Wonke umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States uqinisekiswe ngelungelo lokunika icebiso elingokwasemthethweni phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa weSithandathu. Kodwa kwizigidi zabantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha lobuqu, eli lungelo liya kuhlala likho ngaphandle komsebenzi wabakhuseli boluntu kunye nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni. La maqumrhu abumba isithembiso sobulungisa sobulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubuhlwempu abululawuli ubunjani bomntu. Abaxhasi boluntu abakwaziyo ukuhlawula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ngoxa imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela iinkonzo ezifanayo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, iimbambano zobundlola, kunye neengxoxo zokufuduka. Bakhusela umgaqo wokuba okusesikweni akungoovimba abazibekeli izityebi. Eli nqaku lihlola iindima zabo, iingxaki ezinkulu abajamelana nazo, kwaye banegalelo kakhulu kwimicimbi yezomthetho.

Ukuqonda Abathetheleli Bakawonke - wonke

Abakhuseli boluntu ngokubanzi ngamagqwetha aqeshwe ngurhulumente anikela umelo olusemthethweni kubantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho abangakwaziyo ukuqesha icebiso labucala. Ilungelo kumkhuseli woluntu lamiselwa ngokuqinileyo kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yowango 1963 Gideon v. Wainwright[, elithi libambe ukuba amaphondo amele anike abamangalelwa kwiimeko zobucala.

Iimbopheleleko Zokhuselo Lwasekuhlaleni

Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke bathatha imisebenzi efanayo nayo nayiphi na igqwetha lokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithe xhaxhe kakhulu. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka:

  • Ukuqhuba udliwano - ndlebe lwabaxhasi, ukucebisa ngamalungelo nokucacisa inkqubo engokwasemthethweni.
  • Ukuphanda izibakala zeli tyala, ukubuzana namangqina nokuqokelela ubungqina.
  • Ukuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu ukucinezela ngokungekho mthethweni kwafumana ubungqina okanye ukukhupha izityholo.
  • Izicelo ezikhuthazayo namagqwetha xa usenza oko kunceda umxhasi.
  • Ukumela abaxhasi kuzo zonke iimbalasane zenkundla, iityala, nezigwebo.
  • Ukuphatha izibheno kunye nesothulelo sasemva emva kokuqiniseka.

Ngenxa yokuba amatyala akhuselwe nguwonke-wonke adla ngokuba makhulu, amagqwetha amaninzi kufuneka alithabathe ixesha lawo, anikele ingqalelo kweyona micimbi ingxamisekileyo okanye enzulu. Oku kudala ukungavisisani phakathi komsebenzi wenzondelelo kunye nokungalawuleki kwenkqubo.

Imbali emfutshane yokhuselo lukawonke - wonke eMerika

Ingcamango yesiluleko esixhaswayo esivela ekuhleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kodwa inkqubo yokhuselo lwasekuhlaleni yavela kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kobulungisa. Phambi , iGideon, abamangalelwa abangengomagxeki kumazwe amaninzi bashiyelwa ukuzimela okanye ukuxhomekeka kumagqwetha okuzithandela. Isigqibo "ukuvula iingxangxangxasi," ukunyanzela ulawulo lokumisela ii-ofisi zikawonke-wonke. Kodwa ke, imali ayizange idibane nemfuno. Ngoo1970 kunye no1980, ukuxina kwemfazwe kwinkundla yeziyobisi ezizele zizinto ezingekho mlonye. Namhlanje, iiofisi ezininzi zisebenza kwimitya yemitya yezambatho echazwa ngokuba yi "cris."

Abakhuseli Bakawonke - wonke Namalungelo Okufumana Uncedo Olunempumelelo

Ngaphezu nje kokunika igqwetha, iSixweso-Mpande-mva seSithandathu siqinisekisa uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko. Kodwa ukuthwaliswa kwetyala eliphezulu kunye nezinto ezisikelweyo kuthetha ukuba abamangalelwa abaninzi bafumana kuphela "intlanganiso kunye nokuncedwa" kunezimeli ezomeleleyo. Iinkundla zimisele isithintelo esisezantsi sokusebenza okungasebenziyo, zenza kube nzima ukugcina iinkqubo ze-translate. Amaqela anjenge- ACLU[FLT] aneemviwo abhaliweyo apho amagqwetha ayenemizuzu embalwa kuphela yokuthetha nabaxhasi phambi kokuvavanywa, ekwenza kube nzima ukubamba umsantsa phakathi kwemiqathango yemibutho nento yemihla yonke.

Ukubaluleka Kwemibutho Yokunceda Esemthethweni

Xa abakhuseli boluntu bejolise ingqalelo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni ithetha ngeemfuno zasemthethweni. Abantu abahlawulwayo bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni kwizindlu, kumthetho wentsapho, kumatyala abathengi, ekufudukeni kwabantu, nakwiengenelo zabo. Ngaphandle kokuzimela, badla ngokuphulukana namakhaya abo, abantwana babo, okanye bafumane iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.

Luyintoni Uncedo Olungokwasemthethweni Lwasekuhlaleni?

Uncedo lwamakhaya lubhekisela kwiinkonzo zomthetho ezikhululekileyo okanye eziphantsi ezisemthethweni zabantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha kwimicimbi engeyoyasemthethweni. ISebe lezezomthetho lesizwe (LSC) lenziwe ngo- 1974 ukuxhasa iinkqubo zoncedo lomthetho zobulali kulo lonke ilizwe. Namhlanje, iinkqubo zeLSC eziqulunqweyo zisingatha amatyala angaphezu kwesigidi ngonyaka. Ezinye iiprojekthi ezingangeni ngeniso, iikliniki zesikolo, neenkqubo zeprobono zinikela ngokufanayo.

eziqhelekileyo zoncedo lwasemthethweni ziquka:

  • Ukunyusa – ukukhusela ukugxothwa, ukukhusela iimeko ezinokusetyenziswa, kunye nokuvavanya izenzo ezingekho mthethweni zomnini ndlu.
  • [[NT.:0] Umthetho woNtsapho – ukufumana ukhuseleko kugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukuseka okanye ukuxhasa umntwana, nokuphatha uqhawulo-mtshato.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo aphezulu [[FTL:1] – Ukulwa nokuboleka amarhamncwa, ukuqokelelwa kwamatyala, kunye nokukhohliswa.
  • Ufuduko – ukunceda ngezicelo zokhuseleko, iimvume zamaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokugxotha ukhuselo.
  • Iingenelo ezikhoyo – Ukunceda abaxhasi ukufikelela kuMdicaid, SNAP, ukukhubazeka kokhuseleko loluntu, kunye neengenelo zamava.
  • Imfundo [[FLT: 0] – Ukuxhobisa abantwana abaneziphene bafumana iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwe IDEA.

Intshukumo kaGidiyon

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, akukho lungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Lo msantsa waziwa ngokuba "ngumthetho ofanelekileyo wokucebisa" ngxaki. Amaphondo amaninzi kunye nezixeko ziye zazama iinkqubo zokuqhuba inqwelo-moya ezinika isiluleko ekugxothweni nasebugrobeni babantwana. Uphando lwangaphambili olufana nomthetho weSixeko saseNew York Amalungelo eMthethweni woMbutho weSikolo [[FLT: 1]] lubonisa ukuba abaqeqeshi begqesi abanegqeba basengozini enkulu yokuphepha ukungabi namakhaya nokukhuseleka kweziphumo ezilungileyo. Lo mbutho uyaqhubeka ufumana igatyalo-menti, nangona ukuphumelela okupheleleyo kusenokubhadula.

Ukhuselo loncedo olusemthethweni. Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke: Umahluko Ofunekayo

Ngoxa bobabini benceda amahlwempu, abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke abasebenza kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, apho izibonda ziquka inkululeko nokuvalelwa entolongweni. Amagqwetha asemthethweni asebenza kwinkundla yamakhaya, apho ukulahlekelwa yizindlu okanye umntwana kunokuthi kube yinto etshabalalisayo. Ezi nkqubo zimbini ziyasebenzisana: umntu obanjiweyo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka afumane umkhuseli kawonke-wonke, ngoxa kwalowo ujongene nokugxothwa emva kokuba ekhululiwe kufuneka afumane uncedo olusemthethweni. Ngaphantsi kokusetyenziswa kweminye inkqubo yezo mithetho kudala inkqubo yokugweba ekhutshwayo ebangela ubuhlwempuzelo.

Ucelomngeni Abakhuseli Bakawonkewonke Nemibutho Yoncedo Lomthetho

Isithembiso somelo lwenkqubo yobulungisa somelo olulinganayo sincitshiswe ngokusetyenziswa ngokungapheliyo, ukuthwaliswa kwetyala okugqithisileyo, kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo. Le mingeni ichaphazela zombini ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye noncedo lwasemthethweni lwasekuhlaleni, nangona ngendlela engafaniyo.

Isiko lokuphantsi kwemifuno kunye nokuphelelwa kwesakhelo sovimba

Ii-ofisi ezininzi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke zixhaswa ngemali kwiphondo okanye kumgangatho wesizwe, ngokufuthi ngoqingqo-mali olusilela ukugcina isantya nokunyuka kobungakanani bemali okanye ukukhuliswa kwetyala. Isiphumo sikonqongophala kwabaphengululi, abasebenzi bentlalo, ama-paralegali, kunye namangqina olwazi. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwiLSC ezinika inkxaso kunye nezomthetho, ukunqakrazwa kwemali efanayo. Abaninzi banazo izintlukwano zemali ezilindele, ezinyanzela abaxhasi ababuthathaka ukuba bahambe ngenkqubo ezintsonkothile zomthetho kuphela. Ngokutsho kwe-Rhulumente ye-emputha ye-Rhulumente ne-luvo yesizwe , umlinganiselo okhusela urhulumente kwi-ofisi kawonke ekwi-US. Abaninzi baswele umgangatho wokudibana nemigangatho yesizwe.

Ityala Elingenasiphelo Nokutshaya

Olona phawu lubonakalayo lokunganyuki kakhulu zii-ofisi ezininzi zasezidolophini, ii-arhente ezithwalwa ngabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. I-American Bar Association incomela ukuba umkhuseli opheleleyo uphathe amatyala angaphezulu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu, ama-400 eemeko zokuhamba, okanye amatyala amancinane okanye amatyala enqwelo-moya ali-1500 ngonyaka. Kodwa kumagqwetha amaninzi athwala amatyala alinganayo amalunga namatyala alinganayo ngonyaka. Oku kushiya ixesha elincinane lokuphengulula, lokuqhuba, okanye ukuvavanya. Ukutshisa nokujika kwenqanawa kudlanga, kudala ucango olujikelezayo olubangela ukuqhubekeka komelo.

Ukungalingani Kwendlela Esetyenziswayo Nokwahlukahlukana Kobuhlanga

Amahlwempu nabantu abanemibala bamelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa kwiinkqubo zomthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu. Abakhuseli boluntu kunye namagqwetha asemthethweni bajamelana nocalucalulo lwenkqubo yonke imihla. Umzekelo, abamangalelwa abamnyama nabamaLatino basenokuba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokubanjwa ngaphambi kwetyala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izinto zibe mbi kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokungalawuleki, ezi zicalucalucalulo ziyanda. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwasemthethweni zikwadibana nabaxhasi abajongene nocalucalucalulo kwizindlu, emsebenzini, kunye nolawulo. Umsebenzi wabaxhasi basekuhlaleni noncedo lukawonke wonke azibandakanywanga nje ngokusemthethweni.

Iingcinezelo Zezobupolitika Nembono Kawonke - wonke

Abakhuseli boluntu ngamanye amaxesha bajongwa njenge-"agcisa likarhulumente" okanye "abarhwebi abathelekisayo". Enyanisweni, bangabameli abanikezelweyo abasebenza phantsi kwemiqathango emikhulu. Imibutho yoncedo lwasemthethweni yamakhaya iye yajamelana nentlaselo yezopolitiko, kuquka imigudu yokususa iLSC. Amazwe amaninzi amisela ubuchule obusemthethweni bokuzibandakanya kwizenzo zodidi, ukukhuthaza, okanye ukumela abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga. Le miqathango iphazamisa ngakumbi amandla okuthetha ngengcambulo yobulungisa.

Impembelelo yabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke noncedo olusemthethweni kwinkqubo yokusesikweni

Phezu kwazo nje ezo ngxaki, umsebenzi waba baxhasi uvelisa imiphumo engenakuthelekiswa nanto, nelungileyo kubantu ngabanye nakuluntu.

Ukuncitshiswa Kweenkolelo Eziphosakeleyo Nokuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo

Abakhuseli boluntu ngokubanzi bangumtya wokugqibela wokuzikhusela kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Uphando lwabo lusoloko lutyhila ubungqina bokubhenca, ukucela iimpazamo zobuxoki, nokubhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Iprojekthi yeInnocence ibhale amakhulu eengxelo ezichaphazelekayo, ezininzi zazo zixhomekeke kumsebenzi wabakhuseli bakawonke-wonke okanye kwimibutho yoncedo olungeyongeniso esemthethweni. Kwanokulinganisa okuqhelekileyo (ukuchaza umxhasi uqonda izityholo, ukuvuma, okanye inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwetyala) iveza amathuba okubakho kweziphumo ezingekho bulungisa.

Ukuthintela Ukungabi Nakhaya Nokwahlukana Kwentsapho

Isiphumo soncedo olusemthethweni kuzinzo lwezindlu sicacile. Uhlolisiso lwango-2022 oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan lufumanise ukuba abaqeshi abamele imigaqo esemthethweni kumatyala okugxothwa babe phantse ngokuphindwe kabini ukuba bahlale emakhayeni abo. Kuqhawulo-mtshato neempikiswano zokugcinwa kwabantwana, uncedo olusemthethweni lunceda abazali bakhusele amalungiselelo alungileyo kwaye lukhusela abantwana ekungazinzi okuqhubekayo. Uncedo lokwandiswa komthetho luboniswe ukwandisa izinga lempumelelo leezicelo zokhuseleko ngeengongoma ezininzi ezithe chatha.

Ukuphucula Ubuchule Nokuncitshiswa Kwenkundla

Umkhuseli kawonke wonke okhuselwe kakuhle kunye neenkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zilondoloza imali yomhlawuleli werhafu. Xa abamangalelwa benesiluleko esifanelekileyo, amatyala ahamba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngenkqubo, ukunciphisa ukuvalelwa okungeyomfuneko kwangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokugcinwa kwentolongo okubiza imali eninzi. Ungenelelo lwangaphambili olusemthethweni kwiimeko zokugxotha lungathintela ukungabi namakhaya, nto leyo enciphisa iimfuno kwizindawo zokufihla irhafu, amagumbi ongxamiseko, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Ezi mali zogcino-ovimba bemali "lohla" yenza ungeniso kuncedo olusemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke lube nobulumko.

Ukwakha Ukuthenjwa Nomthetho

Abahlali abaphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, -- nokuba banokufumana ukuphathwa kakuhle ngomelo olufanelekileyo okanye usuku olunentsingiselo enkundleni("ithuba elingakumbi lokuthemba amaziko nokuthobela umthetho. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni ezinika imfundo yoluntu nazo zinika abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa inkqubo inganiki melo lusisiseko, ukugxeka nokuzingca, ingakumbi kuluntu oluphantsi.

Indlela Yotshintsho Nokomeleza Inkqubo

Ukusingatha iingxaki ezijongene nabakhuseli boluntu kunye noncedo lomthetho kufuneka uphakamiso-mali oluninzi olubandakanya ukuxhasa, utshintsho lwemigaqo kunye nolwakhiwo.

Inkxaso-mali eHlakulelwayo

Isisombululo esilula semali engakumbi. Ama-United States kunye nobalo kufuneka ajonge ukuzikhusela kukawonke-wonke njengenkonzo ebalulekileyo, hayi njengesemva kokucinga. Umthetho phakathi kwengtshutshiso kunye noqingqo-mali lokhuseleko ungumgaqo owamkelekileyo ngokubanzi. Kuncedo lwasemthethweni, ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweLSC nokususa imiqathango yomsebenzi ofanelekileyo kuya kunceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezinkulu ezingasemthethweni. Ezinye imikhosi ziye zamisela ukunikezelwa kwemali eninzi, njengemirhumo yemali yenkundla okanye inxalenye yemirhumo yokushicilela.

Imida Nemilinganiselo Yokuzidibanisela Iingxaki

Iimeko ezininzi ziye zaphumelela ekuphumezeni iibhokisi zokufaka amatyala kubakhuseli bakawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, i-Oregon ne-New York bamisele ubuninzi obusekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo ye-Aba. Xa ii-ofisi zigqitha ikepisi, zingazilahla izigwebo ezintsha okanye zifune icebiso labucala. Ezi nkqubo zinyanzelisa inkqubo ukuba ixhase inkxaso efanelekileyo okanye ikhuselwe iinkundla. Amanyathelo afanayo angasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, nangona ukulayishwa kwazo okuvula kwetyala kunzima ukugqunywa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nezicombululo zogcino-lwazi

Ubuxhakaxhaka bungaphucula ubuchule bokulawula ityala. Iinkqubo zolawulo lomthetho, ukwenziwa kwezaphulo, kunye nokukhutshelwa kwevidiyo kweentlanganiso zabaxhasi kunganenza ulwahlulo olulinganiselweyo. Noko ke, ukuxhomekeka kubugcisa makungathatyatheli indawo yoqhagamshelwano lomntu okanye ulwahlulo lwamanani. Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi kwiziphumo (umz., intelekelelo, ubude bemiqathango, isantya sokugxotha) lunganceda abaxhasi benze imeko yotshintsho.

Iinkqubo zesikhokelo ukwenzela ilungelo lengingqi lokucebisa

Ukwandisa ilungelo loluntu lokucebisa ngemiba ephezulu . "njengezikhupho, ukususwa kwabantwana, kunye nemiyalelo yokukhusela" lutshintsho oluthembisayo. INew York City, iSan Francisco, kunye neCleveland sele zimisele imithetho eqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi abafumana imali ephantsi kwinkundla yokugxotha. Ukukhupha abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya kunganika ubungqina bengqiqo efunekayo ukulinganisa izizwe ngezizwe.

Iimodeli zokhuselo olusekelwe kuluntu

Ezinye iiofisi zokhuselo lukawonke wonke ziye zamkela iindlela zoluntu ezihambelana, ziqeshe abasebenzi boluntu, iingcali zenkxaso yoontanga, kunye nabameli bezindlu kunye namagqwetha. Oku kuchaza unobangela osisiseko wokubandakanyeka komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, njengokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, ukugula ngengqondo, nobuhlwempu. Ukhuseleko lobu Holistic luboniselwe ukucutha ukuncitshiswa kobundlobongela nokuthembana

Isiphelo

Abakhuseli boluntu kunye nemibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni ziintsika ezisisiseko zenkqubo yokusesikweni yaseMerika. Baphakamisa isiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko sesiluleko, ukulwa nokungalingani kwenkqubo, kwaye banikela iingenelo eziphathekayo ezisuka ekuthandweni kweendawo ezizimeleyo ukuya kuhlala ukhuseleko oluzinzileyo. Kodwa ukugaxeleka okungalawulekiyo, ukugalelwa kwetyala, kunye nokurhoxa kwezobupolitika kusongela umsebenzi wabo. Imiphumo yokungakhathali ingqongqo: iintlawulo eziphosakeleyo, ukwahlukana kwentsapho, kunye nenkqubo yokusesikweni ephatha ubuhlwempu njengolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukutshintshwa okunelo olunexabiso, imiqathangongo, ukuyekwako, ukubekwa kwemiqatha, nokuzikhusela kwezo zezobupolitika kungunozala-mthetho, ukuyiguqula inkqubo yabo ingunobangela ukuba batshate kwisithembiso. Isidima somntu ngamnye otyholo lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ojongene neengxaki zemibangowamahlane.