Isiseko senkululeko yaseMerika sisekelwe kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko weziqinisekiso kunye neenkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni eziphembelela ubomi kuloo mazwi abhaliweyo. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni asiyonto nje emfundo ephambili ephambili, kwaye yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokuhamba ngenqanawa, ukusuka ekunyanzelweni komthetho ukuya kungenelelo kwintetho yequmrhu. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, njengomchasi-siseko wentsingiselo yemithetho, ulo lonke eli lungelo liyilo ngesigqibo sencwadi esiqhubeka sivakala namhlanje. Eli nqaku linikela uphando olukhawulezileyo lwamalungelo asisiseko, imiba yembali, kunye nolawulo olujikeleza umhlaba wonke ummi kufuneka wazi.

Isiseko samalungelo omntu ngamnye kumGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., owagunyaziswa ngo-1788, ekuqaleni wawunezinto ezimbalwa ezicacileyo zokukhusela inkululeko yabantu. IBhili yamaLungelo, yongezwe ngo-1791, yalungisa oku ngokudwelisa imiqathango ekhethekileyo kumandla orhulumente. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wala malungelo ekuqaleni wawumxinwa, usebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Kwakungade kube yiNqanda ecacileyo yokulungisa iMpasejiko yeMdali ye-145 yeMganiso eBandle neSikhuseli sika-Claussss (ukungahlulwa okuthengiweyo) ukuze uninzi lwalawulwe ngokuchasene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngemfundiso yokuzibandakanya.

Le nkqubo ithetha ukuba phantse lonke ilungelo elikwiBhili yamaLungelo ngoku lisebenza kumazwe nakwimimandla, hayi kuphela iWashington, D.C. imfundiso yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ibibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko olufanayo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Umzekelo, ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha phantsi koMphetho-Mdalelo wokuqala lwasetyenziswa kumazwe [kuFLT:0] Gitlow v. New York (1925), nangona iNkukomkhulu ixhasa ukuthembeka kwetyala elo.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nokuxinana

Enyanzelweni yedemokhrasi yaseMelika kukho iSichibiyelo sokuqala, esithintela iKhomfako ephazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokushicilela. Olu khuselo aluphelelanga ````INkundla' iqalile ukuvela iindidi zokuthetha ezingakhuselekanga, ezifana nokuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukunyelisa, ukunyelisa, kunye “namagama angcolileyo.” Iimeko zelizwe ezifana [[FLT: 0] Scheck v. United States [1919] [1919] ivelise iindidi zentetho ezingakhuselekanga, ngelixa elikhoyo "iiiiiiiiiiiiiiindawo ezidityanizi, ngexesha [[FLT:] Branburg v.[FLT:] [3]] [196] [196] [19] ice ifuna ukusetyenziswa komthetho olwaphulo-mthetho.Nkutsha, iNkutsha, iNkunye i-Alaythenti i-ediyoku, idiyoku, idia, idiyokuquka kwi

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa

Nangona igama elithi “umthetho ophezulu” lingaveli kuMgaqo-siseko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhupha imfihlo kwi-“penumbras” kunye“neempendululo” zezinye iziqinisekiso. Eli lungelo lacaciswa kuqala Grisrold v. Connecticut [1965], eyawisa umthetho onqabela ukusetyenziswa kokuthintela ukuthintela ukukhutshwa kwebhalisa isibini esitshatileyo. Kamva la malungelo esese ayila isiseko se-[[FLT] v. [65] [iiii-LT] [injini:] [ii-65], eyathiwe-Calct [200], ngoko imigaqo-mthetho ye-emond. I-data ye-data iqhubekeka, kunye ne-data yobugcisa.[FLT.][FLT]]]

Ukukhuselwa Ngokulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

I-Unimeal Protection Clause yeSinyusi seshumi elinesine imiyalelo yokuba akukho rhulumente oza kumkhanyela nabani na okwigunya lakhe “ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Eli binzana liye laba yindawo yokulwa imikhosi yamalungelo abantu, ukusuka kukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga ukuya kucalucalulo lobufana. INkundla Ephakamileyo isebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kulwahlulo olubandakanyekileyo olubandakanyekileyo: ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo uhlanga nemvelaphi yobuzwe, ukuvavanywa okuphakathi kweminye imiqathango. Ukwazi le miphatho kunceda kuqonde isizathu sokuba eminye imithetho ihlaselwe phantsi ngoxa eminye iphila.

Ityala Elibalaseleyo LeNkundla Elichaza Amalungelo Akho

Amatyala alandelayo amela amaxesha abalulekileyo kumthetho-mthetho waseMerika. Isigqibo ngasinye asisokusombulula impikiswano ekhethekileyo kuphela kodwa sikwachaza nemigaqo ebanzi eqhubeka ilawula inkqubo yethu engokwasemthethweni. Ukuqonda umongo nokuqiqa kwabo kunika abemi amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Isiphelo so “Siphendu Kodwa Silingana”

Mhlawumbi esona sigqibo sidumileyo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yenkulungwane yama-20, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ngaxhatha linye yathi ukucalucalulwa kweentlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwayaphula iSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Clausle. INkundla yarhoxa imfundiso “engafaniyo kodwa” emiselwe Preby v. Ferguson [1866], iqonda ukuba iindawo ezibekwe phantsi zilingana ngokuzenzekelayo zigqibelelene ngokuzenzekelayo. UMasipala u-Earl Warren War wabhala ukuba imfundiso encinci ibangela ukuziva umgangatho ophantsi ngokwemeko kuluntu olunokuthi luchaphazele iintliziyo nezingqondo zazo ngendlela engenakuze iphinde isetyenziswe." Oku kubangela ukurhoxisana amalungelo ebutho loluntu kunye nesembutho loluntu kwizenzo ezilandelayo.

Miranda .Arizona (1966) – Amalungelo Akho Xa Uselugcinweni

Ukuba ukhe weva ipolisa lisithi “Unelungelo lokuthula,” une-Miranda v. Arizona ukubulela. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukukhuselwa kweSiphendulo sesihlanu nxamnye nokuzibeka umva. Amatyala athe aphucula “iMithetho yeSilumkiso yeMbali" ifuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe izilumkiso ezithenjiweyo ekuhlaleni kwabo, kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo uhlale uhleli. Umzekelo, [FFLT:] uBemprign v. [2]

I-Roe v. Wade (1973) – Imfihlo kunye namalungelo okuvelisa inzala

Inkundla eku Roe v. Wade yaqonda ukuba ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuphelisa ukukhulelwa kwalo lawela kwilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwilungelo lobucala. Isigqibo saseka isiseko esisekelwe kwimitya enqamleziweyo, sinika amagunya anyukayo okulawula ukuqhomfa njengoko ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka. Eli tyala lihlala linye yezona zimpikiswano kwimbali yaseMelika. Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Amen [202], iNkumbuso elawulayo, ukukhupha umgaqo wokuqhomfa. Ngaphandle kokutshintsha, ukuqonda ukuqiqamba nokufumana okuyimfuneko kwelizwe.

Abemi Amanyane v. iKhomishini yoNhlolo (2010) – Imali njengeNkcubeko

Kwisigqibo esi-5-4, iNkundla yathi uMphetho wokuqala uthintela urhulumente ekuthinteleni iinkcitho zezopolitiko ezizimeleyo zemibutho kunye namaqumrhu. Uninzi lwathi ukuthetha kwezobupolitika kubalulekile kwidemokhrasi kwaye intetho yenkampani, njengabantu ngabanye, ifanele ikhuselwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba isigqibo sivule amasuntswana emali engenamiqathango kwezobupolitika, okunokuthi kungaphazamisa inkqubo yonyulo. Ityala liye lakhuthaza iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nentlawulo lwemali yezemali ebhastile kunye nempembelelo yemali kukhetho.

UGideon (1963) – Ilungelo Lokunikela Isiluleko

UClarence Earl Gideon wayelihlwempu elingekho mgangathweni elijongene nokugqobhoza eFlorida. Ukungakwazi ukufikelela igqwetha, wanyanzeleka ukuba azimelanise kwaye wagwetywa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yarhoxa ngamxhelo mnye, isithi ilungelo leSithandathu soMphengululo-Mphetho linelungelo elibalulekileyo elisebenzayo kumazwe nge-Sent Procession Clausle. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umntu ojongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu unelungelo lokuzimela igqwetha, nokuba akanalo. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela ekudalweni kwenkqubo yokhuselo lukawonke wonke umntu kwilizwe lonke kwaye sihlala sikwilungu letyala lomthetho waseMelika.

Sullivan (1964) – Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Kwezinto Eziphuma Kubantu Abaselula

Eli tyala lavela kwisibhengezo sephepha elipheleleyo kwiThe New York Times egxeka amagosa ase-Alabama ngenxa yokuphatha kwawo abagxeba ngokuqhankqalazi. INkundla yathi iSihlalo Sokuqala sikhusela ukupapashwa kweengxelo zobuxoki ngamagosa karhulumente ngaphandle kokuba umphathi onegunya angangqina “ubungendawo obuqhelekileyo”. Ubungqina bengxelo babububuxoki okanye bayenze ngokungakhathaleli inyaniso. Lo mvalo uphezulu wakhusela ushicilelo kwisuti ejoliswe ekunqandeni ukugxekwa kwamagosa karhulumente. Esi sigqibo besibalulekile kumaziko oonondaba abaphezulu kunye nengxoxo kawonke wonke. Kamva umgangatho wandiswe kumanani kawonke [FLT: 0]. Cots.

Terry v. Ohio (1968) – Smand and Frisk Powers

Terry v.O., iNkundla egunyazisiweyo ukuba iqhube inyathelo elifutshane, iphengululo elisekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo ukuba umntu ubandakanyeke kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nokufaka umntu kwizixhobo ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umntu uxhobile. Isigqibo esilungelelanisiweyo soMphetho-Mdama wesine sikhusela imfuneko yokhuseleko nokhuseleko lolwaphulo-mthetho. UTerry uhlala ekhonziwa yinkqubo eqhelekileyo yamapolisa, kodwa iNkundla ibeke imida: ukumisa kumele kube kokwexeshana, ifrisk kufuneka ilinganiselwe kwipat-demin yezixhobo, kwaye ukukrokretha kufuneka ibe yeyodwa kwaye ibe yeyo. [Uqondanei FLT:] [FLT] [FFF:]

Map v. Ohio (1961) – Ulawulo OluyiExclussionary Luye Lwathunyelwa EUnited States

UHlaliso lwesine lukwalela ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kodwa kwenzeka ntoni xa amapolisa ephula umthetho? INkundla ePhakamileyo emagqeni v.Ohio yakholelwa ukuba ubungqina obufunyanwa ngokuphanda okungekho mthethweni abunakusetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente. Umthetho wokuzigwebo, ngaphambili osetyenziswa kumatyala karhulumente kuphela, wadluliselwa kumatyala. Lo mthetho uthintela ukugqwetha amapolisa ngokususa intlukwano yokulwa namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ubungqina obufumaneka ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nemfundiso engenakunqandwayo buselugcinweni buselukhuselweyo lunelo olunamandla ekuphelweni okungekho mthethweni.

Imisebenzi yeNkcubeko:

Ukwazi amatyala abalulekileyo kubalulekile, kodwa ukusebenzisa ulwazi kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenene kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto eziluncedo apho amalungelo akho asetyenziswa khona, zixelelwe ngezigqibo ezingasentla.

Ukudibana Nomthetho Onyanzeliswayo

Xa umiswe ngamapolisa, khumbula amalungelo akho ayasebenza kuphela xa uselugcinweni kwaye uncinwa. Noko ke, ungakhetha ukuhlala uthule. Akufunekanga uvume ukuphengulula umntu wakho, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye ikhaya. Ukuba umphathi ubuza, “Uyayikhangela imoto yakho?” ungatsho ngokuthoba ukuba, “Andivumi ukuphendla." Ukuba umphathi uthe wabangela okanye ugunyaziso, bangaphengulula, kodwa ukungavumi kwakho kumele ukuba unikezele, kodwa ugcine ukuphikisa kwakho okusemthethweni kamva. Kwindlela yokuhamba, kufuneka unike ilayisensi, ukubhalisa, nokuqinisekisa i-inshorensi, kodwa ungakufuni ukuphendula ngaphandle kwemibuzo. Ukuba umele uphinde uhlale uthethe, umele uthethele.

Amalungelo Akho Esitratweni: Ukuthetha Ngesisa Nokuhlanganisana

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lakho lokuthetha kwimigama kawonke-wonke, kwiipaki, kunye nezinye iziko loluntu eliqhelekileyo, kodwa kungekhona kwimpahla yabucala ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini. Ungafota okanye amagosa amapolisa evidiyo enza imisebenzi yawo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, njengoko iSixth Counting Transting eqinisekiswe kwi Glik v. Kukho i-Cunniffe[[FLT] [2011]. Ngoko ke, awunakuphazamisana nemisebenzi yomthetho. Abachazi-processi nabo banamalungelo okuthetha ngenkululeko, kodwa urhulumente uyakwazi ukubeka ixesha, indawo, kunye nemiqathango yomthetho njengoko bequlathe-i-indawo kunye nemijelo evulekileyo. Umzekelo, ufuna imvume yokufaka i--ctal collective corganizetion ingud proced processssss elungele ukuba ingumele ukuba ingulo-encenced ingux inguxpt.

Amalungelo Akho Njengomnini-ndlu

Ilungelo lokuzifihla likwandiswa kwikhaya lakho. Amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokungena, ngaphandle kweemeko ezicacileyo ezinjengokusukela ngokushushu, ukutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezileyo kobungqina, okanye umngcipheko womonakalo. Kwanangona ngesiqinisekiso, unelungelo lokuqwalasela uphando nokuqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi bahlala kumda ochazwe kwisiqinisekiso. AbaLawuli-mthetho bafanele bakhuseleke ngokungenangqondo kwimfuno yabanini-fama; umnini-ndlu akanakungena ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo nesizathu esifanelekileyo, nangona imithetho yorhulumente yahluka. Ukuqonda ezi zikhuseli kunokukunceda ngokufezekileyo.

Amalungelo Asombululayo: Iingxoxo zangoku kunye nemigaqo yexesha elizayo

Ukuqanjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo nentandabulumko engokwasemthethweni kutshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, intsingiselo yokuba imizekelo ehlaziyiweyo inokuphinda iphinde ibonwe.

Ukuzimela Kwamanani Nohlaziyo Lwesine

Isigqibo esakhiwe ku- (2017]), iNkundla yathi urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lweseli-ndawo, eqonda ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwezidibeneyo lungatyhila iinkcukacha ezinzulu zobomi bomntu. Esi sigqibo sakhiwe ku . California [2014], olufuna isiqinisekiso sokukhangela isiganeko seselula sokubanjwa. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubela phambili, iNkuqulu luza kuqhubekeka ukuxambulisana ngemibuzo ephathelele ulwazi, ukhangelo, ukhathalo, nemidaba esengqiqweni yelindelo yobucala. Ukusetyenziswa kobuso kunye nolwazi oluphezulu lwe-bukhompume okungakhangelwangasafikelelwanga kwinkundla yezobugxobo.

Ukuthetha Ngokukhululeka Kwixesha Lezinto Zonxibelelwano

Amaqonga eenkqubo zoluntu athe afana neendawo zikawonke-wonke zale mihla. INkundla ku Packingham v. umNtla Carolina (2017) yawisa umthetho oweyisa abaphuli-mthetho ababhaliswe ngokwesini ekusebenziseni i-media yoluntu, eqonda ukuba la maqonga abalulekile ekuthetheni. Noko ke, imibuzo ishiyekile malunga nobungakanani apho amaqonga azimeleyo anokulinganisela khona ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wemithetho-siseko (ngokuba uLawulo lokuqala olusebenza kwisenzo sikarhulumente kuphela, hayi kwiinkampani ezizimele. Icandelo 230 loNkcubeko loNkxaso loNkuhlalo lungakuchaphazela oko kunokwenziwa ngabasebenzisi. Nokuba kunjalo, iNkundla ingathetha ngoko nangoko ukuba umthetho ofuna iqonga kwiiplatifomu ezithile (njengokummandla wase-Florida naseTexa) ithetha kwimigangatho yokuqala.

Amalungelo esibini oHlomelo

Imeko-bume ye-Columbia v. Helder (2008), iNkundla yamkela ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo ekhaya. McDravild v. [[FLT:] [2010] [2010]) isebenzisa elo lungelo kumaphondo. Iimeko zakutshanje ezifana Iphondo le-Rifle & Pistol Association. [[FLT]] McDonald [202] [202] Isixeko saseChicagos[FOLT] [[FLT] [iright'' [irFLT] [ir:3] [iced] [iiiiiiii]) itheze i- ncam yokuphatha izibham, ingxolokhwe ezimele ukuhlasela kwemithetho yakutshanje zaleekho ngoku. Ngoku ifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwasekunene, i-uthe ukuqinisekisa ukuba uqaphele lwangoku.

Ukuhlala Ufundile Yaye Uqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho

Amalungelo asemthethweni anenjongo kuphela ukuba uyazi ukuba akhona nendlela yokuwasebenzisa. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzayo:

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Funda imithombo engundoqo. Iimbono ezipheleleyo zamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo zikhona emazeni anjenge Iziko lolwazi lomthetho lomthetho we-Cornell School [ kunye [[FLT:] Oyez[[FLT:]], enika ushicilelo lwesandi kunye neefihlo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Landela amatyala akhoyo. Igama leNkundla ePhakamileyo lisukela ku-Oktobha ukuya kuJuni. Ii-website ezifana [SCOTBOLlog[ inika uhlalutyo lochwepheshe nohlaziyo kumatyala asuka kumalungelo okuvota ukuya ekungeneni.
  • Yazi imithetho yakho yasekuhlaleni. Amalungelo amaninzi achazwa ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nemimiselo. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe anika ukhuseliso olubanzi lwentetho okanye lwemfihlo kunemGaqo-siseko wezwe lakho. Hlola irejista yemali yamalungelo nezigqibo zenkundla.
  • Funa isiluleko somthetho xa kuyimfuneko. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphuliwe, jonga kwigqwetha. Imibutho emininzi yamalungelo abantu, enjenge ACLU, inika ubuncwane kwaye inganika umelo kumatyala achaphazelayo.

Indima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekuxonxeni umthetho waseMerika iyaqhubekeka. Ngoxa izigqibo zangaphambili zinika isiseko, amatyala amatsha asoloko ecocwa/ kwaye maxa wambi abhukuqa (`iimfundiso ezimiselweyo'. Indlela engcono yokukhusela amalungelo akho kukuyawaqonda nokuhlala ubandakanyeka kwinkqubela-phambili engokwasemthethweni echaphazela ubomi bakho. Abahlali abanolwazi luyindawo yokuqala esebenzayo yedemokhrasi, kwaye ulwazi lwemiba yendalo linyathelo lokuqala ekusebenziseni inkululeko yakho ngokunempumelelo.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, qwalasela uluvo lweNkundla lweObergefell v. Hodges (2015), eyamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko kumtshato omnye, kunye iMastering Sighop v. Colorado Commission Commission yamaLungelo e-OFOF:3] (2088), elungelelaniswe ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo kunye nenkululeko yonqulo nxamnye nemithetho echasene nodibaniso. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungelo akhuphisanayo.

Amalungelo akho asemthethweni akahlali kunye. Yimigaqo ephilayo elungelelaniswayo ngokuqwalasela ngenyameko, maxa wambi ngokuphikisanayo. Ngokuqonda amatyala aphawula iziganeko ezidlulileyo, nangokunikela ingqalelo kwezo ziza kugqitywa, uzixhobisa ngolwazi olufunekayo ukuze uqinise amalungelo akho uze ube nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula kweMerika.