Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya Nomlinganiselo Wawo

Umthetho wamakhaya unika isiseko sokucombulula iingxabano zangasese nokukhusela amalungelo abantu kwiimeko ezininzi zemihla ngemihla. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ogxininisa ekubohlwayeni ityala elichasene norhulumente, umthetho wamakhaya umisela imithetho yokunxibelelana kwabantu, amashishini, nemibutho. Injongo yawo eyintloko kukunikela iingcaciso − njengentlawulo yemali okanye imiyalelo yenkundla ) kwabo benzakalayo ngenxa yezenzo okanye ukungaphumeleli komnye umntu.

Ukuqonda le migaqo kuvumela abantu ukuba basebenzise amalungelo abo, baphephe imigibe engomthetho, bafune okusesikweni xa besoniwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iinkalo eziphambili zomthetho, amalungelo orhulumente, amalungelo akhuselekileyo, unyango olufumanekayo nendlela esebenza ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imbali Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya zale mihla zilandela imvelaphi yazo zisuka kumthetho wamaRoma, ingakumbi i- Corpus Juris Civilis equlunqwe phantsi koMlawuli Justinian kwinkulungwane yesithandathu. Eli qumrhu lomthetho laphembelela imithetho esemthethweni yelizwekazi leYurophu kwaye, ngokusetyenziswa kwekoloni, yasasazeke kwiLatin America, iindawo zase-Asia, kunye ne-Afrika. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo (ezifana nezikwelo United Kingdom neUnited States) zaphuhliswa ngemiqathango yemithetho yezomthetho nemithetho elawulayo.

Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi asebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, apho umthetho ungowona mthombo womthetho oyintloko, kodwa amanye adibanisa amalungu omthetho wasekuhlaleni noqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kwahluka-hlukeneyo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba unyango oluthile okanye iinkqubo zokwahluka ngokwemithetho yezomthetho wengingqi. Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngembali yokuphuhliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, bona iCornell Information Institute ye-Alatemplity[[[FLT: 1]]]

Iindawo Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka iindidi ezininzi zamalungelo obuqu neembopheleleko. Iintsika ezine ezisisiseko zingumthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wentsapho, nowesitofu.

Umthetho Ochaseneyo

Umthetho ogunyazisa ukubotshwa kwesivumelwano esisemthethweni phakathi kwamaqela amabini okanye angaphezulu. Ukuba uthenga umnxeba, wamkela intelekelelo yomsebenzi, okanye ubhalisela inkonzo ye-intanethi, wenza isivumelwano. Izinto ezibalulekileyo ziyanikelwa, ziyamkeleka, ziqwalaselwe (into yexabiso elitshintshiweyo), zigunyaziswe kunye nombilini. Xa omnye umntu engazithobeli izithembiso zakhe `aa' shavie", lomnye umntu angamangalela ityala lomonakalo, ukwenza okuthile, okanye ukuvala isivumelwano.

Imizekelo yosuku ngalunye iquka irente yokuqesha, izivumelwano zenkonzo kunye nezivumelwano zokuthengisa. Ukuba umnini-ndlu akalungisi ulungiso olufunekayo, umnini-ndlu usenokuba nezizathu ezisemthethweni zokungaqeshi irente okanye zokuyiphelisa irente. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ikontrakile ayiwugqibi umsebenzi njengoko kuvunyelwe, umnini-khaya angafuna imbuyiselo yemali egqityiweyo.

Umthetho wempahla

Umthetho wempahla uqhubana namalungelo, ukusetyenziswa, nokudluliselwa kwempahla yokwenene neyobuqu. Impahla yokoqobo iquka umhlaba nezakhiwo; impahla yobuqu iquka izinto ezinyakaziswayo ezinjengeenqwelo-mafutha, ifenisha, kunye nezinto zenkcubeko. Amalungelo empahla aquka ilungelo lokungadibani nabanye, ilungelo lokuthengisa okanye ukuqesha, kunye nelungelo lokunandipha impahla ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Iimpikiswano zidla ngokubandakanya imida, ukukhululeka, imiba yendawo, okanye ilifa. Umzekelo, ukuba ummelwane wakhe wakha uthango olungenelela umhlaba wakho, umthetho wempahla unika iingcaciso ezifana nomyalelo wokususa ucingo okanye umonakalo wokusetyenziswa. Ukuqonda amalungelo empahla kubalulekile kubaninimzi, abaqeshi, nabaninizo beshishini ngokufanayo.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho ulawula ulwalamano phakathi kwentsapho, kuquka umtshato, uqhawulo - mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya.

Kumanyathelo oqhawulo-mtshato, imigaqo yomthetho yamakhaya imisela indlela impahla efunyenwe ngexesha lomtshato eyahlulwe ngayo (ukwabiwa kwempahla okungahambelaniyo, inkxaso ekhoyo) nokuba ngaba inkxaso yomtshato ifanelekile kusini na. Umthetho wentsapho ukwanika imiyalelo yokukhusela amaxhoba ogonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ngenxa yokuba imicimbi yentsapho isoloko ibekwa ityala ngokweemvakalelo, inkcitho engokwasemthethweni ijolise ekulungeleleni intlalo esesikweni kunye nentlalo-ntle yabo bonke ababandakanyekileyo, ingakumbi abantwana.

Umthetho we Cheyi

Umthetho wetort ulungisa iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa, uvumela umntu owenzakalayo afune imbuyekezo. Ezi ntlobo zintathu zingundoqo zenziwe ngamabomu ngamatort (umz., ukuhlasela, ibhetri, ukunyenyisa), ukungakhathali (umz., iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha, ukungaphili-mthetho kwezamayeza), kunye netyala elingqongqo (umz., imveliso enesiphene).

Eyona nto iqhelekileyo i-tort ithi kukungakhathali, okufuna ukubonisa ukuba ummangalelwa ubophelele umsebenzi wenkathalo, waphula loo msebenzi, kwaye wabangela umonakalo. Umzekelo, ukuba umqhubi uqhuba isibane esibomvu aze abethe imoto yakho, ungamangalela iindleko zonyango, umvuzo olahlekileyo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka. I-Tort ibophelele ityala lezakhiwo (ingozi engekho mthethweni) kunye nokungalawuleki komsebenzi. Ukutshona okunzulu komthetho, ukutyelela [[FLT: 0] uNolo ukhokelo lwe-torts.

Amalungelo Akhuselwe Phantsi Komthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni ukhusela amalungelo amaninzi abantu. Ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela ibutho labantu liphela, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekuhlawuleni okanye ekubuyiseni abantu. Amalungelo angundoqo aquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokuququzelela: Unenkululeko yokungena kwizivumelwano ezinyanzelekileyo nokufuna intsebenziswano okanye imbuyekezo ukuba isivumelwano sophulwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Asekunene kwimpahla: Ungaba, usebenzise, kwaye udlulise zombini izinto ezibonakalayo nezingenakuthintelwa ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • Imithetho ikhusela amandla akho okutshata, ukukhulisa abantwana, nokugcina ulwalamano lwentsapho, kunye nezonyango zokuphazamisa okanye ukudilika.
  • Elungeni kukhuseleko Lobuqu: Ngomthetho wetort, unelungelo lokukhululeka kwingozi engokwasemzimbeni ebangelwa kukungakhathali okanye izenzo zabanye.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Olungileyo kwimfihlo: umthetho wamakhaya unika ukhuseleko ekuhlaseleni kwemfihlo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa okungekho mthethweni komfanekiso wakho okanye ukutyhilwa kwezibakala zabucala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokuququzelela: Xa amalungelo akho ephulwa, unelungelo lokufuna umonakalo wemali okanye amayeza alinganayo ukubuyisela indawo yakho.

La malungelo akaphelelanga; alungelelaniswe namalungelo abanye nabantu abanomdla. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lakho lokwakha impahla lisenokulinganiselwa ngemithetho yokuthatyathwa kwemiqathango okanye ummandla obalulekileyo ngembuyekezo nje.

Iindlela Zokusilungisa Ziyafumaneka Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Xa ilungelo liphulwa, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unikela iindlela eziliqela zonyango. Indlela yokukhetha ixhomekeke kwindlela eyingozi ngayo noko kuya kubuyisela umntu owenzakeleyo.

Umonakalo Wenetha

Umonakalo lunyango oluqhelekileyo. Lungaba luxanduva (lufihla ilahleko yokwenene njengetyala lezamayeza, ukuphulukana nengeniso, kunye nomonakalo wempahla), lunento engundoqo[ [uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali] [umonakalo] (ukwenza ityala elikhethekileyo kwiimeko ezithile ezingaqhelekanga, okanye ukukhutshwa [] [ukusohlwaya [ukusohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi okuzileyo nokuthintela ububi bexesha elizayo). Kwimeko ezonzakala zobuqu, ilahleko isenokuquka imbuyekezo zobuntlungu, ukubandezeleka, nokulahlekelwa kobomi.

Imimiselo Elinganayo

Xa imali iyodwa inganele, iinkundla zinika amayeza alinganayo. Ezi ziquka:

  • Iinjucts: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lithathe inyathelo okanye liyeke ukwenza. Umzekelo, inkundla ingakhupha umyalelo othintelayo wexeshana wokunqanda inkampani ekukhutshweni ngendlela engafanelekanga.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imisebenzi engaqhelekanga: Unyango olunqabileyo olusetyenziswa kwiimpikiswano zesivumelwano apho umonakalo wemali ungenakukwazi ukuhlawula ngokufanelekileyo/ngokufuthi kwintengiso yezakhe okanye kwimpahla engaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphembelela: Ukudibanisa isivumelwano, ukubuyisela omabini amaqela kwizikhundla zawo zangaphambili. Oku kuqhelekile xa uqhatha okanye wenze impazamo imvume encitshisiweyo.
  • Ulungiso: Ulungiso loxwebhu olubhaliweyo ukubonakalisa iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela xa kukho impazamo yabefundisi okanye impazamo.

Ukwakhiwa kwakhona

Ukuziphatha kakubi kujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukutyeba ngokungekho sikweni. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu othile ngokuphosakeleyo ukuhlawula imali ongazange uyihlawule, kufuneka uyibuyisele. Ukubuyiselwa komtshato kusenokuyalelwa xa iqela licetyiswe ngokungekho sikweni ngemali yabanye, kwanokuba akukho sivumelwano.

Indlela Iinkundla Zamakhaya Ezisebenza Ngayo

Iingxabano zamakhaya ziconjululwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo enkundleni.

Isikhokelo

I Colletiff ifayile i ichaza izibakala kunye neengxelo ezisemthethweni. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngempendulo, mhlawumbi kuquka iifayile eziphikisanayo okanye iintshukumo zokulahla. Eli candelo lichaza imbambano.

Umbuzo

Bobabini abangenileyo baphandana ngolwazi olungoonobumba (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ii-asethi (ubungqina bomlomo), izicelo zoxwebhu, kunye nokuvunywa kwengxelo. Ukufunyanwa kwengxelo kungathatha iinyanga kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu xa kusakhiwa ityala. Ukungasebenzisani kungakhokelela kwisigwebo senkundla.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Intshukumo yokugweba ngokufutshane icela inkundla ukuba ilawule ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo. Okunye ukuthatha inyathelo kungafuna ukungabuboni ubungqina okanye ukunyanzela ukufunyanwa kwezinto.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka, ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bafumana ubungqina, amangqina, kwaye banikele isigqibo. Ummangali-mthetho makabonise ityala labo ngokuqwalasela ubungqina.

Izibheno

Kusenokuba liqela elinomtsalane ukuba likholelwa impazamo engokwasemthethweni ichaphazele isiphumo. Izibheno zijolise kwingxelo yokuchophela, hayi kubungqina obutsha. Iinkundla zezicelo zingaqinisekisa, zibuye zibuyele emva, okanye ziphinde zilungise ityala ukwenzela iingxoxo ezibhekele phaya. Ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni, iwebhsayithi yenkundla U.S inika imfihlo[[.]

Imizekelo Yamihla Le Yomthetho Wamakhaya Ephunyezwayo

Umthetho wamakhaya uchaphazela phantse yonke intengiso nolwalamano. Ngasezantsi kukho iziganeko ezibonisa impembelelo yawo.

  • Ingxaki yeLastputes: Umfaki-ndlu omninimzi akakwaziyo ukulungisa isakhelo sobushushu esaphukileyo angarhoxa phantsi kwesiqinisekiso esithenjiweyo sokuhlala, okanye ukurhoxa komnqongo wesivumelwano.
  • Iingozi ezikhoyo: Ukuba wenzakala ngumqhubi ophazamisekileyo, umthetho wetort ukuvumela ukuba ufumane iindleko zezamayeza, ulahleko lwemivuzo, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka ngenxa yokungakhathali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Kwinline Purchases: Xa into ifika inesiphene okanye ingafikeli njengoko kuchaziwe, imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi nemigaqo yesivumelwano ikuvumela ukuba ufune i-explace okanye uthathele indawo.
  • [[NTLA] Ukwahlukana kunye nokugcina umntwana: umthetho wentsapho umisela inkxaso yomntwana, ixesha lokukhulisa, kunye nolwahlulo lwempahla yomtshato. Iinkundla zibeka phambili intlalo ezingcono zomntwana ngeli lixa ziqinisekisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukunyenyisa: [Ukuba umntu upapasha iintetho zobuxoki ezonakalisa igama lakho, ungamangalela ukunyelisa (unye ukunyelisa) kwaye ufune umonakalo nokunyelisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iimpikiswano ezikhoyo: Impikiswano njengengxolo egqithisileyo, ukungenelela kwemithi, okanye ucingo olwahlulweyo lulungiswa ngomthetho wempahla kunye nenkathazo yezahlulo.

Indlela Umthetho Wamakhaya Okhusela Ngayo Abathengi

Amalungelo omthengi sisicwangciso somthetho wamakhaya okhusela abathengi kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezingalunganga. Imithetho enjenge-UNIF CF Code (UCC) eUnited States inika isiqinisekiso esifunekayo, amayeza emveliso engalunganga, kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela kwizibhengezo ezikhohlisayo. Umzekelo, ukuba isixhobo esitsha sophuka kwiinyanga ezimbalwa, umthengi unokuba nelungelo lokubuyiselwa okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-frend efunekayo phantsi kwesiqinisekiso sokuthengiselwa kwentengiselwano.

Ukumangalelwa kwamaqela abathengi abafumana umonakalo ofanayo kuvumela amaqela afumana ilahleko efanayo adibane, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukumangalela amaqumrhu amakhulu kwiingxaki ezisasazekileyo okanye ukuqhatha. Ukufumaneka kwezi ndlela zonyango kukhuthaza amashishini ukuba agcine ubunjani bemveliso kunye nokubonakala.

Umthetho wamakhaya uphikisana nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho: Umahluko Ongundoqo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi komthetho wasekuhlaleni nowakwaphula umthetho kunceda abantu bakhethe indlela efanelekileyo xa besoniwe.

  • [[UMTL:0] IPurpose: umthetho wamakhaya ujolise ukuhlawulela ixhoba; umthetho wophula umthetho wohlwaya umenzi wobubi nokhusela ibutho labantu.
  • Amatyala angaphakathi aqalwa ngabantu (amaphepha-ndaba); amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eziswa ngurhulumente (umtshutshisi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibhedi yobuBonakalisi: amatyala abemi afuna ukuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili kobungqina; amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna ubungqina obungaphaya kobuthandabuzeki obufanelekileyo.
  • Ingeniso: Iindlela zonyango zabemi ziquka ukonakaliswa, imiqathango, kunye nezenzo ezithile; isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho siquka intengo, ukuvavanywa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye ukufa.
  • Indima ye- I-Victim:[ Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ixhoba libandakanyeke ngqo kwaye lingafumana imbuyekezo; kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ixhoba linokuba lingqina kodwa alililawuli ityala.

Maxa wambi isenzo esifanayo sibangela ukuba kubekho iimfanelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokomzekelo, umqhubi onxilayo usenokubekwa ityala leDuI (ulwaphulo-mthetho) aze amangalelwe xa ebona ingozi (ityala).

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Ekuthobeleni Iimbambano Zomthetho Wamakhaya

Enoba ungena kwisivumelwano, ubandakanyeke kwimpikiswano, okanye uceba umhlaba wakho, ezi migaqo zinokukunceda ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho:

  • Yifumane ngokubhaliweyo: Izivumelwano zomlomo zinganyanzeleka, kodwa izivumelwano ezibhaliweyo zilula ukungqina nokucacisa imigaqo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Funda phambi kokuba utyikitye: Ukuqonda onke amacandelo, kuquka ushicilelo oluhle malunga nemvume, iindleko, kunye nengxaki.
  • [[Uxwebhu:0] Yonke into yoxwebhu: Gcina iirisithi, ii-imeyili, iifoto, kunye namaphetshana encoko ukuxhasa imeko yakho ukuba impikiswano ivela.
  • [[UMTL:0] Wazi ummiselo wakho wommiselo wommiselo wesithintelo: Uhlobo ngalunye lwentengo lunexesha elimisiweyo elikwixesha elimisiweyo /ukuyivala ngokupheleleyo ityala lakho.
  • Cinga ngolunye uhlobo lwempikiswano lwesigqibo (ADR): Ukurhoxisa kwaye ukurbhisa kunakho ukukhawuleza kwaye kungabiza kancinci kunenkundla, kwaye izivumelwano ezininzi zifuna zona.
  • Tshelisa igqwetha xa izibonda ziphezulu: kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo efana noqhawulo-mtshato, umhlaba, okanye umonakalo onzulu, icebiso elisemthethweni lixabisekile.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya unika isakhiwo nezixhobo ukuze abantu baqinise amalungelo abo, bacombulule iingxabano, bafumane amayeza phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Ukususela kwixesha otyikitya isivumelwano, uqesha indlu, okanye ufumanise woniwe yimpazamo yomnye, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unikela indlela yokufumana okusesikweni. Ngokuqonda iindawo ezingundoqo/izinto, impahla, intsapho, kunye netorts , kunye nezono zonyango zokonakaliso, imimiselo, kunye ne-Refrence-ul ungenza izigqibo zolwazi uze wenze isenzo esifanelekileyo xa amalungelo akho ephulwa.

Ngelixesha le ngqikelelo igquma izinto ezibalulekileyo, imeko nganye yahlukile. Imithetho iyahluka ngokolawulo kunye nokuguquka kwexesha. Ulwazi olunegunya kwimibandela ethile engomthetho, jonga izibonelelo ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lolwazi lwemali okanye Nolo[FL:3]. Ekugqibeleni, ulwazi olusebenzayo lomthetho wasekuhlaleni lukunika amandla okukhusela izilangazelelo zakho nokuqhuba imingeniswana yobomi ngentembelo.