Ikamva Leengcebiso Nolungelelwano
Njengoko ibutho labantu liguquka lize livelise iingxaki ezintsha, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela imele ilungelelane ngoxa igcina injongo yalo esisiseko yokuthintela ubuzwilakhe nokukhusela inkululeko.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye namandla karhulumente
Ubugcisa bezi mini buye badala imibuzo emitsha mayelana namandla nolawulo lukarhulumente. Izihlolo nolungelelwano kufuneka zisebenze njani kukhangelo lukarhulumente? Yiyiphi indima iinkundla ezifanele ziyenze ekuhloleni izigqibo zomthetho-algorithm ezenziwa ngabameli bakarhulumente? Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zingakulawula njani ngokunempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa ezikhoyo?
Le mibuzo ayinazo iimpendulo ezilula, kodwa ibonisa ukuba kutheni uhlolo nolungelelwano luhlala lufanelekile namhlanje njengaxa umGaqo-siseko ubhaliwe. Iinkqubo ezithile zingatshintsha, kodwa imfuneko engundoqo yokunqanda amandla agxininisiweyo ihlala ingaguquki.
Iingxaki Zazwenibanzi Nolawulo Lwamakhaya
Iimbambano ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, iindyikitya zobugrogrisi nezobugrogrisi bezizwe ngezizwe zifuna ukuba urhulumente alungelelanise, maxa wambi ngethuba elifutshane. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokuphendula ngokunempumelelo nokulondolozwa kwee-checks nokulungelelana komlinganiselo kuzisa iingxaki eziqhubekayo. Urhulumente unokwenza njani ngokufanelekileyo xa kuyimfuneko ukuba alondoloze izikhuseli ezikhusela inkululeko?
Xa kusenziwa iitsheki nomlinganiselo ngoko ke kusenokuba yimfuneko ukufumana indawo esembindini. Ulawulo-melo olusempilweni luzilinganisa ngenyameko ezi ngcinga zikhuphisanayo, lugcina iitsheki nezilungelelwano ezisebenzayo ngaphandle kokuthintela isenzo esibalulekileyo.
Imfundo YomGaqo-siseko Nezithethe Zedemokhrasi
Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki inkulu ejamelene nokuxilongwa nokulungelelana kuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziyayiqonda yaye ziyixabisa le nkqubo. Imfundo yeBHAYIBHISI iye yancipha kwizikolo ezininzi, ishiya abantu abaselula abaninzi bengayazi kakuhle indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo okanye isizathu sokuba ikhuselwe.
Ukuqinisa imfundo yoluntu nokukhuthaza izithethe ezixabisa izithethe zedemokhrasi kunye namaziko ayimfuneko kwimpilo ende yovavanyo nolungelelwano. Oku asiyiyo nje imbopheleleko yezikolo(_iintsapho), imibutho, kunye nemibutho yoluntu yonke idlala indima ekudluliseleni imigangatho yedemokhrasi nolwazi.
Isiphumo: Indima Yakho Kwimiqathango
Kule Phepha loMbutho, uJames Madison uyachaza kwaye ukhusela inkqubo yokukhangela nokulinganisela kumGaqo-siseko. Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lifakwa ukuze amandla alo avavanye amandla amanye amasebe amabini; okungakumbi, isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lixhomekeke ebantwini, abangumthombo wegunya elisemthethweni.
Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano aziyomigaqo engekho ngqiqweni yomgaqo-siseko ``zizizinto eziluncedo ezikhusela amalungelo akho, uluntu lwakho, kunye nenkululeko yakho suku ngalunye. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwa ngenyameko phambi kokuzalisekisa ukukhusela nayiphi na inkokeli eqokelela amandla agqithisileyo, le nkqubo ibumba ubunjani bolawulo olunabo.
Zonke iingqikelelo nolungelelwano lomGaqo-siseko, uMadison uqukumbela, lusebenza ukulondoloza inkululeko ngokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Oku kuhlala kuyinyaniso namhlanje njengokuba kwakunjalo xa uMadison wayebhala loo mazwi. Okusesikweni nenkululeko kuxhomekeke ekuthinteleni ukuxinezeleka kwamandla, kwaye uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso lunika inkqubo yokwenza oko.
Kodwa uhlolo nolungelelwano lusebenza kuphela ukuba abemi bayayiqonda, bayixabise, kwaye bayikhusele ngokukhutheleyo. Le nkqubo ayifuni abemi abalumkileyo abathatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, bagcine iinkokeli zinoxanduva, kwaye baxhathise imigudu yokuthomalalisa imigaqo-siseko.
Ukulunga koluntu lwenu kuxhomekeke kurhulumente osebenzayo, onoxanduva. Xa uhlolo nolungelelwano lusebenza kakuhle, lukhusela ukunganyaniseki, lukhusela amalungelo, luqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zinceda uluntu kunokuba zisebenzise izilangazelelo ezinciphileyo. Xa ziwohloka, abantu bayaxhatshazwa ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, ukwenza izigqibo ezingafanelekanga, nokurhoxa kwamalungelo.
Njengoko uhamba uhamba ngobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, khumbula ukuba inkululeko oyinandiphayo `ukuthetha ingqondo yakho, ukunqula njengoko ukhetha, ukukhuseleka ekhayeni lakho, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni iinkokeli zakho/zonke zixhomekeke ekuqhubekeni kusebenza kwetsheki nomlinganiselo. Oku akuqinisekisiwe ngamazwi kwizintsu kuphela, kodwa ngokuzibophelela okusebenzayo kwabemi njengawe abaqonda ukubaluleka kwabo kwaye basebenzele ukuwalondoloza.
Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana imele enye yezona zintsha zibalulekileyo kwimbali karhulumente. Ivuma indalo yomntu. Utyekelo lokuzicingela ngokwayo kunye nempembelelo eyonakalisayo yegunya (_ngokudala izakhiwo ezisebenzisa utyekelo lokubhenela kwinjongo ezinemveliso. Ngokulwa namabhongo, ikhusela inkululeko ngaphandle kokufuna iinkokeli zibe zizithunywa zezulu.
Kumaxesha otshintsho olukhawulezileyo nocelomngeni olutsha, ubulumko obungundoqo bokuxilonga nokulungelelana buhlala bukho. Nokuba kuyintoni na ukujongana noluntu, uncedana ngcono ngurhulumente apho igunya lisasazwa khona, apho izigqibo zigqityezelwa ngabom, apho uvelela komeleleyo, nalapho kungekho mntu okanye iziko elinokwenza ngaphandle kokuziphendulela.
Ukuqonda ii-checks nolungelelwano kukunika amandla okuba ngummi ophumelelayo. Kukunceda ukwazi xa inkqubo isebenza ngendlela efunwa ngayo naxa iphantsi kosongelo. Kukwenza ukwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi nokugcina abameli bakho benoxanduva lokuphakamisa iimbopheleleko zabo zomgaqo-siseko.
Ugcino lweetsheki nolulungelelwano asingolomnye umntu imbopheleleko yakho. Qho xa uvota, ngalo lonke ixesha udibana nommeli, ngalo lonke ixesha uthetha ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, unceda ekulondolozeni inkqubo ekhusela inkululeko yakho nentlalo entle yoluntu. Yiyo loo nto ihlola kwaye ilungele umbandela kuwe, kwaye kungoko ifanele unikele ingqalelo yakho, ukuqonda kwakho, nenkxaso yakho esebenzayo.
Ulwazi olungakumbi ngendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kunye nendima yakho kwidemokhrasi, tyelela i- i-website karhulumente wase-U.S. kumasebe karhulumente okanye uhlole izinto ezifundisayo kwi [ iZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[]. Ungafunda okungakumbi ngamathuba omanyano kwiintlangano ezifana ne-URhulumente [[FLT:]]] I-Leagueas of Adomaster Voters[FLT][5], enika amatyala angeyo athe krati yemithetho-omatika , anika ulwazi olungeyo malunga nonyuko nonyuko-rhulumente. [FT][9] Umthetho-Active wishmarks wills wish wolu witomatial , [Foctive systeants]