Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sobulungisa

Imodeli yenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika ingummiselo ofanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, idinga lomgaqo-siseko lokuba akukho mntu uza kuhluthwa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo esesikweni nelungeleleneyo. Iqinisekisiwe kwiMimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine yoLawulo olugqwethekileyo, lo mgaqo uthintela ukusetyenziswa kolawulo oluzimeleyo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, yinkqubo efunekayo eguqula amandla amakhulu ezwe abe yinkqubo elungeleleneyo, efuna ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe rhoqo, ukuba abamangalelwayo banikwe ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela, kwaye iziphumo zabo zisekelwe kubungqina obungekho mdlalwano. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo, inkqubo yokusesikweni iya kukhutshwa kwisixhobo sengcinezelo; kunye nenkqubo yokulungisa i-stencelvey elungelenayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo ilandela imvelaphi yayo kwiSahluko 39 seMagna Carta (1215), evakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi afakwe entolongweni okanye ahlulwe amalungelo ngaphandle “komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Le siqinisekiso sangaphambili savela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, ukuphembelela umgaqo-siseko somthetho wamarhankqele kunye namaxwebhu esiseko e-United States. Umphetho weSihlanu, wagunyaziswa ngo1791, ngokucacileyo walela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu ‘ wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, isiHlamvo-Gawula-mthetho-mthetho, ukwandisa olu khuseleko lweziko lweziko-14, ulawulo lwezikomkhululo-orhulumente, ulwenze inkqubo efanayo nomthetho wesizwe.

Amatyala okuphawula anjenge kancinci abumba imfundiso, kodwa yaba yiNyaka yenkulungwane yama-20 eyabona ukugcwala kwayo. kunye [FLT] kunye [FLT:] .New Jersey.[FLT] [[08]] ngokuthe ngcembe yalungisa imfundiso, kodwa yaba yeyenkulungwane yama-20 eyabona izigqibo zayo ezipheleleyo kwi [[FLT:]4] Gedeon v. Wainright[ [193] [1963])] ngokutshintsha indlela yokuzikhusela abantu abanokugwetyelwa ngayo. — iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika izigwebo eziluncedo kubantu abazizi. — [FLT:]

[[NTL:0] ISikolo soLwiso-mthetho seSikolo seSikolo soLwiso-mthetho inikeza ushwankathelo olubanzi lwendaleko yembali kunye nesiseko semfundiso sangoku senkqubo efanelekileyo.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Indlela Yokusesikweni

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo yenkqubo ilawula ii-motets apho urhulumente kufuneka enze khona xa efuna ukumisela amalungelo omntu. Kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuguqulela kuludwe lwamanyathelo anyanzelekileyo enzelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni, ukubonakala ngokucacileyo, kunye nokuchana.

Isaziso Nethuba Lokuviwa

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa afumane isaziso esaneleyo sezityholo kunye nethuba lokwenene lokukhuphisana ngazo. Isaziso kufuneka singqale ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuvunyelwe ucwangciso lokuzikhusela, kwaye ukuva kufuneka kube nentsingiselo — hayi ugcino-mthetho nje. INkundla Ephakamileyo yakuqinisa oku uMallane v. Central Hanover Bank & Lamp; Co Trust. [1950], ibamba eso saziso kufuneka “sibalwe, phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko, ukuveza abathathi abanomdla besenzo."

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

Isigqibo sencopho kwi Gideon v. Wainwright saqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo leSithandathu loMthambeko lokunika isiluleko lisebenza ekuwiseni amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngoMphetho-mthetho we-145th. Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na ummangalelwa ojongene nesigwebo sentolongo unelungelo lokunikwa igqwetha, kwaye ukuba akanamali, urhulumente kufuneka anike elinye. Ilungelo likwandise ngaphaya kokuvavanywa ukucinezela ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kuquka ukuvavanywa nokungxengxengxeza.

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina Nobungqina Obukhoyo

UMngxuma-phantsi ka-Claus weSithandathu SoHlaliso unika abamangalelwa ilungelo lokutyholwa ngamangqina achasene nabo. Oku akusosixhobo esinamandla sokubhenca ikhethe, ukuguquguquka, okanye ubuxoki obucacileyo. Ukuququzelela oku lilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, obuquka ukubiza amangqina, ukuchaza amaxwebhu, nokungqina ukuba ummangalelwa ukhetha. La malungelo aqiniswa ku Cawford v. Washington [2004], okuthi kwanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kobungqina ngaphandle-ko-Qumble-ncomo" ngaphandle kokuba iingxelo zedeclactiva zikhona ukwenzela umnqamlezo-u.

Ukuya Kwinkundla Yokucalula Noweengcwangu

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna umenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Abagwebi kufuneka bazibeke ityala ukuba banekhethe lobuqu okanye banomdla wemali kwiziphumo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, iSiqendu seSithandathu siqinisekisa inkundla yoontanga, ethathwe kwicandelo loluntu elinobulungisa, kwaye abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bayalelwe ukuba bacinge ukuba abanatyala kwaye bamele bafumane ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa.

Ukuhlala Uthule Uze Ukhuseleke Ekuzichaseni

Ilungelo loMphengululo wesihlanu nxamnye nokuziphikisa liyindawo engundoqo yokuzikhusela. imaranda izilumkiso — ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, isilumkiso sokuba nantoni na ethethwayo isenokusetyenziswa enkundleni, ilungelo kwigqwetha, kwaye ilungelo lokutyunjwa lilo igqwetha — ngoku lisemgangathweni ekuncinwani kwegunya. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvuma kuyinto yokuzithandela kwaye abamangalelwayo bayazazi izikhuseli zabo zomgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba bathethe kwi-mthetho.

INkqubo Ebalulekileyo Elindelekileyo: Oko Kubangelwa Kuko Okusesikweni

Ngelixesha inkqubo yokuveza ijolise kwindlela, inkqubo encinci efunekayo ihlola udityaniso lomthetho ngokwawo. Ibuza ukuba umthetho ulungile ngokusisiseko nokuba uphazamisana na na na kumalungelo asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali yaseMelika kangangokuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuwafaka kwibriji engenalute ngokunyanzelisayo.

Amalungelo asisiseko aqwalaselwa phantsi kwenkqubo elindelekileyo

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza inani lamalungelo asisiseko akhuselwe yinkqubo efunekayo, equka:

  • Ilungelo lokutshata
  • Ilungelo lokuba nabantwana nokukhulisa abantwana ngendlela abazali abafuna ngayo
  • Ilungelo lokuhlala uthe tye emzimbeni nokungavumi unyango
  • Ilungelo lokuzimela, kuquka ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela ukukhawula nokuqhomfa (imida emiselwe yimithetho elawulayo)
  • Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo eUnited States

Kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo encinci ithintela oko urhulumente anokukwenza kwaphulwa. Umzekelo, imithetho egwebayo nje — njengokukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi — iye yabethwa njengokwaphula uMthetho wesiXhosa noweshumi elinesine oLawulweyo. Robinson v. California [1962], iNkundla yayikholelwa ukuba umthetho owenzela ukukhotyokiswa ziziyobisi ulwaphulo-mthetho awusoli kuba wohlwayo.

Imida Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Iinkundla zisondela kwinkqubo encinci efuna ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo zithetha ngobulumko, ziqonda ukuba abagwebi abangakhethwanga abamele bathabathe isombululo ngokwesibini. Umgangatho wokuhlola imithetho echaphazela amalungelo asisiseko umgangatho owehlayo ukuhlolwa okucacileyo [: umthetho kufuneka ukhonze inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo kwaye uhlolwe ngokucuthekileyo ukuze ufikelele loo mdlalelo. Le nkqubo idityanisiweyo iqinisekisa ukuba i-edenting engundoqo ikhusele ii-atroot ngaphandle kokuvumela ii-projectssss zomthetho ezithelelwayo.

[[UMTL: 0] Isiseko sesiseko sesiseko sezomthetho zeNkundla ePhakamileyo sinika uhlalutyo oluziinkcukacha ezingundoqo zenkqubo efunekayo, kuquka indaleko yamalungelo obuqu.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Kuzo Zonke Iintlanganiso Zezaphuli - mthetho

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo efunekayo aluphelelanga kwityala ngokwalo. Lubaleka kuyo yonke inkqubo yobulungisa, ukusuka kwixesha lokubanjwa ukuya kwizibheno zasemva komnxeba.

Ukubanjwa Nokubonakala Kokuqala

Ukubanjwa kufuneka kusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo — izizathu ezivakalayo zokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzekile kwaye umkrokrele ulwenzile. Kamsinya emva kokuba ebanjiwe, ukrokrela kufuneka asiwe phambi komantyi ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko ngenxa enokwenzeka. Oku kungu Gerstein ukuva (obizwa emva [[FLT:]] Gerstein v. Pugh[FLT]], 1975, okuqinisekisa ukuba abantu ababanjwangabanjwanga.

Ulawulo lwangaphambili:

UH.S.S. UkuHlaliswa kweNkcubeko kuyalela ukuvalelwa ngokugqithiseleyo, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka izigqibo ezifanelekileyo malunga nokuvalelwa kwangaphambili zisekelwe kuhlolisiso lwabantu ngabanye lomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya kunye nengozi kuluntu. Ngeli xesha, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuvalwa kuqala ukuvavanya ubungqina obupheleleyo, kwaye banelungelo lokufumana ubungqina bomtshutshisi — inkqubo elawulwa ngu Brady v. Mary [1963], nto leyo efuna ukuba urhulumente aguqulele nabuphi na ubungqina obukhoyo.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Nesigwebo

Ekumangalelweni, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuqukunjelwa ngokukhawuleza, ilungelo lokuza kuququzelelwa, nelungelo lokugwetywa kwetyala eligwetywayo ngeenyanga ezingaphezu kwezithandathu. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba unetyala ngaphezu kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo. Emva kokuqiniseka, inkqubo efunekayo iyaqhubeka isebenza ekugwetyweni: ummangalelwa kufuneka afumane isaziso sazo naziphi na izibakala ezakuqwalaselwa ngumgwebi, ithuba lokuzincintisana, kunye nengcaciso eqikelelwayo yesigwebo. Izigwebo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kumthetho [FLT: 0] Appndi v. Intsha Jersey [2] i-2] i-Blay'ebon. Washington[FLT] i-break) i-project.[FLT]

Izibheno noHlola loLungiso lwasemva

Ilungelo lokubhena aliqinisekiswanga ngokwalo ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa xa urhulumente ekhethe ukwenza inkqubo yokukhupha ityala, inkqubo efunekayo kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo. Abamangalelwa abangoogxathu mabanikwe iirekhodi zokuvavanya kunye namagqwetha akwisibheno. i-Habeas corpus ihlala iyinkuselo epheleleyo, ivumela amabanjwa ukuba avavanye ukuvalelwa okungekho mthethweni enkundleni yephondo.

Imiphumo Yokwaphulwa kweenkqubo ezilindelekileyo

Xa urhulumente esilela ukuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo, imiphumo inokuba mibi kakhulu — kubamangalelwa ngabanye nakuluntu ngokubanzi ngokuthembela kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Iinkolelo Eziphosakeleyo

Owona mphumo ulusizi yinkolelo yomntu omsulwa. Ukususela ngowe - 1989, abantu abangaphezu kwama - 3 600 baye banconywa ngokusemthethweni eUnited States, abaninzi ngenxa yokungathotyelwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo: ukuvunywa kwezono, ukurhoxiswa kobungqina bokungxengxeza, ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, okanye iinkqubo zokubona iimpazamo. IEncycloption yeInnocence inikela ingxelo yokuba ubungqina beDNA buye bakhulula ngokusemthethweni amakhulu abantu abagwetyelwe ngokuphosakeleyo, abanye babo abachitha amashumi eminyaka begwetyelwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Iimbambano Neenkqubo Zokuvukela

Xa ijaji okanye umtshutshisi ephula umthetho wamalungelo afanelekileyo ommangalelwa phakathi kwityala, iziphumo zingaba yimpazamo. Ekubhenelweni, iinkolelo ziyatshintshwa ukuba impazamo ayiyongozi — oko kukuthi, ukuba kukho ingqiqo yokuba ichaphazela isigqibo. Ngoxa ukuguqulwa kusenokubonwa njengenkqubo yokuziphendulela, kwakhona bafaka iindleko kumaxhoba, amangqina, kunye nabantu, kwaye bayakwazi ukulibazisa ukugweba iminyaka emininzi.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kuwonke Wonke

Mhlawumbi eyona ngozi ichuliweyo kukuncitshiswa kwentlawulo. Xa abantu beqonda ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo isetyenziswa ngendlela engalinganiyo — umzekelo, xa iqaqobana lobuhlanga lisoloko lingavunyelwa ukuba linikwe ibheyile okanye ligwetywa ngokukrakra — intsebenziswano nomthetho iyancipha, kwaye ukufaneleka kweenkundla kuyathandabuzeka. Amatyala aphezulu ekwahluleleni komthetho okungekho mthethweni, njengokungabuniki ubungqina kwi- Brady umongo othenjiweyo, ukuthemba okungakumbi. Ukubuyiselwa komthetho kufuna ukugcinwa okuzinzileyo kwemigaqo efanelekileyo nokuziphendulela abo bawaphulayo.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayimi nje; kufuneka iqhelane nobugcisa obutsha, iinguqu zentlalo, nokutyhila indlela yokuqonda okusesikweni.

Imali eninzi namanani kunye nemfihlo

Ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kobugcisa bokuhlola — ukulandelelana kweselfowuni, ubuchule bobuso, ubuchule bokuhlola i-algorithm zobupolisa — kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga noMphetho-Mdathiso kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Carplateb v. United States [2018], iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyavuma ukuba urhulumente udinga isiqinisekiso sokufumana ugcino-lwazi lwe-seli ekwindawo eyiyo, iqonda ukuba ukuchana kwe-atry enzulu kunokuziveza iinkcukacha ezinzulu zobomi bomntu. Njengoko ubuchule obungeyo buye babandakanye kwimiqatha yemiqathango kunye nezigqibo, iinkundla ziya kumele zigqibe enoba inkqubo ifuna ukubonakala kakuhle namathuba okungangeni semthethweni, nokuvavanyaza ukuvava iziphumo kwemithetho yemithetho-algastidi.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Neenkqubo

Uphando oluthe rhoqo lubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abaNsundu nabamaSpeyin bajongene nokuphathwa krwada kulo lonke icandelo lenkqubo yobulungisa — ukusuka kumlinganiselo ophezulu wokubanjwa nokuvalelwa kwetyala ukuya kuma ngaphaya kwezigwebo ezinde. Nangona ucalucalulo olucacileyo lwezinhlanga lunqabile, ukucalucalula nokungalingani kwezakhiwo kungane nenxalenye efanayo yokukhusela inkqubo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibimathidala ukuvuma “ukuchasana okungaqhelekanga” kuphela njengokuchasana komgaqo-siseko, kodwa abaxhasi kunye nabaphengululi baphikisa kakhulu ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo efuna ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ebangela ukungalingani okuthe ngqo kweentlanga.

Imiqobo yecebo nokhuselo lukawonke-wonke

Ngaphandle kwesigqibo Gedeon, iinkqubo zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke kumazwe amaninzi zisoloko zigqunywe phantsi. Iimeko ziyatyunyuzwa, uphengululo luncinane, kwaye abamangalelwa basoloko bebona amagqwetha abo imizuzu embalwa phambi kokuvakala kwesicelo. Le nto ingenza buthathaka kuncedo olunentsingiselo lwenkqubo efunekayo. Iindlela ezininzi zokumangalelwa ziye zazama ukunyanzela ukulungelelanisa oovimba abaneleyo, ngempumelelo exutyikityanisiweyo. De kube ngumsantsa phakathi kwendlela elungileyo nenyaniso yemali efunekayo, isithembiso sokusesikweni siya kuhlala singafezeki kwabaninzi.

Isiphelo: Imfuneko Enyamezeleyo Yenkqubo Efaneleyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyonkqubo yobuchule okanye umqobo kumthetho osebenzayo. Yinkqubo efunekayo ebangela ukuba imithetho ikwazi ukuzikhusela, ukuba imithetho ayimeleli okanye icinezele, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yezobulungisa iyayihlonela leyo isebenzayo. Ukuphakamisa le migaqo kuqinisekisi lwangoku oluqinisekisiweyo kwizibuko leNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu wohlwaywa ngaphandle kwethuba elibalulekileyo lokuzikhusela, kwaye kufuneka akwenze oko kunokwenzeka, ukuba imithetho ayinyanzeli okanye ayicinezeli, kwaye inyanzelela ukuba inkqubo yobulungisa ilawule inyanzele ukuhlonelwa kwaloo nto isebenza. Ukuphakamisa le migaqo kufuna ukuqwalaselwa, oovimba abafanelekileyo, kunye nokuzinikela kokungagwetyelwa okungaphaya kwetyala elinye okanye impikiswano. Njengokuba ibutho lifuna ukutolika nokusetyenziswa kwayo — ngokusoloko kusukelwa kwendlela yokunikezelwa kwemithetho enyani kubo bonke abayihambisela bonke abayayayo.

Ingcaciso yeMelika Bar Association yenkqubo efunekayo enkundleni inikeza umongo osebenzayo wale migaqo esebenzayo.