Umhlaba woMthetho ongqinelanayo wobuPolisa okwiqondo lombuso

EUnited States, ukuphendula kwamapolisa kudala kulolongelwe kakhulu ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunayimithetho karhulumente. Ngeli xesha iBhunga lase-U.S. liye ladlulisela imithetho yamalungelo abantu ephawulekayo neSebe leJaji linokuyiphengulula indlela amaziko amapolisa asebenza ngayo, imithetho yemihla ngemihla elawula indlela amaziko omthetho achaza ngayo ukunganyaniseki, ukusebenzisa imikhosi, kwaye asebenzisana noluntu ngokuphandle kuchazwa ngokugqwesileyo kumgangatho wesizwe. Ngexesha elidlulileyo, igatya lomsebenzi wemithetho-mthetho liye laguqula indlela amaziko amapolisa asebenza ngayo, kunye namazwe asebenza ngayo njengeegumbi lokuhlola iiprojekta zotshintsho. Ukuqonda le mithetho, iziphumo zawo ezicetyikelelwayo, nemiphumo yayo yokwenene yehlabathi ziyimfuneko kubafundi bezomthetho, inkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, inkqubo kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Isizathu Sokuba Imithetho Karhulumente Imele Iphendulwe Ngamapolisa

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe zinegunya eliphangaleleyo kumthetho ogcinwayo kuba amandla amapolisa agcinelwe amagunya phantsi koMthetho weSihlaziyo seshumi. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho yesizwe imisela yonke into ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso kunye nokukhutshwa kwamagosa ukuya kuqikelelo lweengxelo zoluleko. Imithetho yomanyano inika isiseko esisisiseko (umzekelo), uLawulo loCrime kunye noMthetho we-Enkforcement Act ka 1994 igunyazisa iDOJ ukuphengulula amasebe amapolisa. Kodwa kunqabile ukubeka imiyalelo enkcaza okanye izakhiwo zolawulo. Ngenxa yoko, utshintsho oluninzi olunempembelelo ekuphenduleni ityala kwamapolisa luvela kurhulumente.

Imimandla engundoqo apho umthetho karhulumente umisela khona la mabinzana

  • Ingxelo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla eziganeko, kuquka ukudubula okubandakanyekileyo kwabaphathi-mikhosi kunye nokufa okungalawulekiyo.
  • Iinkqubo zekhamera ezihamba ngomzimba, eziquka xa iikhamera kufuneka zisebenze kwaye unyawo lugcinwa luze lukhululwe.
  • Ukusekwa negunya leebhodi zohlolo lwasekuhlaleni okanye ulawulo oluzimeleyo.
  • Utshintsho olufuna ukuthintelwa okufanelekileyo njengendlela yokuzikhusela ekumangaleleni kwamagosa.
  • Ukufikelela koluntu kwiingxelo zoqeqesho lwamapolisa, uphando lwemicimbi yangaphakathi, kunye nee-data ezingalunganga.

Amanyathelo angundoqo oMthetho kunye nempembelelo yawo ekunikezeleni ingxelo

Iimfuno zokuKhuphela

Enye yezona inguqulelo zibalulekileyo kukunyanzela ukusetyenziswa kweziganeko eziqhelekileyo, ezisesikweni. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2015, amazwe amaninzi ayengenayo imfuneko yokuba abameli bomthetho banike ingxelo yeziganeko ezibulalayo kugunya likarhulumente osembindini. Oku kutshintshile emva kweziganeko eziphezulu ze-profile kunike ingqalelo yesizwe. Namhlanje, ichaza njenge i-Callois (ngaphantsi kwe-AB 71 ne-SB 1421) imithetho ecwangcisiweyo, [iiiiiiiiiiiintentezi] ezifuna iziphumo ezithelekisa iziphumo zokufa, [ [ult] [ult:] [iiiiiiiiindlela yokusebenza kwezixhobo ezithe kratya, okanye i-onke-othe-onke, i-ognethi ye-ojective.

Impembelelo ekunikeni ingxelo enyanileyo iye yangqinelana. EKhalifoniya, umzekelo, inani lokudubula okubandakanyekileyo kwabaphathi-mikhosi okuxelwe kwiSebe lobulungisa belizwe lanyuka ngaphezu kwama-60% kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala emva kokunikezelwa kwengxelo okunyanzelekileyo. Oku kugaleleka akuthethi ukuba ukudubula okuninzi kwenzeke/i-rather, kubonisa ukupheliswa okungaphantsi kokuxelwa. Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho, oku kugxininisa isifundo esibalulekileyo: imithetho yokubonisa ukukhanya kuphela ayikwenzi ukuphendula ngaphandle kokuba imiyalelo engqinela uqokelelo oluziweyo logcino-lwazi kunye nokufikelela kwabantu.

Imilinganiselo yekhamera yomzimba kunye nokukhutshwa kwenyawo

Iikhamera zomzimba zanconywa njengesixhobo sokutshintsha ityala lamapolisa, kodwa impumelelo yazo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwixesha nangendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo. Umthetho wesizwe ubunzima ekumiseleni imigangatho encinci. Umzekelo, iVirginia[ (HB 150) ifuna abaphathi-mthetho abanyanzelisa umzimba ukuba usebenze iikhamera ngexesha lonke loxa kukho i-Ecentiveve, lo gama UColado[ (HB 21410)) imiyalelo yokuba inyawo zigcinwe iintsuku ezingama-90 ezincinane zezehlolo ezithatha ixesha elide.

Noko ke, eyona mbambano ididayo kukufumaneka kwabantu kumgangatho wecamera yesiqu. Ama- States ayahluka kakhulu: ezinye, ezifana .FLT, qiqa ukuba isantya siphantsi komthetho kawonke-wonke kodwa sivumele ukungabikho ngokukhululekileyo okubanzi ngenxa yecala lobuqu; ezinye, ezifana ] iikhamera ze-Illinois [[, zithintela ukukhululwa ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla. ISiko sesizwe seJastime elinobulungisa [[ iphawule ukuba ukufikelela okungqongqo kakhulu konikezelo lungaphosa ulwakhiwo-camelo lwezimvolo. Ngokungafaniyo, ukhupho oluzenzekelayo lungabetha ngomlinganiselo womlinganiselo wokukhululwa kwemiqatha, ukukhulula iintambo ezibandakanya kwiziphumo ezitheth'umva, ukuvuma ukuva.

Iibhodi zohlolo lwezimilo kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo

Enye indawo apho umthetho karhulumente ube nempembelelo ngqo yilenza lakhiwe kunye nokuxhotyiswa kweebhodi zohlolo lwasekuhlaleni (CRBs). Kwimbali, uninzi lwamapolisa ayephantsi, eqhutywa lisebe ngokwalo. Ngoku, ubuncinane, amaziko angama-20 anemithetho egunyaze okanye egunyazisa ulawulo lwamapolisa athile. i-New York’s Law inforcement Miscificience Iscimbigative Office (LEMIO) yamiselwa ngurhulumente njengequm lombindi wokwamkela nokuphengulula izikhalazo nxamnye nawo nawuphi na umbutho wamapolisa kwiphondo, amaqela asekuhlaleni. [[FLT]] u-Active Officesty [icelorvential provicessioner Office)]

Impumelelo yeCRBs iyahluka ngokwegunya layo. Iibhodi ezinokuzenza ngokwazo iingqina kunye neerekhodi . njengazo eziku Los Angeles[ kunye ne[FLT] Francisco[[ (ukusebenzisa phantsi kwemeko ebangela imithetho). [iiibhodi ezinokuvelisa uphengululo olucokisekileyo. [ibhodi ezizihlola kuphela iimeko zangaphakathi, ngokwahlukileyo, zingasebenza njengefestile. Umthetho welizwe onika amandla onyanisekileyo, kunokuba uthobe lwezintluvo, ubonise iziphumo ezizinzileyo: [[FLT:] [FLD] [F:] [FF5] [5] Uphando]

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: EKhalifoniya NaseNew York Njengeenkokeli Zotshintsho

Imithetho YaseKhalifoniya

IKhalifoniya ibiphambili kumthetho wamapolisa wokuphendula. Umqulu uquka imithetho emibini ephawulayo: SB 142 (208) kunye SB][. ISB [2001] ivule iingxelo ezikhoyo zamapolisa ayimfihlo ngaphambili, dibanisa iingxelo ezikhoyo zokunganyaniseki, ukuhlasela ngokwesini, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwegunyazakhono eligqithisileyo. Umthetho wawuphelisa ngokuphumelelayo umfihlelo owawunetyala ixesha elide ekuqwalaleni uwonke. SB 16 yandisa oko kutyhilwa kokuquka zonke izikhalazo ezikhoyo, hayi ezona zinto zinzulu, kwaye ingugunyaziso ezikhoyo.

Impembelelo inzulu. Amaphephandaba namaqela ajongileyo aye asebenzisa ezi ngxelo ukubhenca iindlela zokuziphatha okubi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekupheliseni kwe-ofisi kunye nezindululo zomthetho. Noko ke, umthetho uphinde ukhuthaze ukuhlaziywa komanyano lwamapolisa, ubonakalisa ukuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kokubonakala kwamapolisa kunye namagosa. Kubafundisi-lwazi, amava aseKhalifoniya anikela uhlolisiso olucacileyo ngendlela umthetho ongenza ngayo ukulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwamagosa oluntu nawomthetho.

Umkhosi wamashumi amahlanu

Uhambo lwaseNew York lwaluluphawu olufanayo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi angamashumi, Ukuqulunqwa kwamashumi amahlanu-a koMthetho waMalungelo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kugcine iingxelo zamapolisa ziyimfihlo, zinika ikhusi elipheleleyo kwiingxelo zehambo engalunganga. Emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo-2020, indlu yowiso-mthetho yavota ngokugqwesileyo ukuphinda i-phinda i-phinde i-55-a ngoJuni 2020. Ngoku irepeal ikhutshwe amashumi amawaka amawaka eengxelo zerekhodio-rapy [1] iquka lawo abaphathi abanezikhalazo ezininzi ezinzulu. Umthetho we-EnFroctiveInvectives HuctoriveIs Invectortial Office [Foct:3]

Irepeal ivumele amagqwetha namagosa amalungelo abantu kunye neentatheli ukuba achaze amagosa embali anamandla agqithisileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingcebiso yolwazi oluninzi kunye noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa ukuphunyezwa bekungalingani: amanye amaqumrhu awakuchasi ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo, kunye 201 ulawulo lwenkundla lunciphile umlinganiselo wokuthengwa kweengxelo “i-pernel". kunye“ ne-inkonzo.” Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba kwanomthetho onamandla ufuna ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo ukuze ufikelele usukelo lwawo.

Utshintsho Olufanelekileyo Kumgangatho Karhulumente

Imfundiso efanelekileyo yokuzikhusela kumthetho ikhusela amagosa karhulumente kwiimfanelo zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokuba aphule “umthetho owenziwe ngokucacileyo”. Ngoxa le mfundiso yaveliswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States, inamandla okumisela eyawo imilinganiselo ukwenzela imiyalelo yomthetho karhulumente. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela umthetho wokumisela okanye wokususa ukukhusela okufanelekileyo nxamnye nemithetho-siseko okanye i-tort.

Colado [SB 21-199] yakhupha ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwamagosa oxolo kwinkundla yetyala lomonakalo, ikwenza kube lula ukuba abaphathi abaqhelekileyo bagcine amagosa exanduva agqithisileyo. New Mexico yalandela ne-HB 4 ngo-2023. [[FLT:] i-'i-'i-computation''''''''''''' idlulisa umthetho ofanayo i-indlu yowiso-mthetho elawulayo ngo-2020. Ezi zinyathelo azichaphazamisi mithetho elawulayo, kodwa zenza umgangatho olinganayo wokuphendula kombuzo ofanelekileyo. Ubungqina bokuqala be-Coloradolesced kwimist nakubethis , nangona ii-ofisi ezininzi zamapolisa ngoku zihlawula ii-inshort ezibugcunt. Iingxelo zemithetho ezifanelekileyo zezomthetho, kunye neeklati, iiklati zezezo zika

Ucelomngeni Nemiphumo Engalindelwanga

Ngoxa umthetho wesizwe uye waqhuba inkqubela ebalulekileyo, ukwakhe kwanayo imiqobo. Eminye imithetho iye yagxekwa ngokuphamba, nto leyo eye yakhokelela kwiqumrhu lamapolisa eliya emva okanye kwanokuba “umkhuhlane we-blue” uthoba. Eminye iminye imida edibeneyo ijongene nezithuba: 2023 yingxelo yophando lweSilawuli soLawulo oluPhezulu iForm ifunyaniswe ukuba ngokweziko ngokukhutshelwa kwengxelo yemithetho, malunga nama-30% amaziko amancinane awaphumelelanga ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo kwimfuno-data. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso okanye isigwebo sokunika ingxelo yemithetho engekho ngeniso, ihlala ikho ukunyolelwa kwemithetho ethile.

Ukongezelela, uhlalutyo olubanzi lwemfihlelo kwimithetho ethile, ````````I-Invot'''' ukukhusela amaxhoba'.' luye lwasetyenziswa ngabameli ukunqanda iingxelo ezimele zibonwe nguwonke-wonke. Umzekelo, 20222 ACLU uhlalutyo olubanzi lufumanise ukuba I-Indiyana [[[[FLT]]] umthetho karhulumente, lokwalathisa iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke, ngelixa uvumela ukufikelela kwiirekhodi ze-rekhodio, unika i-odonga yobubanzi bezinto ezisisifungo njenge-IST, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphembelela izicwangciso-zibonelelo. Ukuphendula iimpikiswano ezinjalo, amaqela ekhuthaza umthetho oqukelwezo zolwaphulo-mthetho oluthe ngqo, kunye nokungangeni.

Ulawulo loluntu nogcino-lwazi olubonisa ngaphaya

Enye yezona nkqubela zithembisayo luphuhliso olukhulayo lwesebe lamapolisa lokupapasha ugcino-lwazi ekumekeni, ekuphengululeni, ekufumaneni, nasekusebenziseni amandla. .[FLT] (ngaphantsi kwe SB 4) kunye ] Shington[ [Ngaphakathi kwe-940]] (ngaphantsi kwe-i-iii-i-intshi) iqokelele ugcino-lwazi olubanzi ngemiqobo yeqela, kunye neebhodi zomnqamlezo zikawonke. Le data ivumela abaphengululi namaqela oluntu ukuba baphawule iipaketho zobuhlanga okanye amandla agqithisileyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] systlic iProgiclitial[FLD [FD5:5] isebenzise ulawulo oludityayo oludityanisiweyo loxwebhu lobuhlanga ukuphelisa uxwebhu lobuhlanga, ukuphelisa ukrluquququququququququ.

Umthetho wesizwe ogunyazisa ukuphicothwa kophicotho-zincwadi lwamapolisa ngokuzimeleyo .Nxanduva kunokuzibika wedwa. I-Illinois's[ i-SAFE-T yakha iKhomishini yeNkqubela yamapolisa eMazwelonke enegunya lokufuna ukuphicothwa. Xa abameli bengakwazi ukunikela ingxelo, ikomishini ingakuthintela ukuxhasa kwemali. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokunyanzelisa luba lunzima kuba ngaphandle kwayo, inika iimfuno zokuba yinkqubo yephepha.

Utyekelo lwexesha elizayo Kumthetho wokuphendula wamapolisa eSizwe

Ukujonga phambili, izicwangciso ezininzi ziselundini. Okokuqala, ulawulo oluninzi luzakulandela iKhalifoniya ne New York ekuvuleni iingxelo zoluleko, ukubuyisela umva amashumi eminyaka emfihlo. I-Bpartisan imibutho ekwimeko enjenge [[FLT: 0]] Arizona kunye [FLT]] ne [Pennsylvania] [ ivelise iityala kulo siphumo. Okwesibini, intshukumo yokukhupha i-decreftivet ehamba ngokuziphatha okubi kakhulu inyusa unyukelo: [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT]] [5] igqithise umthetho osusela umthetho osusiweyo ku-20, kunye ne-Uhlanga lwe-National Conviliances Out Agains promotionss)

Okwesithathu, umthetho onxulumanisa inkxaso-mali yamapolisa kwimiqathango yokuphendula-tyala . njengokufuna amasebe ukwamkela iikhamera zomzimba okanye ukusebenzisa-omatiloshe ukuze alandele imvume yombuso. "Uhlolo olukwimeko yelishwa lokuphendula kwamapolisa kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo, kuquka nemithetho elinganisela indima yabaphathi abaxhobileyo kunye nokuxhasa amaqela asekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Amandla Nemida Yomthetho KaRhulumente

Umthetho wephondo unamandla okuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa anokuphendula. Ungagunyazisa ukuba cace, ujongele, kwaye wenze iziphumo zokunganyaniseki. Amava aseKhalifoniya naseNew York abonisa ukuba imithetho ebanzi ingaguqula ukufikelela koluntu kulwazi nokuluxhasa, kodwa kuphela ukuba imiselwe kakuhle, ixhaswa ngokwaneleyo, kwaye inyanzeliswe ngokunamandla. Imingeni yokuzalisekisa, ukuchasana komanyano, kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga isikhumbuza ukuba umthetho wodwa asiyo i-pancaca.

Kubafundi nabafundisi- ntsapho abafunda lo mxholo, isitshixo sesokuba imithetho yomgangatho karhulumente inamandla kwaye ikhuphiswano. Zonke iintlanganiso zendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente zinika ithuba lotshintsho okanye uqikelelo. Ngokuqonda impembelelo yemithetho ekhoyo, abemi bangaxhasa amanyathelo asebenzayo baze bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ephendulwe ngenxa yeziphumo. Ikamva lokuphendula kwamapolisa aliyi kubhalwa eWashington, D.C., kodwa kwii-pastitols kulo lonke ilizwe