Ukuhambelana Okukhulayo Komthetho Nokungabi Nakhaya

Ukuhambelana phakathi komthetho nabantu abangenamakhaya kuya kuchazwa ngokwandayo ngumthetho wemigangatho karhulumente. Le mithetho ayithethi nje kuphela ngesandi somgangatho wesitrato kodwa ikwalawula iinkqubo zenkqubo ezibanzi zamaziko alandelayo. Njengoko inani lamalungu angenamakhaya linyuka kwimimandla emininzi. "Njengoko iSebe leBhouse kunye noPhuhliso lwe-Urban linikela ingxelo ngabantu abangaphezu kwama-650 000 abangenamakhaya ngobusuku obunye ngowama-2023] umbuzo wendlela oomatiloshe abasebenza ngayo kwaye banyanzelise le mithetho. Amanye amazwe axhomekeke kulwaphulo-mthetho, ajonge ukumisa intente kawonke okanye alala njengezinto ezingqubananisayo. Abanye balandela imizekelo exhasa abaphathi ngeenkonzo zoluntu. Ukuqonda olu ntlalo lwentlalo kunye neziphumo zayo kwintsebenzi yamapolisa kunakho ukukhokela nokusebenza kwemigaqo-nkqubo yabantu.

Indlela Imithetho kaRhulumente Ebumba Ngayo Imithetho Yamapolisa Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Amasebe amapolisa asebenza phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente, imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kunye nemigaqo-siseko yamasebe. Umthetho wephondo ufeza indima enamandla ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba umisela isiseko somthetho ngoko kunokwenzeka nangenakukwenza amagosa. Umzekelo, umthetho wesizwe othintela ukulala kwicala lendlela likawonke-wonke unika amagosa igunya elicacileyo lokunyanzelisa lo mthetho, ngokufuthi ngokucaphula okanye ngokubanjwa. Ngokwahlukileyo, umthetho wesizwe ocuthayo kwimpahla kawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuba ikhusi likho igosa amagosa aqala ukukhangela indawo yokufihla izilwanyana nokunika isithuthi.

Ukuchaza iziphumo ezizizo.

Umahluko phakathi kwezenzo ezivumelekileyo nezinika isindululo uxhomekeke kumgaqo wemithetho karhulumente. Imithetho edibanisa ulwaphulo-mthetho "lokujija" ngengubo kunye nengxowa yokubheja, okanye "ukubheja" kwindawo yoluntu, ngokuphumelelayo ukwenza ukungabi nakhaya kube ngulwaphulo-mthetho. [ Umthetho wobuhlanga olungenamakhaya [] uluphawule ulwandiso oluthe rhoqo kwimithetho enjalo ukususela ngo-2010 ukuya ku-2024. Xa abaphathi-mikhosi befuneka ngomthetho ukuba bafake ingxengxezo zezi mpatho, banalo zincinane zokuthumela abantu ngabanye kwiinkonzo. Ngokuphikisana noko, njengokuba iWashington idlulisele imithetho "ukubhalisa ukunyaniswa kweminyaziso" kwaye ifuna ukuba kunikelwe ulwazi olukhuselekileyo phambi kokuba kusetyenziso. Oku kulungele ukudityaniswa kweminyaniswa koovimba ngamnye.

IMidlalo ePhakamileyo

Uqingqo-mali lwezoqingqo-mali lwaseKhalifoniya lukwaphembelela ukuhambelana kwamapolisa. Umthetho onika imali exhasa amaqela angenamakhaya, amaqela asebenza ngengqondo, okanye iinkqubo zoqeqesho olukhethekileyo zingaguqula indlela amasebe asebenza ngayo. Uqingqo-mali lwama-2023 lwaseKhalifoniya luquka ii-R350-zigidi zemali emali ekhoyo yokufumana indawo yokuhlala kunye neenkqubo zokunyanzelisa umthetho. Xa inkxaso enjalo inxulumene nemiyalelo yomthetho, abaphathi-ofisi bafanele bafumane iindlela zokusebenzisana kunokuba bafumane abasebenzi abanobuchule bokulungisa. Ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo, kwanabaphathi abanobuchule basenokubuya emva kokusebenza ngenxa yokugcinwa kwemiqathango abasebenzisa iinkonzo zabo.

Ukufikelela Kwemikhwa Engaqhelekanga KaRhulumente: Ulwaphulo - mthetho, Ukubuyiselwa Kwesizwe, Nenkxaso

Umhlaba wangoku womthetho karhulumente ungahlulwa phantse ube ziindidi ezintathu: ulwaphulo-mthetho, umgaqo kunye nokudibanisa iinkonzo, kunye nokuthotywa kolwaphulo-mthetho okuxhasayo. Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ibonisa indlela indlela echaphazele ngayo intsebenziswano yamapolisa neziphumo zomntu ngamnye.

Ukwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho: Umzekelo Obalulekileyo

Amaphondo amaninzi, ingakumbi kuMzantsi naseMzantsintshona, aye amisela imithetho ekwenza ngabom ukuziphatha okungenamakhaya okubangelwa kukungabi namakhaya. Umzekelo, iTexas, igcina imithetho echasene nokumisa iintente kwimpahla yoluntu nokulala kwizithuthi, ngokufuthi inyanzeliswe ngocaphulo oluthwala intengiso nemfuneko enokwenzeka. EOklahoma, i-2024 yayenza iphosakele ukumisa iinkampu kwindawo kawonke-wonke ukuba iibhedi zekhusi zikhona. Abaphathi abasemagunyeni abadla ngokunikela ingxelo yokuchitha isahlulo esibalulekile sezithuba zabo kwimi sokugcinwa kwezindlu zangaphakathi. Ngokutsho kophando lwamaphu ePhondo (PERC, abaphathi bemikhosi abajikelezayo kumazwe anjalo baqikelela ukuba i15/25% yeemfolamfola yabo yokungabikho kwezindlu, iziphumo ezininzi zokuvalelwa kwemiqobo, ixesha elihle, neenkonzo zokusetyenziswa kwezindlu zezindlu zamapolisa, ezingekho semthethweni, ngokokubandakanywa rhoqo.

Ngaphezu kweziphumo ezingokobuqu, umanyano lwamapolisa oludibanisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Abantu abangenamakhaya bayangathembani kumagosa, benciphisa ukuvuma kwabo ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukwamkela uncedo. Ngeli xesha, amagosa, anokunxunguphaliswa kukuphinda kubekwe kwakhona komthetho ngaphandle kwezisombululo zexesha elide. Icandelo lobulungisa [[FLT:] iVera] IQumrhu lokwaphula umthetho lichaza ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokuzibhangisa, ukwandisa umthwalo wokusebenza emapoliseni ngelitishi ngoxa ungaphumeleli ukunciphisa ukungahlali kwekhaya okubonakalayo.

Ulungiso olukwizinxulumanisi zenkonzo: Umhlaba ophakathi

Amanye amaphondo aye akhetha indlela ephakathi: amisela imiqathango ethile kodwa afuna abaphathi-mikhosi kuqala ukuzama ukudibanisa abantu ngeenkonzo. Indlela yokuqhuba iKhalifoniya ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Ngoxa urhulumente elela ukumisa ukumisa intente kwezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke (njengezikolo okanye izikhundla zokuthutha), ikwanemali eninzi yezindlu kunye neenkqubo zempilo. Umgangatho weSebe lamapolisa laseLos Angeles, umzekelo, uqeqeshelwe ukukhupha izilumkiso zomlomo nokunika izikhuseli zokufihla intloko phambi kokukhupha intetho. Ityala leNkundla ephakamileyo yaseCalifornia [[FLT:]] Maritin v. Isixeko seBo [[FLT] ] siphembelela le migaqo yempilo yengqondo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izixeko azinako ukulala ngaphandle ukuba ziswele indawo yokufihla ikhusi. Njengokubonelelana kwamapolisa, iziphumo zemali ezibonelelana

Ukuqhelisa, le modeli isebenza kuphela xa izibonelelo zomsebenzi zomelele. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babe nolwahlulo lweendawo zokufihla intloko, ukhetho lwezothutho, kunye nogcino-lwazi loluntu ukuze bafumane indlela yokufumana uncedo. Xa ezo ziqalelo zingaphumeleli .

Ukuchaphazeleka kolwaphulo-mthetho: Ukugunyaziswa

I-Oregon ime kwesona siphelo sokuxhasa. Ukususela oko iSigqeba saMandla esinganamakhaya sango-2013, irente iye yawathintela ngokucacileyo amadolobha ukuba angalalisi amathikithi okanye ababambe abantu ukuba balale ngaphandle ukuba akukho ndawo yokufihla intloko. Le House Bill 3195 ikhuthaza urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba angangeni kwimijelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye afune ukuba abasebenzi babe yeyokuqala emva kokufumana nokuzikhusela. Imali ehamba namaqela amaqela axhwaphilileyo kunye neengcali zoontanga abasebenza ecaleni kwamapolisa. Le ndawo i-Rodyo ikhuthaza amagosa esizwe ukuba asebenze njengeqela elinamaqabane okhuseleko kunokuba anyanzele abanyanze.

Ugcino-lwazi lwamapolisa asePortland Bureau lubonisa ukuba emva kokusebenzisa imodeli encedisanayo, amagosa asebenza nabantu abangenamakhaya abahlaliswe ngama-30% ukusuka kuma-2021 ukuya kuma-2023, ngelixa abasebenzi benikela ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lomsebenzi kunye noxinezeleko oluphantsi kwezi ntsebenziswano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukumisa intente kungayikhokelela kwiingozi zempilo yoluntu, kodwa i-Oregon ithetha oku ngokuphuma kwimigubo eqinileyo kunye neenkqubo zokunyuka. Urhwebo-offractal luthi ngurhulumente kufuneka afake imali engakumbi kwiinkonzo, ukhetho alunakonke olunokuqhubeka okanye oluza kulandela.

Imiphumo Engqalileyo Kwizenzo Zamapolisa: Uqeqesho, Ubulumko Nemiphumo

Isiseko sowiso-mthetho sibubumba ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bento nganye eyenzekayo phakathi komthetho kunye nabantu abangenamakhaya. Imilinganiso emithathu ebalulekileyo luqeqesho, ubuchule bomphathi kunye nomlinganiselo wesiphumo.

Ukuqeqesha Abantu Ngaphantsi Kwemiqathango Ehlukeneyo Engokwasemthethweni

Imithetho karhulumente idla ngokunyanzela amapolisa ukuba aqhube amashishini kunye noqeqesho olusekwe kwimfundo ukuba aquke ulwaneliseko ngokungabi namakhaya, impilo yengqondo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango. Kumazwe olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqeqeshwa kungajolisa kumthetho onegunya (hhown ngokufanelekileyo ukukhankanya umntu oza kumisa intente, indlela yokuphepha ityala. Kumaphondo axhasayo, uqeqesho lugxininisa unxibelelwano lokwenzakalisa, ulwazi lwezibonelelo zoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zokuzibophelela ngokuzithandela. Umzekelo, umthetho kaWashington ufuna ukuba bonke abaphathi belizwe bagqibe ikhondo “lonke iiyure ezisibhozo lokungabi namali ekho kwimisebenzi echaza iprojectal trans sy.

Igosa: Ugcino - gcino Lomgwebo Womntu

Kwanakwimeko, abaphathi-mikhosi ngabanye basebenzisa ubulumko obukhulu ukuba banyanzelise umthetho okanye banikele uncedo. Umthetho umisela imida, kodwa imeko ekhawulezileyo `````FLT'], isimilo somntu, iinkonzo ezikhoyo, umsebenzi wegosa uzakusebenza ngokubalulekileyo, ```idermmine' iziphumo. Uphando lwamashumi amabini anesine apapashwa kwi i-Cristology & Camp; inkqubo yoluntu [[ ifumanise ukuba abaphathi bemithetho exhasayo banokubonelela kakhulu ukukhwela kwikhusitha (28% yemibango) kunaleyo ithetha (6% yeenkqums), nokokuba ngabasebenzi bezonyango abancedisayo, ngokokunokuphenjelelwa yi-cetyo okanye ukunga kakuhle. Oku kumele kuqinisekiswe ngokuqhubekayo nokuzinziswa kwemithetho yokuzinziswa kwemithetho; ukuqinisekisa oku kumele kuqhubekeka kusenzelwa ngokuqhubekayo nokuqeqeshwa.

Umlinganiselo Weziphumo: Ukubanjwa, Ukucatshulwa, kunye nokunxulunyaniswa

Ugcino-lwazi olumalunga nokunxibelelana kwamapolisa nabantu abangenamakhaya lusoloko luqhekeka, kodwa kuvela imilinganiso emikhulu yemilinganiso. Amazwe anemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho adla ngokuvelisa amaqondo aphezulu okubanjwa nokucatshulwa kwezono ezincinane. Ngokomzekelo, eTexas, malunga nama-40% abo bonke abaqhakamshelwane abangenamakhaya eHouston aphumela ekuxhobiseni, ngokwengxelo yesixeko sama-2023. Kumazwe axhasayo, unxibelelwano olunye luvelisa amanyathelo aphezulu eendawo zokuhlala okanye amaqela eengxaki zempilo yengqondo. [UserD inkqubo yeminxela yokunxibelelana kweenkonzo enqamlezi kwicala elingaphandle, ibonisa ukuba abantu abangenamakhaya badityaniswe ngeenkonzo ezinxulumene namapolisa kunyaka ngamnye. EUnited States kuphume iziphumo ezingcono kumaqela amapolisa, kwaneenkqubo ezithenwayo ezithe zi-50 ze-'intembelo zee-tolikishini.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Umahluko Okhoyo Kwihlabathi Lokwenene

Ukuhlolisisa izixeko namagunya athile kubonisa indlela umthetho oye wawaguqula ngayo amava amagosa nabantu abangenamakhaya.

ILos Angeles, eKhalifoniya: Ukulungelelanisa Izindlu Nezindlu

I-Los Angeles isebenza phantsi kwemodeli exutyiweyo. Amasiko esiXeko ayalela ukumisa iintente kwiindawo ezithile, ezifana nezikolo kunye neendlela ezikhululekileyo, kodwa umthetho wesizwe kunye nezigwebo zenkundla zilinganisela ukugcinwa kwamagosa ukuba akafumaneki. ISebe lamapolisa eLos Angeles (LAPD) lisebenzisa “igosa lokunxibelelana nekhaya” inkqubo ehamba ngamagosa ababini nabasebenzi bentlalo. Ngo-2023, isixeko esixelwe ukuba abaqhakamshelani abangaphezu kwama-75 000 abaphumele kwinkonzo, ngokufaka kuphela izicatshulwa. Kodwa ukunqongophala okungapheliyo kweebhedi zebhanti (undisholo lwemida eyi-10 000) kuthetha ukuba ukunxibelelana koomatilo-mthetho abasebenzi abambalwa abalandela imigaqo engqongqo. Abaphathi-mikhosi bachaza ukunyanzelwa kwemithetho enokuthi ikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo ziinkonzo ezikhoyo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba kwaneengxelo ezikhoyo zithe zaphelelwa yimiqobo xa ziphelelwa yimiqobo.

IHouston, ETexas: Impembelelo Yolwaphulo - mthetho Esitratweni

Houston ingumzekelo wolwaphulo-mthetho. Isixeko sinyanzelisa ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokumisa iintente okudla ngokuphumela ekucatshulweni kwee-$100-500. Abantu abangakwazi ukuhlawula imvume kunye nexesha elinokwenzeka lokuvalelwa entolongweni. ISebe lamapolisa laseHouston linoluhlu olunikezelweyo “olungenamakhaya,” kodwa lincinane kwaye alikhuselwanga. Amagosa amaninzi abaphathi abasebenzi abangakwazi ukuqeqesha izibonelelo. Ama-2023 afumana ukuba phantse isiqithi sesiqingatha sabantu abangenamakhaya ababanjwa ngenxa yokuhlala ehlala ngaphandle komhlala-khaya, kwaye ama-90% ebengakhange anikwe ndawo yokuhlala. Umjikelezo womsebenzi. Umjikelo wenkonzo wenkonzo, i-omatiloshe abaye babiza umthetho oxhasayo, kodwa abalawuli ababambe imo yezopolitiko abahambayo.

IPontiland, e-Oregon: Ukupheliswa kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neenqanawa zoluntu

Indlela yokusebenza yePortland, esekelwe kwimithetho exhasayo yeOregon, ixhomekeke kakhulu kumaqumrhu asekuhlaleni. “Iziko leNkonzo Zokusebenza Kweziqiwu” zesixeko“ zithumela amaqela ahambayo abasebenzi abangasebenziyo namapolisa njengoko kufuneka. Amagosa afumana umgca onikezelweyo kwisixhobo esishushu esinokulungiselela indawo ekhuselekileyo okanye uncedo lwezonyango. Ngokutsho kwe-2024 yesixeko, 82% yabantu abangenamakhaya abadityaniswe namapolisa abayamkela inkonzo. Ukubekwa kweminquba kwamagosa athetha ukuba amagosa emkhosini athe afumana umanyano lokuzithandela. Noko ke, imodeli ayikhange igxeko abagxeki: abanye abanini-mali nabahlali bakhalaza bekhalaza ukuba intente zithe qhutyekile, kwaye isixeko siye sasebenzisa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwenkunkuma kunye nokuphatha inkunkuma.

Utyekelo Lomthetho Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziya ziqonda impembelelo ebangelwa yimithetho yazo kunxulumano lwamapolisa.

Ukuvuka “KweBhili yaMalungelo Ekhaya” Umthetho

Ngokulandela umzekelo we-Oregon, njengoMaine, iConnecticut, neColorado, iye yazisa okanye yadlulisela amatyala aqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko kubantu abangenamakhaya, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye nokhuseleko kucalucalulo. Le mithetho imisela amagunya amapolisa kwaye inyanzelisa amasebe ajongene nokuganana kunokuba anyanzelise. Ngowama-2025, ubuncinane amaphondo anemali anjalo aqwalaselweyo. Ukhuthazo lwezopolitiko lucebisa ukuba umthetho oxhasayo uzuze umhlaba, kodwa ujongene nenkcaso enzima kumaqela alawula ulungelelaniso nemicimbi yempahla kawonke wonke.

Umgaqo-nkqubo weDravity kunye nokunikwa ityala

Ama-odolophana nezixeko asebenzisa ugcino-lwazi ukuvavanya indlela ukudibana kwamapolisa nokungabinamakhaya okuchaphazela ngayo amanqanaba nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kunika ingxelo ngokubhekiselele kunxulumano lwamagosa, imigangatho yokuxhobisa, kunye neziphumo zoqhagamshelwano lwenkonzo ziyaxhaphaka. Umthetho wama-2024 waseKhalifoniya ufuna ukuba onke amasebe amapolisa anikele ingxelo yonxibelelwano olungenamakhaya minyaka le, nto eya kunceda abenzi benkqubo balungise inkxaso-mali kunye noqeqesho. Oku kukhanyisa kungadimazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali engakumbi kwaye kukhuthaza ukwabiwa koovimba abangcono.

Indima Yempembelelo Yomanyano

Ngeli xesha oorhulumente bengabathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili, ukhokelo lukarhulumente lukwalungisa umhlaba. U.S. i-entraicency Council on Homessspect (USICH) incomela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kube “liqabane lokuphelisa ukungabi namakhaya, hayi umqobo.” Umanyano lunika uncedo olusoloko lufuna ukuba amagunya amkele uqheliselo oluthile oluxhasayo. Noko ke, urhulumente akakwazi ukuphelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngoko utshintsho luhlala lungalingani.

Iingcebiso zabenzi bezobuGqeba namagosa

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina, amanyathelo aliqela anokuphucula unxibelelwano lwamapolisa nabantu abangenamakhaya.

  • Imithetho ebohlwaya imfuneko yokuphumla yenza uqhagamshelwano lwamapolisa olungeyomfuneko nolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingenelela kweminye iinkqubo zokuphendula. Amaqela angenamiqathango, amaqela asebenza ngengqondo, kunye neqela lengxaki yeselula lingaphatha unxulumano oluninzi oluya kumapolisa ngoku. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kubaphathi ngexa benika inkathalo engcono.
  • Amazwe angenamakhaya afuna uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo kubuchule bokwenza ingxwabangxwaba, ubuncwane basekuhlaleni, kunye namalungelo asemthethweni abantu abangenamakhaya. Amazwe enza oku abona amava e-adversarial ambalwa kunye nolwamkelo oluphezulu lwenkonzo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Indlu esisigxina kunye neenkonzo zokuxhasa ngqo. Ukudibana kwamapolisa, nokuba anovelwano kangakanani, akanakukwazi ukuthatha indawo yezindlu ezisigxina. Umthetho kufuneka unxulumanise ukugcinwa komsebenzi kwinkxaso-mali yokuhlala kunokusohlwaya ukungabi namakhaya.
  • I-Calbet kwaye ipapashe ugcino-lwazi olumalunga nokudibana kwamapolisa nabantu abangenamakhaya. Isantya sokubonisa ngaphaya kwekhaya sijongene nokuphendula kwaye sinceda ukufumanisa ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo esebenzayo neyingozi.

Isiphelo: UMthetho njengesiseko seNkcubeko

Umthetho wephondo asinto ithe ngqo; sisiseko apho amapolisa adibana khona nabantu abangenamakhaya. Imithetho ecacileyo yokuba ukuqhatha ukungabi namakhaya kubangele imijikelo yokubamba, iishefu, kunye nokushenxiswa kwemithetho ngaphandle kokucombulula ingxaki esisiseko. Imithetho egxininisa ukubotshwa kwenkxaso, ukudityaniswa komsebenzi, kunye nokuthotywa komthetho kukhokelela kwintsebenziswano engakumbi, iziphumo ezingcono kubantu ngabanye, kwaye icuthene noovimba abazinzileyo kwimithombo yamapolisa. Ubungqina obucacileyo: eyona ndlela isebenzayo kukusuka kwisohlwayo ukuze ungene. Njengoko abantu abaninzi besithi, ulwalamano phakathi komthetho kunye nabantu abangenamakhaya lunokusuka kwenye ingxabano kwisivumelwano somanyano. Abenzi bemithetho exhasayo bagcina imigaqo ekhuselekileyo, uluntu olusempilweni, uluntu olusempilweni, kunye nenkqubo yezomthetho esesikweni ephatha bonke abantu.