Iimfuneko Ezingummangaliso Zokuhlawulelwa Nokungakhathalelwa Kwamatyala Asekuhlaleni Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Eziyingxubevange Zokuzilungiselela Nokuzihlaziya

Ukungahlawulwa nokuphangwa kuphakathi kwezixhobo ezinamandla ezikhoyo kumaqumrhu aqeqeshiweyo omthetho. Zivumela urhulumente ukuba athathe impahla ethathwa okanye esetyenziselwe ukuncedisa umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi zenzo zibandakanya imali, izithuthi, umhlaba nezinye izinto zobuqu. Ngoxa amandla okuthabatha izinto ajongwa njengezokuphazamisa amashishini olwaphulo-mthetho nokufumana iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwakhona zinyusa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko. ISimemezelo seSine sikhusela abantu ekuphangweni nasekuxhuzumeni okungekho ngqiqwele, kwaye inkqubo efanelekileyo ifuna ukuba abanini bempahla bafumane isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi kokuba urhulumente athathe iimpahla zabo ngokusisigxina.

Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lwezimfuneko ezilawula ii-asethi zemali ezikhokelwayo kunye nokuphazanyiswa kwee-asethi zoluntu nezezaphuli-mthetho. Oochwepheshe bomthetho, amagosa omthetho, kunye nabahlalutyi bemithetho baza kufumana uhlalutyo olunzulu lwemigangatho esemthethweni, imigaqo yokukhusela iprocedro, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ezibumba lo mmandla womthetho. Ukuqonda ezi mfuneko ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zokulahlekelwa zisemthethweni, ziyalungelelaniswa, kwaye zilungile.

Isiseko Sasemthethweni: UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba Nocwangciso Olufanele Ubekho

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lunika isiseko esiphambili somthetho sokuthatyathwa kwempahla. Iqinisekisa ukuba [unelungelo] labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, nxamnye nokuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula.” Ukuphangwa kwempahla kwenzeka xa kukho ukuphazamisana okunentsingiselo kwimfuno yomntu othile kwindawo leyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ukukhusela koMphengululo weSine kukwahlulelwa kwezaphuli-mthetho, kodwa iimfuno ezithile ze-procetura ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kumo womthetho.

Ukongezelela kuMmiselo wesi-5, iSindululo seNkqutyana seMsebenzi kaNondyebo sikaClaus kufuneka ukuba urhulumente alungiselele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe umntu impahla. Ngokomongo wokulahlekelwa yinkqubo efanelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo inika isaziso kumnini-mpahla kunye nethuba elifanelekileyo lokuxhathisa ukuphangwa. Noko ke, ixesha kunye nohlobo lwaloo mathuba luyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawabemi. Ubuchule bukarhulumente bokuthatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume yokuphulukana nempahla yamakhaya, umzekelo, buye bafumana ingqwalaselo enkulu yokuzingela nokulungisa imicimbi yemithetho.

Iimfuneko Ezinenzondelelo Ekwabelweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ilahleko idla ngokubangelwa njengenxalenye yetyala elibanzi. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba umonile ngetyala elingaphaya kwamathandabuzo ngaphambi kokuba iimpahla ziphelelwe ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa ke, ukuthatyathwa komzi ngexesha lophando lolwaphulo-mthetho kulawulwa yimfuno yoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nemfuneko Efanelekileyo

Phambi kokuba abanyanzeli bomthetho bathabathe impahla kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula okanye isiqinisekiso sokuphanga kumphathi ongathathi-nxaxheba. Lo mthetho kufuneka uxhaswe yisizathu esifanelekileyo – inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala ezikhethekileyo, ukuba impahla enokuthinjwa ayinyangeki, ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ukukhutshwa komsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Isicelo sogunyaziso kufuneka siquke isifungo sokufutha ityala elingunobangela ofanelekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhuzula akungomthetho ozimeleyo, nokuba igosatha elizimeleyo lihlola ugwebo.

Umhlaba oza kuthinjwa kufuneka uchazwe ngokukhethekileyo. UMthetho wesine Wokwenziwa kwemida ufuna ukuba “ngokukhethekileyo ichaze indawo ezakuphengululwa, kwaye abantu okanye izinto eziza kuthinjwa.” Ukuqhatha okanye inkcazelo ebanzi kakhulu kungakhokelela kwisiqinisekiso sokuphelelwa mandla nokuphangwa okucinezelwe enkundleni. Umzekelo, imvume echaza nje “yonke impahla enxulumene nokuthengiswa kweziyobisi” ngaphandle kokuchaza izinto eziza kuthathwa njengezingangenelanga.

Ukuphunyezwa Kwesisongelo Nokubuya Kwenkonzo

Xa ikhutshwe, imvume mayikhutshwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, rhoqo phakathi kweentsuku ezilishumi ukuya kwezili-14 zixhomekeke kulawulo. Umthetho woManyano woMphathi-mthetho ufuna ukuba imvume iphumezwe emini ngaphandle kokuba imajistale igunyazise ukubulawa ebusuku ngenxa yezizathu ezilungileyo ezibonisiweyo. Ngexesha lokubulawa, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka banikezele ikopi yemvume kunye noludwe lwempahla ebanjiweyo kumntu othathwa okanye ayishiyelwe kwindawo. Olu ludwe, lwaziwa ngokuba kukubuya komsebenzi, lugcinwa nenkundla kwaye luqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa.

Ukuba impahla ibanjiwe iphazanyiswa kwisiqinisekiso esilungileyo, ummangalelwa angakucel ’ umngeni ukuphanga kwintshukumo yokucinezela, ephikisa ngelithi isiqinisekiso asinasizathu esifanelekileyo okanye ukuba ukubulawa kwaso kudlule kumlinganiselo wogunyaziso. Intshukumo yonyanzelo ephumelelayo ingathintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni izinto ezibanjiweyo njengobungqina kwaye isenokukhokelela ekubuyiseni kwempahla.

Ukukhetha Imfuneko Ephambili Kwityala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Imithetho egunyazisiweyo yeSindululo sesine ayiphelelanga. Iinkundla ziye zavuma iimvume eziliqela ezivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuphangwe impahla ngaphandle kwemvume kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

[[NTL: 0] Iimeko ezicacileyo-Xa kuyimfuneko ukwenza into ekhawulezileyo ukukhusela utshabalaliso lobungqina, ukuphepha umkrokreleki, okanye ingozi kumagosa okanye uluntu. Umzekelo, amagosa akrokrelekileyo azama ukukhupha iziyobisi kwindlu yangasese angazibamba ngaphandle kwemvume.
Imfundiso yoluvo olucacileyo - amagosa asemthethweni akhoyo kwindawo angathatha izinto ezicacileyo ezibekwa ityala. Ukuba umphathi-mikhosi ophethe isitishi sezithuthi ujonga ingxowa yemali neziyobisi kwisihlalo sangaphambili, loo bungqina bunokubanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

[[FLT: 0] i-'I-Contect' – ukuba umnini womhlaba uvuma ngokuzithandela ukukhangela nokuxhuzula, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Kufuneka imvume inikwe ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, kwaye umntu kufuneka abe negunya phezu kwempahla.
Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa - Amagosa angakhangela umntu obanjwayo kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwawo olukhawulezileyo ngezixhobo okanye ubungqina, kwaye anokufumana nayiphi na into efunyanwayo. Oku kukhetha kugquma impahla emzimbeni womntu obanjwayo okanye kwisithuthi ebesihlala ukuba ukubanjwa kwenziwa ngokunxulumene nobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kwanaxa imvume isebenza, ukuxhuzula kufuneka kube sengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko ezipheleleyo. Ukuba urhulumente kamva ufuna ukuphulukana nemali ebanjiweyo, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuphikisa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa kokuqala kwaphula uHlaziyo lwesine.

Iimfuno Eziyimpilo - mandla Kwindawo Elungiselelwe Ukuzimela Iingozi

Ukulahlwa kwempahla yabemi kusebenza phantsi komthetho owahlukileyo. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, impahla ngokwayo ithathwa njengommangalelwa – owaziwa ngokuba kwi-rem ulawulo. Urhulumente akafuni ukufumana isiqinisekiso phambi kokubamba impahla kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni eziphulukana nemithetho. Endaweni yoko, ukulawulwa komthetho kunika igunya lokuthatha impahla kwisizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba impahla ifanelwe kukulahlekelwa. Oku kukushiya okubalulekileyo kwimfuno yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuzikhusela Ngaphandle Kwesigulo: Isiseko Esisemthethweni Nemida

Kukulahlekelwa ngurhulumente, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungathatha impahla ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba banesizathu esifanelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba impahla ibotshelelwe kumsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Eli gunya lisuka kwimimiselo enjengama-21 e-U.S.C. 881 (inxulumene nenkcitho yeziyobisi) kunye ne-18 U.S.C. 76 981 (ukulahlekelwa okukhoyo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho ezahlukahlukeneyo zezwe). Inkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase ukungagunyazi ukuba ikhutyekiswa yingxaki yabemi phantsi kwengcamango yokuba impahla ngokwayo ingowo yaphulwa yingxaki, kwaye urhulumente wenza umsebenzi wokurhwaphitha okanye ukuxhakatha okanye ukurhoxisa i-mali okanye ukunyuka.

Noko ke, uHlaziyo lweSine luseyasebenza. Ukuba ukuxhuzula kubandakanya “ukuphengulula” kwekhaya okanye kwenye indawo ekhuselweyo, kuyafuneka isiqinisekiso. Florida v. White, 526 U.S. 559 (1999), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ungayithatha imoto kwindawo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba ikhona into elindelekileyo. Kodwa ukuba imoto ibekwe kwimpahla yabucala, isiqinisekiso okanye into engaqhelekanga (njengemeko engaqhelekanga) iyafuneka. Umgaqo ofanayo uyasebenza kwisiphazakhono: ukuphazazamisa okanye ukuvumela, kufuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso.

Isaziso seposi kunye noncedo locelomngeni

Emva kokuxhuzula okungagunyaziswanga ngokuphazanyiswa kwemibutho yabemi, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba umnini-yo afumane isaziso esikhawulezileyo sokuxhuzula kunye nethuba lokukhuphisana ngayo. Urhulumente makaqalise ukuphumelela, ngokusoloko efaka isikhalazo kwinkundla. Umnini unelungelo lokubhala izityholo aze acel ’ umngenise ukulahlekelwa. Kweli nqanaba, urhulumente uthwala umthwalo wokubonisa ukuba umele uqinisekiswe bubungqina obubonisa ukuba impahla ifanelwe kukuphulukana nayo. Kwezinye iimeko, njengabo banini abangenatyala, umthwalo ungasuka uhambe.

Ngokuphawulekayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ku- United States v. uJames Daniel Good Real Premes , 510 U.S. 43 (1993) yakholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthatha impahla yokwenene ngaphandle kokunika isaziso kuqala kunye nokuchophela ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zikho. Esi sigqibo sithintela ngokuphawulekayo amandla karhulumente okuthatha amakhaya ngaphandle kwenkqubo yangaphambili. Noko ke, ukhuseleko olufanayo alusebenzisi ngokuzenzekelayo kwimpahla yobuqu njengemoto, imali, okanye izikhephekethi.

Ulawulo kunye nabasebenzi

Icandelo elikhulu lokungafunwa kwemibutho yabemi liyenzeka ngeziphumo zolawulo, ingakumbi ngeprojekthi exabisa imali engaphantsi kwama-500,000. Kwezi meko, isibonelelo sokuthimba siphatha ukulahlekelwa ngaphakathi ngaphandle kokubandakanywa yinkundla, ngaphandle kokuba umnini wefayile ityala. Ukungalawuleki kolawulo akufuni mvume yokuxhuzula kokuqala, kodwa umnini kufuneka anikwe isaziso nethuba lokukhuphisana ngexesha elikhethekileyo (kudla ngokuba li-30 ukuya kumashumi ama-60). Ukuba umnini wento akasamkeli ukuphendula, impahla ilahlekile ngokolawulo.

Nangona kungekho mfuneko ifanelekileyo, uMbeko wesi-C5 unika imida. Ukuba ukuxhuzula kubangelwa kukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni okanye ukuba uphando olusemthethweni lungekho ngqiqweni, umnini-mngeni angakucel ’ umngeni ukulahlwa kwemithetho-siseko. Iinkundla ziye zabucinezela ubungqina bokuxhuzula okungekho mthethweni kwiimeko zabemi, yaye abanye baye bayalela ukuba kubuyelwe impahla ukuba ukuphangwa kokuqala bekungekho mthethweni.

Ukuthelekisa Ulwaphulo-mthetho: Umahluko Oyintloko

Itafile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko omkhulu okhoyo kwisiqinisekiso kunye neemfuno ezingokwesithethe phakathi kwempahla yelizwe neyolwaphulo-mthetho:

Aspect	Criminal Forfeiture	Civil Forfeiture
Target of proceeding	Defendant (person)	Property (in rem)
Warrant required before seizure?	Generally yes, unless exception applies	No (but warrant may be required for searches of homes)
Probable cause standard	For warrant: probable cause that property is evidence of crime or proceeds	Probable cause that property is subject to forfeiture
Burden of proof at trial	Beyond a reasonable doubt (for conviction)	Preponderance of the evidence
Innocent owner defense	Available (owner unaware of illegal use) but limited	Available (owner must show lack of knowledge or consent)
Notice and hearing	Part of criminal proceedings (arraignment, preliminary hearing)	Post-seizure notice and opportunity to challenge
Exigent circumstances exception	Applies to warrant requirement	Applies to requirement of prior notice for real property

Le ngxaki ithetha ukuba ukuphulukana nemithetho yoluntu kusoloko kulula ukuba urhulumente aqalise. Noko ke, inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine kusasebenza, yaye amazwe amaninzi aye amisela utshintsho olufuna ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba lithatyathwe okanye liphulukanwe nempahla.

Imicimbi yobuGcisa Neenguqu Ezingqongwe Yimikhwa Ehlab ’ Icala

Ukungahoywa okufanelekileyo kuye kwaba ngumbandela wengxoxo enkulu kawonke-wonke neyopolitiko, ubukhulu becala isekelwe ekubeni imvume yangoku kunye nemigangatho efanelekileyo yenkqubo ikhusela ngokwaneleyo abanini-mpahla. Abahlalutyi bathi ukulahlekelwa kwempahla yabemi kunciphisa amalungelo empahla ngokuvumela urhulumente ukuba athathe impahla ngaphandle kokusoloko emangalela umniniyo ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Umthwalo osezantsi wobungqina (ukubekwa phambili kobungqina) kunye nezisusa zemali kubameli bomthetho (ngokuyabelana ngokulinganayo nokulahlekelwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente) uye wadidelwa kakhulu.

Ukwabelana Ngokulinganayo “Nokwenza Ingeniso” Ingxaki

Ngaphantsi kocwangciso lokwabelana olulinganayo lukarhulumente, urhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni okunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho angasebenzisana namagunya karhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla, aze afumane isabelo semali. Ngenxa yokuba imithetho yemali karhulumente isoloko ibuthathaka kunemigaqo yesizwe ekhuselekileyo kunemithetho karhulumente, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi amaqumrhu anokuyiphepha imigaqo efuna uphando lukarhulumente. Ngokwempendulo, amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho efuna ukunyanzeleka kwezaphuli-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba impahla ilahlekelwe, okanye afune ukuba ukulahlekelwa yiloo nto ikhokelwe kwimfundo okanye kwezinye iimali kunokuba kumiselwe uqingqo-mali.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ngonkalo enye yale nto u-Timbs v. Indiana, 586 U.S. _(2017), ibambe ukuba iSend Recons Recons Reconstament ye-Seth Amement Claus isebenza ekuwiseni kwe-ove ye-octive. Isigqibo silinganisela amandla karhulumente okuthatha impahla elingana kakhulu nolwaphulo-mthetho, nokokuba ukuxhatshazwa kwe-ankile kwenziwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso.

Utshintsho Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni

Amatyala amaninzi aye enza utshintsho oluqinileyo olufunekayo ukuze abantu bafumane intsebenziswano. Umzekelo, i-New Mexico ne-Nebraska ngoku ifuna ukuvalwa kwetyala phambi kokuba ilahleke. Amanye amaphondo, anjenge Colorado neMontana, afuna ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumaneke kuqinisekiswe ngokonokwenzeka phambi kokubamba impahla, ngokunempumelelo ukumisela imfuneko efunekayo yokuwa kwabemi ngokufanayo. Kumgangatho wezwelonke, iFind Reconsolement Intelligement Reconsolement (FAIR) ibekwe amaxesha amaninzi kodwa ayidlulanga. Esi senzo siya kufuna ukunyanzeleka kwesaphuli-mthetho kuze kunyuswe nobunzima bokucacisa nokuqinisekisa.

Izithethe Ezisesona Siko Kumthetho

Ukuze kuphetshwe iingxaki zomgaqo-siseko nokuhlala abantu bemthembile, amagosa omthetho afanele asebenzise ezi ndlela zilandelayo zifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele ukulahlekelwa nokuxhuzula:

Funa isiqinisekiso nanini na kunokwenzeka, kwanaxa kuthelekiswa namatyala asekuhlaleni, ukuze wanelise uMmiselo wesine woHlaziyo uze uphephe imicimbi efunekayo.
Uxwebhu olunokwenzeka lwenza ngokucokisekileyo kwi-affidavits, kwaye qinisekisa ukuba inkcazelo yepropati iqalwe.
Zinike isaziso esifike ngexesha nesicacileyo kumnini mhlaba wamalungelo abo okukhuphisana nokuxhuzula.
Ukungasebenzisi uxinzelelo lwezibhambathiso okanye ukuphulukana nengeniso eyahlulwe kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni zokunyanzeliswa komthetho.

Ezi ndlela zinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukuxhuzula kusemthethweni, kuyalungelelana yaye kuyawahlonela amalungelo empahla.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezizizo zokulahlekelwa kwempahla nokuphazanyiswa zibonakalisa ukuxakeka okusisiseko phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nokukhuselwa komgaqo-siseko okusebenzayo. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, uLawulo lwesine lufuna isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, esixhomekeke kwimpahla engenziwanga kakuhle. Kwizicwangciso zemali ezicwangcisiweyo, urhulumente angathatha ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa kufuneka anikeze isaziso esikhawulezileyo kunye nethuba lokuvavanya ukuxwa. Umlinganiselo phakathi kwezi zicwangciso uyaqhubeka uguquka ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye nezindululo zenkqubo.

Iingcali zomthetho kufuneka ziqonde olu lwahlulo ukucebisa abaxhasi ngokunempumelelo, nokuba kukucel'inzima ukuphazanyiswa okungekho mthethweni okanye ukusetyenziswa kwenyathelo elingekho mthethweni. Amagosa omthetho kufuneka ayazi imida egunya lawo. Ukuqhubeka efunda, i-Cornell Legional Information Institute of the facement [[ inikela isishwankathelo esifutshane somthetho wesizwe oxhatshazwayo. [FLT]] ibala inkxalabo yezobulungisa kunye neenqobo zokulungisa.