Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko nendima yawo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko akha isiseko somgangatho ophambili wentlalo-ntle yedemokhrasi yale mihla, emisela imigaqo esemthethweni ekhusela abantu ekuphathweni nakucalucalulo lwezopolitiko. La malungelo akayoenjongo nje engenakuthelekiswa; ayimigaqo enyanzeleka eqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyalingana phantsi komthetho. Ngokudibanisa ukulingana njengexabiso elingundoqo, imigaqo-siseko idala inkqubo ekhuthaza ukulingana kokusesikweni kwezentlalo, amathuba ezoqoqosho, kunye nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezopolitili. UmGaqo-siseko Olinganisiweyo ukhusela uClaus kuMgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika, ezi zizixhobo zomthetho zilolonga ukulwa nokungalingani kwemimiselo lwendlela emhlabeni wonke. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ahambela phambili ngayo ukulingana, imingeni ejongenemingeni, kunye namanyathelo anokuthathwa ukuze kuqiniseke ukukhuselwa okuhlala nokuvuthanelwa.

Ukuqonda amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko ngamalungelo asisiseko anikwe abantu ngabanye ngoxwebhu oluphezulu lomthetho wesizwe. Asebenza njengokhuselo ekuxhatshazweni kwegunya lorhulumente kwaye amisela ukhuseleko olusisiseko lwesidima somntu kunye nenkululeko. Ngoxa amalungelo athile eemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokwelizwe, inkoliso yemithetho-siseko yedemokhrasi iquka amalungiselelo okuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo, inkqubo efunekayo, ukuzibophelela, indibano, kwaye, ngokugxeka, ukulingana phambi komthetho. La malungelo anyanzeleka ngokucaciswa, intelekiso yenkundla ethetha ukuba ingakwazi ukuwisa imithetho echasene nemithetho emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko.

Imvelaphi yamalungelo omgaqo-siseko isukela kwiinkcubeko ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke kunye noMontesquieu, owathi oorhulumente bafumana ilungelo lokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787) kunye neBhili-waka lawo lamaLungelo (1791) bamisela umzekelo ngokudwelisa ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo, befaka amaxwebhu alandelayo afana ne Isindululo soMagunya-mthetho soluntu [1948]] kunye nemithetho-siseko yamazwe emininzi. Namhlanje, kumazwe angaphezu kwe- 160 abhalileyo aquka amalungiselelo afanelekileyo, nangona ukugcinwa komthetho kuthe ngokwahlukene kakhulu.

Umthombo wamalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko afumaneka kwimithombo emininzi:

  • Umgaqo-siseko we-Written:[ amazwe amaninzi anelungelo elikhuni kuxwebhu olunye, njengomGaqo-siseko waseIndiya, oquka amalungelo asisiseko aquka ukulingana, inkululeko, kunye nomgaqo-siseko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Utoliko lwe-Judicial: Iinkundla zisoloko zandisa amalungelo ngokutolika. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yalamkela ilungelo lokuba yedwa Griswold v. Connecticut[[FL:3] [1965]) nangona kungekho binzana licacileyo kumGaqo-siseko.
  • [[ICPR:0] Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe: Izixhobo ezifana nomnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe wamalungelo oluntu kunye nezobupolitika (ICCPR) ziphembelela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kwaye zinikeze ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kulingana nokungabikho kokunganyaniseki.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo ngu umGaqo-siseko wasezantsi Afrika (1996), oquka ngokucacileyo amalungelo entlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho afana nokufikelela kwindlu, inkcubeko yempilo, kunye nemfundo, ebonisa ukuzinikela ekulinganani okuncinci. Oku kwahluka kwimithetho-siseko emidala egxininisa kakhulu kumalungelo abantu kunye nezobupolitika, ibalaselisa indlela umGaqo-siseko ozitshintsha ngayo ekuthetheni kweyantlukwano yexesha.

Ukubaluleka Kokulingana

Ukulingana ngumgaqo osisiseko kwibutho ledemokhrasi, uqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ongenalo umgangatho wesizwe, ubufanasini, unqulo, ukukhubazeka okanye ubume bezoqoqosho (_ukulingana kwamalungelo kunye namathuba) asisiseko afanayo. Ngaphandle kokulingana, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni luba lilize, lunceda abo banegunya okanye ilungelo. Amalungiselelo okulingana komGaqo-siseko ajongene nokukhutshwa kobuhlanga kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwentlalo-ntle ngokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ziphatha bonke abemi ngokusesikweni.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Umgaqo wokulingana phambi komthetho ufuna ukuba bonke abantu bathobele imigangatho efanayo esemthethweni kwaye bafumane ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kwiinkundla zomthetho. Le ngcamango ifakwe kwimigaqo-siseko yangoku emininzi, ngokufuthi ngemiqathango elinganayo. Ngokomzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine oLandlisiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. uyalela ukukhanyela "nabani na onegunya lokukhusela imithetho efanayo." Ngokufanayo, iGatya 14 lomGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ulingana phambi komthetho kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo, uthintela ucalucalulo olukwiziko lonqulo, uhlanga, isicanga, isini, okanye indawo yokuzalwa.

Ubulunga phambi kokuba umthetho ube sembindini kwimithetho yengqikelelo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yabetha i-inshorensi yesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ibambe ukuba "isininzi kodwa esilinganayo" izibonelelo zazingalingani ngokwemvelo − ukusetyenziswa ngqo kwemigaqo elinganayo. EIndiya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi I-Indra Sawhney v. Union yeIndiya ixhasa isenzo sokuvuma kwiiklasi ezingasemva, ukulinganisa nemfuneko yokucalucalucalulo.

Ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungagqibeleliyo

Ukulingana komGaqo-siseko kungaqondwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ukulingana okusesikweni (ukuphathwa ngumntu omnye) kunye nokulingana okuncinci (ukuqonda ukuba ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kunokukhuthaza ukungalingani ukuba kuqale iingongoma zahlukeneyo). Imithetho-siseko emininzi yangoku yamkela indlela esezantsi yokufikelela ngokuvumela ukuvuma, iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zokupheliswa, okanye irhafu eqhubekayo. UmGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika uvumela ngokucacileyo ukuba imiqathango yomthetho "imiselwe ukukhusela okanye ukuhambela phambili abantu, okanye amaqela abantu, abanokuhlawulwa yikhethe." Le nkqubo iyavuma ukuba ukufikelela umlinganiselo wokwenyaniso kusoloko kufuna ukungenelwa kwemiqathango epheleleyo kunokusetyenziswa imigaqo engabonakaliyo okanye engokwabela ubufana nobuntu obungalinganiyo.

Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ixhase isenzo sokwamkela uvumo kwizifundo zaseyunivesithi njengendlela yokukhuthaza ulwahlulo kunye nokulungisa ucalulo oludlulileyo, nangona isigqibo seNkundla sakutshanje samva weFair Adgistrations v. Harvard [2023] olunentsingiselo elinganiselweyo lohlanga olulamlayo. Olu xinezelelelo phakathi kolulungelelwano oluqhelekileyo noluphantsi komgaqo-siseko luyaqhubeka lubumba impikiswano yesiseko emhlabeni wonke.

Ukukhuthaza Okusesikweni

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anamandla ekuhambiseleni phambili ubulungisa bentlalo ngokunika amaqela acuthekileyo amandla okucel

  • Imithetho yocalulo-mthetho emalunga nomthetho-mthetho: isoloko igunyazisa imigaqo-siseko yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele imithetho yocalucalulo ekwalelweni kocalulo emsebenzini, kwizindlu, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, nakwimfundo. UMthetho wamalungelo abantu wase-U.S. ka-1964, umzekelo, wafumana igunya lawo kwiClauseste kunye noMphengululo we-14.
  • Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa izenzo: Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, imimiselo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko ingavumela okanye ifune amanyathelo okukhuthaza uluntu olungenalwazi ngokwembali. UmGaqo-siseko waseBrazil (1988) ugunyazisa imigaqo-siseko yokunciphisa ukungalingani kobuhlanga noluntu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo zomlinganiselo weeyunivesithi nakwinkonzo zikawonke-wonke.
  • Amalungelo entlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho kwimithetho-siseko enjengeyeKenya neyokuColombia anceda imiyalelo yenkundla efuna oorhulumente ukuba banike abantu indawo yokuhlala, amanzi, okanye impilo ebuthathaka.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo sisigqibo seNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeColombia T-760/2008, eyayalela ukuphinda kulungiswe kwenkqubo yonyango ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela jikelele, ebonisa indlela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anokuqhuba ngayo utshintsho lwenkqubo yentlalo.

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asebenzayo

Ukutyhubela imbali, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ebengundoqo kwimibutho efuna ukulingana. Izigqibo zomthetho nezenzo zowiso-mthetho zixhomekeke kula malungelo okubhukuqa imigaqo-mthetho nokukhuselwa ngokukhula. Ukusebenza kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko kuxhomekeke kubuchule bokulungelelanisa, imigaqo-mthetho ezimeleyo, kunye nebutho labantu elisebenzayo.

Ityala Lophawu

Amatyala abonisa amandla amalungelo omGaqo-siseko okuguqula ibutho labantu:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. nganye yagqiba kwelokuba ikhethe lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Esi sigqibo sayibhukuqa imfundiso "ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" emiselwe kwi Pnety v. Ferguson [186]) kwaye sakhankanya umbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): INkundla yamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa phantsi kweNkqubo ka-Celas, ebekwe kumalungelo obuqu. Nangona kamva iphendulwe ngu Dobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'Abempilo-[FLT] [2022], Roe wabonisa indlela utoliko lwesiseko olunokukwandisa ngayo ukulingana kwe-mgano-mfono ngokuvumela amabhinqa ukuba alawule ukhetho lwenzala.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasemgceni zinelungelo elifanayo lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo yokuHlaziya ye 144 kunye noKhuselo loMngcipheko lwe-Lingane. Esi sigqibo saphelisa ummiselo ovaliweyo kumtshato omnye, siqinisekisa ukuba ulingana kwembonakalo yesondo.
  • Navtej Singh Johar v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya (2018): INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ekhutshelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho lobufanasini phantsi kweGatya 21 (ilungelo kubomi nenkululeko yobuqu) neGatya 14 (ukulingana). Ummiselo waphelisa Icandelo 377 lomthetho wePenal, umthetho we-colonia, ubonisa indlela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko anokukhuselwa ngayo ukukhusela iLGBTQ+ isidima.

Ukuxhasa ukulingana komthetho

Ngaphandle kweenkundla, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zimisela imithetho esekelwe kwigunya elisemthethweni ukukhuthaza ukulingana. Imizekelo engenakukhanyelwa iquka:

  • Umthetho weCivil Rights ka-1942 (U.S.): ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Lo mthetho wathatyathwa kwi-Grandment's shorts kunye noMmiselo weMpanzi we-14.
  • Umthetho wonyaka ka-65 (U.S.): Ukwasuswa imiqobo efana novavanyo lokufunda olucutha abavoti abambalwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo ilinganise amalungiselelo angundoqo, kodwa iSeko lisenesiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho weNkcubeko (ADA) ka 1990 (U.S.): abonakalisa ucalulo kubantu abakhubazekileyo emsebenzini, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nakwindawo zokuhlala. I-ADA iqhube imithetho efanayo kumazwe afana ne-Ostreliya ne-United Kingdom.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukukhuselwa kwamabhinqa kuMthetho wobundlobongela basekhaya 2005 (Indiya): wagunyaziswa phantsi kwemiyalelo yemithetho-siseko yokulingana kwendoda nendoda, lo mthetho wasekuhlaleni unika ukhuseleko kunye namayeza amaxhoba okuxhatshazwa ekhaya.

Umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe uqinisa ukulingana komGaqo-siseko. Isindululo sokususwa kwazo zonke Iintlobo zocalulo kumabhinqa (CEDAW) kunye neNkomfa yezizwe ngezizwe ekupheliseni zonke iifomu zobuhlanga (ICERD)[FLT] inika imigangatho ebandakanya umthetho wasekhaya. Umzekelo, i-Promotion of Eyence and Prevention of Unfair Directive Act (2000) iphumeza izibophelelo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nomnqophiso.

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Nangona ebaluleke kangako, amalungelo omgaqo - siseko ahlala ejongene nocelomngeni olubangela ukuba kungabi namdla wokulingana ngokupheleleyo.

Imbono Yebutho Lesizwe Nokungavumelani Nezithethe

Ikhethe elinzulu linokuthintela ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kwanaxa kukho ukhuseleko olusemthethweni. Ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, okanye kunqulo lusoloko luqhubeka lusenziwa luqheliselo olungacwangciswanga, ucalucalulo olupheleleyo, nezithethe zentlalo. Umzekelo, nangona iIndiya ilwalela ukungabikho komthetho-mgamfa, ucalucalulo olusekelwe kudidi lomntu lusasasazekile kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Ngokufanayo, eUnited States, ukwahlukana ngokweentlanga zobuhlanga kwipolisi nakugcinwa kuyaqhubeka naphantsi kwemiqathango elinganayo.

Ukuxhathisa kwenkcubeko kuyabonakala naxa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko egqalwa njengangqubana nemilinganiselo yonqulo okanye yesithethe. Iingxoxo ezimalunga namalungelo e-LGBTQ, ukuzimela, nokulingana kwe-generic zisoloko zichaswa njengenkcaso yokuzichaza ngokwesithethe. IiNkundla nemithetho-siseko kufuneka zilujonge uxinezeleko logama zixhasa imigaqo-siseko.

Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika Nokuchaswa

Imikhosi yezobupolitika ingakuchasa ngokukhutheleyo ukulingana kwamanyathelo, ingakumbi xa isongela amagunya amiselweyo. Imigudu esemthethweni yokuthintela ukufumaneka kokuvota, ukuphelisa isenzo sokuvuma, okanye ukugweba isigwebo somthetho-siseko, isenokuwaphelisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ku Shelby County v. I-Hander [2013]) yawisa igatya ummiselo ongundoqo wamaLungelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiqathango yemiqathango yovoti echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto.

Kwamanye amazwe, oorhulumente bayazijongela phantsi iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko ngokuzipakisha kunye nabaxhasi bobunyani, betyeshela imithetho, okanye ukugqwetha umgaqo-siseko ukuze kwenze buthathaka ukhuseleko. Umgaqo-siseko we-Hungary wowango- 2011, ngokomzekelo, wada walinciphisa igunya leNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko kwaye wabuyisela iLGBTQ + amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yokulawula. Ukuchasa okunjalo kwezobupolitika kubonisa ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko omeleleyo kuphela njengoko athanda ukuba axhaswe ngamaziko kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko.

Ukungalingani kwenkqubo kunye nezoqoqosho

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asoloko ethetha ngocalucalulo olusemthethweni kodwa alwa nzima ukusingatha umahluko wenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Ubuhlwempu, ukungafumani mfundo esemgangathweni, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nezindlu zingenza ukulingana okusesikweni kungabi nantsingiselo. Ubuchule bomntu bokusebenzisa inkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokufikelela isigwebo buxhomekeke kwimithombo, ixesha, nakwikomkhulu lentlalo. Maxa wambi iiNkundla zilungisa le mibango ngamalungelo entlalo, kodwa ukunyanzeleka komthetho kuhlala kunzima.

Ngokomzekelo, ngoxa umGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika uqinisekisa ilungelo lokufumana izindlu ezifanelekileyo, urhulumente uye wazama ukuphelisa ukuhlalisana okungacwangciswanga ngenxa yokungahlawulwa koqingqo-mali kunye nokonakala. Ngokufanayo, eUnited States, ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokucebisa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho liyancitshiswa ziinkqubo zokhuselo olunzima. Ukufikelela ulingana okunzima akufuni amalungelo asemthethweni kuphela kodwa kwanemigaqo ekusasaza oovimba namathuba.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Ukulingana

Imfundo ingumqhubi ogxekayo wokuqonda ukulingana komgaqo-siseko. Ngokufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo nangokubaluleka kokungacaluli, abantu banokukhuthaza izithethe ezixabisayo nezikhusela ukulingana. Imfundo ikwaxhobisa abantu ngolwazi lokuzithethelela nokubeka oorhulumente esweni.

Uphuhliso lweCurricuum

Ukusasaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko nokulingana ezikolweni kunceda abafundi baqonde iziseko ezisemthethweni zenkululeko yabo. Izihloko zifanele ziquke:

  • Imbali yokuphuhliswa komGaqo-siseko nokulwela ukulingana (umz., imibutho yamalungelo abantu, ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko).
  • Amalungiselelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko anxulumene nokulingana nokungangqubani.
  • Uphando lwezigqibo ezibalaseleyo kunye nempembelelo yazo kwibutho labantu.
  • Ukwenza imithambo efana nokuvavanywa okanye iimpikiswano ezingomgaqo - siseko.

Amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika aye afaka imfundo yezomGaqo-siseko kwizifundo zawo zasemva kobuhlanga. Ngokufanayo, iCunituality Rights Foundation [[FLT: 1] eUnited States anikezela ngoovimba bokufundisa abafundisi-zokufunda kwingingqi. Abemi abanolwazi baxhotyiswe bhetele ukukhusela nokusebenzisa ukhuseleko lwezikomGaqo-siseko.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nemfundo Yasemgaqweni

Ngapha koko, amanyathelo asekelwe kuluntu anganyusa ukuphaphela ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko phakathi kwabantu abadala. Iivenkile zoncedo olusemthethweni, iikliniki, namaphulo kawonke-wonke anceda amaqela aphantsi aqonde indlela yokubiza amalungelo awo. Umzekelo, iiNkonzo ze-Legeral Corporation [ ku-U.S. imali yokunceda abantu abafumana imali ephantsi, ethetha kwisithuba sobulungisa. Iinkqubo ze-NYAYA MItra[FLT]

Amajelo eendaba akwadlala indima. Izibhengezo zenkonzo kawonke-wonke, amaphulo oonontlalo-ntle, kunye namaxwebhu angagxininisa ukukhusela komGaqo-siseko kwaye akhuthaze abemi ukuba baxele ucalucalulo. [[FLT: 0] IJaji yeQumrhu esetyenziswayo i-Initive[[[FLT: 1] isebenzisa ii-webhsayithi kunye neempapasho zayo ukufundisa ngokungalingani kwemiqathango yobuhlanga kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho, inxibelelanisa umo-mbali nenkqubo eqhubekayo yokwaphula umthetho.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko abaluleke kakhulu ekukhuthazeni ukulingana, enika ukubekwa komthetho okunceda abantu baphile ngesidima kwaye babe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu. Ngokulingana phambi komthetho, ukukhuselwa kwamaqela aphantsi, kunye neziqinisekiso ezinyanzelekileyo zenkululeko, la malungelo anyanzelekile ukuba atshintshe impucuko. Iimeko kunye nomthetho ubonisa ukuba bakwazi ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo, ngoxa ukusukela ukulingana kwezentlalo-ntle nezoqoqosho kusemgangathweni, ukukhusela imigaqo-siseko ukuba izithembiso zezezenziwe ngokukhuthele. Imfundo kunye nokuzibophelela kwebutho labantu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukheni inkquzelo nokulingana. Njengokuba ibutho labantu limele liguqulelwe umGaqo-siseko, ngoko ke ukucaciswa kwawo, kumele kuqinisekise ukuba ukugcinwa kokulingana okuphilayo kunokuba kuyinto yokwenene embalini, amandla enyanisweni yemithetho-gqweqweqweni kuphela kumalungelo abo kodwa kungamagunya lawo onke kodwa kumthetho womthetho olungele ukuwenza onke.