Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwabemi

Inkqubo yokulawula yamakhaya yinkqubo elawulayo ecombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abahlukeneyo, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ngezantsi kolawulo lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo, apho urhulumente agweba umenzi-tyala wolwaphulo-mthetho, apho amatyala asekuhlaleni ajolise inkxalabo kumaxhoba angenayo, amisa izivumelwano, okanye acombulule ukungavisisani ngamalungelo kunye nezibophelelo. Unyaka ngamnye, izigidi zamatyala amakhaya zibekwa kwilizwe nakwinkundla zorhulumente ngaphaya kweUnited States, zigqumathelisa yonke into evela kumgca wempahla yommelwane wayo ukuya kwisivumelwano sezigidi zemali esimiselwe ibhuli-waka. Eli nqaku licacisa indlela inkqubo yokusebenza kwezomthetho, iintlobo zeziko, kunye neenkqubo zokuqhuba izigqibo.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Kwamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nabesaphuli - mthetho

Ngoxa amatyala abantu nabesaphuli-mthetho egqunywa enkundleni, iinjongo, iinkqubo neziphumo zawo zingafani ngokusisiseko. Ukuqonda le migaqo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ohamba ngenkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

  • I-BYURLE of Project: Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa makabonise imeko yakhe nge- ukuqwalasela ubungqina[. Kuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ummangalelwa angayi kubekwa tyala. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ingxengxengxezo mayibonise ukuba unetyala [[[FLT:]]] umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu. Lo mahluko ubonisa izikhongo: abamangalelwa banokulahlekelwa yimali okanye impahla, ngexanduva abamangalelwayo bejamelene nokulahlekelwa yinkululeko.
  • Imbambano zamakhaya zibandakanya amaqela azimeleyo (ummangalelwa) okanye ngamanye amaxesha urhulumente njengeqela (umz., kummandla ophambili). Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asoloko eziswa ngurhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) nxamnye nomntu okanye nento ekhoyo (umtshutshisi).
  • Iimali ezifunyenweyo: Iindlela zoluntu ziquka ukonakaliswa kwemali, imiqathango (imiyalelo yaselubala yokwenza okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into ethile), okanye imigwebo yokukhupha ityala. Isigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho siquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa kwetyala, okanye inkonzo yoluntu. Kwimeko ezinqabileyo, ihambo efanayo isenokukhokelela kwisuti yesizwe kunye netyala lesaphuli-mthetho.
  • Ekunene kwi Attorney: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhulula icebo lomthetho ukuba abanako ukuhlawula elinye. Amagosa asekuhlaleni adla ngokuhlawula igqwetha lawo, nangona ezinye iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zinceda abantu abafumana imali ephantsi.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wangaphakathi

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uludwe olubanzi lweengxabano.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Kuphakama iimpikiswano xa elinye iqela lisilela ukwenza njengoko kuvunyelwana phantsi kwesivumelwano esinyanzelekileyo ngokomthetho. La matyala abandakanya ukwaphula isivumelwano, ukuqhatha, okanye ukutolika imibuzo. Imizekelo iquka umthengisi ongadlulisi zimpahla, inkampani eshiya ukulungiswa, okanye umqeshwa ophula umthetho ongeyo ngeniso. Iinkundla zisoloko zikhangela kwiimeko zesivumelwano, iinjongo zamaqela, kunye nawo nawuphi na umthetho osebenzayo (njengomthetho weCFUSCC Comment Comment).

Ityala Elincinane

Umthetho wetort ulungisa iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa komnye umntu. Eyona nto iqheleke kakhulu i-tort yi-glice, apho umntu angakwaziyo ukubonakalisa inkathalo esengqiqweni", njengomqhubi obangela ingozi yemoto. Ezinye ii-torts ziquka ukunyeliswa (iintle okanye ukunyeliswa), ukuhlasela ngempazamo ngokweemvakalelo, intelekelelo yemveliso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezamayeza. Ukukhangela imbuyekezo zonyango, iindleko, iintlungu nokubandezeleka, maxa wambi ukwenziwa kwesohlwayo kucelwe ukusohlwaya isimilo esinyuliweyo.

Iingxabano Zempahla

Ezi zibandakanya ubumnini, ukusetyenziswa, okanye imida yefama okanye yempahla yomntu ngamnye. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo ziimpikiswano ngendlela eyabelweneyo, imiba ye-mouse (ugcino-mali, ugcino-khuseleko, ukukhuselwa kwempahla), kunye nezinto ezifunyaniswe kukukhangelwa kwezixhobo, uphando, kunye nengxelo yobuchule kwimithetho yempahla.

Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho ubandakanya uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yabantwana, inkxaso ephakathi (antimon), ukukhuliselwa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya oluthintela imiyalelo. La matyala abandakanya iziphumo ezingokweemvakalelo eziphezulu kwaye asoloko ebandakanya iziphumo ezingezozanjongo-mgaqo-nkqubo yokukhulisa abantwana. Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza ukungenelela ukucutha nokunceda abazali basebenzisane.

Iimpikiswano Zomsebenzi

Amatyala omsebenzi aquka ukupheliswa ngokuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, ubudala, okanye ukukhubazeka, umvuzo kunye nokuphulwa kweeyure, kunye nokukhathazwa. Abaqeshwa bangafaka iifayile phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente (isihloko VII, i-ADA, iFLSA) okanye imimiselo efanayo.

Inkqubo yoqikelelo lwangaphakathi

Inkoliso yamatyala amakhaya alandela ulandelelwano lwamanyathelo. Nangona kungeyonto yonke ehamba kuwo onke amanqanaba, uninzi lwawo luzinza phambi kokuvavanywa.

Isikhokelo

Ityala liqala xa umlawuli oqhelekileyo efakela u- uchaza ityala, echaza iingxelo zomthetho, izibakala ezizixhasayo, kwaye isiqabu esifunwayo. Ummangalelwa ngoko ufaka ifayile ye- uphendula, evuma okanye akhanyele izityholo, kwaye angaphinda avume ukhuseleko okanye aphikise. Ukuba ummangalelwa ukholelwa ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza into elungileyo, banga faka ityala [[FLT:]

Umbuzo

I-DCAS ifumana icandelo elifumana inyani apho amacala omabini atshintshiselana ngolwazi nobungqina. Izixhobo ziquka:

  • Imithetho: Ubungqina obubodwa buthathwe phantsi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkundla, bubhalwe ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Abacholacholi bayakwazi ukubuza amangqina imibuzo, kwaye itranscription ingasetyenziswa ekucikidweni ukuqinisekisa.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, esoloko ilinganiselwe kwinani (umz., 25 kwiqela ngalinye kwinkundla yequmrhu).
  • Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo. Ukufunyanwa kwe-electronic (e- khowudi) ngoku kuyinxalenye engundoqo yokhupho lwemipu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye umntu amele avume okanye akhanye, ezisetyenziselwa imicimbi emincinane phambi kokuvavanywa.

Uphando lungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka kumatyala anzima, yaye iinkundla zinyanzelisa imithetho echasene nokukhutshwa kwetyala (ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina).

Intshukumo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angafaka iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo. isicelo somgwebo wesishwankathelo icela inkundla ukuba igqibe ngetyala elisekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakukhanyelwa; ukuba ivunyiwe, akukho luvavanyo olufunekayo. Olunye uthotho lwemiqathango luquka ukunyanzela ukubhaqwa, ukuqesha iinxenye zokucela, kunye nokuthatha inyathelo kwi-limme ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile xa kuvavanywa.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye alisombululwa kwisigwebo esifutshane, liqhubekeka licinezelwe. Kwityala elifutshane, ijaji igqiba izibakala kunye nomthetho; kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala kwaye ijaji isebenzisa umthetho. Iimvavanyo ziquka iingxelo zokuvula, ukuxilonga nokunqamla amangqina, ukuvuma imiboniso, kunye neempikiswano zokuqukumbela. Umgwebi uyalela abachopheli-tyala kwimimiselo esemthethweni, kunye nabagwebi ukuba bafikelele isigqibo.

Intshukumo yomgwebo neyomva wesiphelo

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwi umgwebo ichaza ukuba ngubani ophumeleleyo kunye neziziphi iinjongo ezinikwayo. Iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifaka ifayili emva kwentshukumo zovavanyo, njengokuhamba kwendlela yokuvavanya entsha okanye intshukumo yokugweba ngaphandle kwesigqibo (NOV). Ukuba ezo zingaphumeleli, inyathelo elilandelayo lisisicelo.

Isibheno

Iinkundla zetyala zihlola iimpazamo zenkundla egwebayo, hayi izibakala. Ummangali (umbutho ophulukana netyala) ufaka isaziso esifutshane sokuba ijaji yetyala lenze iimpazamo, njengokuyalela ngokuphosakeleyo abachopheli-tyala okanye ukuvuma ubungqina obungafanelekanga. Inkundla yeAppellete ingaqinisekisa, iphinde iphikise, okanye iphinde ifake ityala elitsha. Izibheno zingathatha unyaka okanye ngaphezulu ukugqiba.

Enye iNkxaso

Iimpikiswano ezininzi zamakhaya azize ziye ematyaleni. Iindawo ezithe chatha ziphethukela kwimpikiswano yesigqibo (ADR) ukugcina ixesha, imali, kunye noxinezeleko. Ezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo kukukhupha, ukuququzelela, kunye nengxoxo.

Isicwangciso

Ukuququzelela kubandakanya iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba, elinceda amaqela aphikisanayo anxibelelana kwaye athethelene ngokumanyumnyezi. Umlamli akakwenzi isigqibo; kunoko, wenza ingxubusho, acacise imibandela, acebise amanyathelo. I-Media ingowokuzithandela, kwaye nasiphi na isivumelwano esifikelelwayo sincitshiselwe kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba amaqela azame ukuzama ukuphendula phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ingakumbi kwentsapho nakwiimeko zesivumelwano.

Ushenxiso

Ukuthatyathwa kwemiqathango yinkqubo esesikweni apho amaqela anikela imeko yawo kubaququzeleli abangoondilele, abakhupha isigqibo esibophelelayo (umvuzo). Ulwahlulo ludla ngokukhawuleza luze lungabi naxabiso lininzi kunetyala, kodwa amalungelo okufumana nokubhena anqongophele. Abathengi abaninzi kunye nezivumelwano zemisebenzi ziquka iingxelo ezinyanzelisayo zokukhupha ityala, uqheliso oluye lwadala impikiswano engokwasemthethweni ngokusesikweni nokufikelela kwiinkundla.

Uqukuqelo

Unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamaqela (okanye amagqwetha awo) ukucombulula impikiswano ngaphandle kwelungu lesithathu. Lunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo, kwaye amagama akwindawo ekwakuthethwa kuyo ngokupheleleyo. Unxibelelwano oluphumelelayo lufuna unxibelelwano olulungileyo lokholo, uluvo olusengqiqweni lomngcipheko, nokukulungela ukulalanisa.

Ngokungaphezulu kwinzuzo kunye nokubuyela emva kwe ADR, icandelo leMelika Bar Comment

Indima Yabo Balawuli Kwityala Lasekuhlaleni

I-athorney ekhokela abaxhasi kwinkqubo yobulungisa belizwe. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka ibhayisikile yobomi yetyala, ukusuka ekudibaneni kokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela.

  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo kunye nobuchule: AbaLawuli bahlola amandla nobuthathaka betyala, bacebisa ukuba uqhubeke okanye ugqibe, kwaye baphuhlise ubuchule obusemthethweni obuvisisana nosukelo kunye noqingqo-mali lomxhasi.
  • [[NTL:0] Uphando olungokwasemthethweni kunye noHlaziyo: imimiselo yophando, imimiselo, kunye nangaphambi komthetho wemeko ukuxhasa iimpikiswano zabo. Baququzelela izingxubuthela, iintshukumo, izicelo zokufumana, kunye namaxwebhu okubhala athe ngqo ukunqanda imigibe ye-processical.
  • Izakhono zolawulo:[ Abalawuli bomthetho bongamela ukutshintshiselana ngobungqina, ukulungiselela abaxhasi namangqina ukwenzela iimfuno ezingafanelekanga, kunye nento kwimfuno ezingafanelekanga zokufumana. Kwimeko ezinzima, banokuqesha iingcali ezifana nababhali-mali abakwindawo ye-ofissic okanye abacebisi bezamayeza.
  • Umelo lwegumbi lokusebenza: Xa kuvavanywa, isiluleko sikhupha iingxelo ezivulayo nezisolisayo, amangqina ahlolayo, kwaye ingqina elinobuchule liphikisa imiba esemthethweni. Igqwetha elinobuchule lingenza okanye laphule ityala.
  • Uqikelelo lweNqanawa: kwanaxa kuvavanywa, amaqela asoloko ethethana. Ubuchule begqwetha bokuvavanya ixabiso letyala nokucenga elinye icala bubalulekile ekufikeleleni indawo elungileyo.

Abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka banamathele kwimithetho yokuziphatha, kuquka imfihlo (ilungelo elikwindawo ephakamileyo) nokuphepha iingxabano zomdla. [[FLT: 0] imodeli yeMithetho yooProfethiwe inikezela ngemigangatho yolawulo kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Yokusesikweni Kwabemi

Inkqubo yokulawula yezobulungisa isiseko socwangco lwentlalo nezonga lwezoqoqosho ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

  • Igunyazisa iJaji: Xa abantu okanye iinkampani zoniwe, inkqubo yabemi inika ucwangciso loxolo, olusemthethweni ukufuna ukukhululeka, -- nokuba kuthetha ukubuyisa impahla ebiweyo, ukuhlawulelwa inxeba, okanye ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano. Ngaphandle kwayo, abantu bangabhenela kuncedo lwabo, ukuphaphazamiso, okanye bafunxe ilahleko ngokungekho sesikweni.
  • Isisombululo se-Confulust: ngokulungiselela inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo, esekelwe kwimithetho, inkqubo inciphisa umngcipheko wokuba iingxabano zikhulele kugonyamelo okanye iingxabano ezingapheliyo. Inkundla yenkundla iba yindawo apho ubungqina nengqiqo ilawula ukungalingani kwemvakalelo namandla.
  • Isigwebo sobuNondyebo sobuNombolo sidala imizekelo esemthethweni ekhokelayo kwihambo yexesha elizayo. Iimeko zelizwe elihambayo (njenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ (ukulingana kolwazi) okanye [McDonald] ngumba wekofu yekofu [ (ityala lommiselo)] (imfumba wemathemba nempembelelo yomthetho woluntu. [[FTLT]] Collegiantion Information Information Institute ePhakadenti yeNkundla yeNkundla ] inguvimba obalulekileyo wokufunda imodelilo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungaguquguquki nokwanda kwezoqoqosho: Inkqubo yezobulungisa yamakhaya eqinisekisiweyo ikhuthaza ukuthembana kwintengiselwano yezoshishino. Iinkampani zingafaka imali yekomkhulu zisazi ukuba izivumelwano ziza kunyanzeliswa kwaye ziyakwazi ukumangalelwa ukuba zophulwe ukuba kuyimfuneko. Le nkciso ithoba urhwebo nolwakhiwo.

Ucelomngeni Notshintsho Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni Yamakhaya

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, inkqubo yobulungisa ijongene nokugxekwa. Iityala zidla ngokuthatha iminyaka ukusombulula, kwaye iindleko , iindleko zoogxadabo, amangqina, iindleko zenkundla, ingathintelwa. Nto ezininzi iiMelika azinakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhokelela “kumgama osesikweni.” Ngaphezu koko, ukuntsonkotha kokufunyanwa kwemithetho kunye nemithetho ye-procedrol zinokuphazamisana nabasebenzi abazimeleyo.

Imigudu yotshintsho iquka oku:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhonco- ye-ADR: Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku ziyalela ukuqulunqwa okanye uvavanyo lwangaphambili lobundilele ukunciphisa imithwalo yedokisi.
  • Iprojekthi: Amanye amazwe azise iindlela ezenziwe lula kunye neenkqubo ezikhutshiweyo ukwenzela izinto ezincinci okanye amatyala asezantsi emithala.
  • Ugqibo lwe Dispute (ODR): Iinguqu ezifana ne Modria (ngoku inxalenye ye Tyler Techniologies) ivumela amaqela ukuba asombulule ingxubusho phantse, kunye nengxoxo, ii-mediation, kunye nezixhobo zokwahlula. Iziko lohlanga lweeburhulumente leeNkundla[ inika uphando kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo ze-ODR.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imali yoncedo esemthethweni: Ingeniso enjenge-Inkonzo yasemthethweni (LSC) isebenza ukunikezela uncedo lwasemthethweni olukhululekileyo kumaMelika afumana imali ephantsi, kodwa inkxaso-mali ihlala inganele.

Kwabo bacinga ngokulungisa ityala lasekuhlaleni, ukudibana negqwetha elinamava kwangoko kuyanconyelwa ngamandla, kodwa kwiintelekelelo ezincinane, iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zinikela amaziko okuzinceda kwaye zibumba amathala eencwadi kwi-intanethi. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla yase-U.S. inika isikhokelo kwiinkqubo zetyala letyala loluntu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yobulungisa basekuhlaleni ingaphezulu kakhulu kunenkxaso esetyenziswa kwiinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, yi-injini yokuqala yokulungisa iimpikiswano ezingenakubalwa eziphakamayo ebomini bemihla ngemihla. Ukusuka kwisivumelwano esaphukileyo kwimveliso edala ingxaki, ukusuka kuthango lommelwane ukuya kwilifa eliphikiswayo, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unika imithetho kunye namayeza avumela abantu ukuba baqhubeke. Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo kunika abantu amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo, ukuxoxa ngokuphumelelayo, kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, kulandela ukukhuthathiswa ngokunentembelo. Ngoxa iingxaki zisekho, iziguqulo eziqhubekayo nokusetyenziswa kwesinye isigqibo kwenza ukuba kungeneke ngakumbi, ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kusebenza kakuhle ngakumbi kumntu wonke.