Ukwazisa

Xa ityala lamakhaya liqalisa, amacala kunye nenkundla zilindele ukuba abachopheli-tyala baza kusibuyisa ngabom isigqibo ngendlela enye okanye enye. Kodwa iijaji zenziwe ngabantu abaneembono ezahlukeneyo, yaye maxa wambi oko kungafaniyo akunakwenzeka ukuxolelanisa. Isiphumo sinokuba yi-umgwebi oququzelelayo ̬ imeko apho abachongi bengenakufikelela khona kwisigqibo esiphakathi komgangatho ofunekayo womthetho. Kumntu nabani na ofunda inkqubo esemthethweni okanye obandakanyekileyo ekucinyweni, ukuqonda okwenzekayo emva kwejaji exandulweni ye-mbango yesizwe kuyimfuneko. Eli nqaku lihlola abaqululeki, iinketho ezikhoyo kumaqela, kunye nezimo ezisebenzayo emva kokuqalisa kwemeko engafanelekanga.

Ijaji exhotyiweyo ithwala iziphumo eziphawulekayo zombini abagwebi nabamangalelwayo. Ayiyisombululi impikiswano, yaye ayiyithetheleli nayiphi na icala. Endaweni yoko, ishiya impikiswano ingekho, inyanzelela amaqela ukuba agqibe enoba achithe ixesha nemali eyongezelelekileyo kwityala elitsha okanye afune ezinye izigqibo. Ekupheleni kweli nqaku, uza kuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela inkqubo esemthethweni ephatha ngayo inkundla yabachopheli-tyala abatshayo kwaye oko kuthethwa yiyo.

Yintoni Iphulo Lokunganyaniseki Kwityala Lamakhaya?

Ijaji exhotyiweyo, ekwasaziwa njenge-aval collect enqunyulwe umlomo, iyenzeka xa abachopheli betyala loluntu bengenakufikelela sigqibo esifikelela umqobo ofunekayo. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, iFederal Parames of Pocture[ ifuna isigqibo esidibeneyo ngaphandle kokuba amaqela amaninzi athetha ngenye indlela. Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo, noko ke, azivumi ngetyala [FLT]] i-maorty okanye [FLT:] u-imper-jor-aty [[Flm'oct:] ngaphandle kweqela elisithoba-7] lejamgwebi, uAlls, uAdomelk, ulunyukelwe, ngoko ke umgangatho ofunekayo kwinani elifanelekileyo lokuchonga.

Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho apho inkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhonyiweyo ishiya ummangalelwa engagwetywanga okanye engagwetywanga (ukuvumela ityala elitsha ngaphandle kwemibandela ephindiweyo eyingozi), amatyala amakhaya awabandakanyeki kukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lomGaqo-siseko oluphindwe kabini. Ngalo ndlela, iziphumo zejaji yesizwe exhonyweyo zixhomekeke kwiqumrhu lomthetho zixhomekeke kwimbono yoluntu kwaye zixhomekeke kwimali. Ityala alipheliswangalungiswa, kwaye ityala alithintelwanga naluphi na ugwebo lwangaphambili.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nezithukuthuku Zamakhaya

  • Umgangatho obhaliweyo: Isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka sihlangane kumazwe amaninzi; izijunga zamakhaya zinokugqibela ngoninzi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Reopardy ephinda-phindeneyo: Ityala emva kokuba igqibo lokuchophela amatyala livunyelwe; akukho ngozi iphindwe kabini kwiimeko zamakhaya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ibheji yeMbukiso: Ityala labemi lifuna ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina, obunokuthi maxa wambi benze uphengululo lwabachopheli-tyala lube lubumfiliba ngakumbi.
  • Iingxalabo zomlo wesibhaka-bhaka ezixhonyweyo zibandakanya imali okanye isiqabu esingesonkululeko, ngoko ke iziphumo ezingokweemvakalelo nezomphumo ziyahluka.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Ubhaqo

Inkqubo ekhokelela kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhonyiweyo iqala emva kokuba inkundla isiyalele abachopheli-tyala ukuba baye kumthetho ngabom. Isigqibo singaba yiyure okanye iintsuku ezithe ngqo, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala. Xa kuvavanywa ityala lasekuhlaleni, umgwebi usoloko eyala abachopheli-tyala ukuba bazame ukufikelela kwisigqibo, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba balalanise kwiinkolelo zabo ezinyanisekileyo. Iqhina liqala xa, emva kwengxubusho enyanisekileyo, kungekho mbutho unokwenzeka.

Xa ijaji inikela ingxelo yokungakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo, ijaji ingathatha amanyathelo aliqela ngaphambi kokuvakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Isixhobo esinye esiqhelekileyo yi- ityala le-alsen (elikwabizwa ngokuba lityala le-dynamite okanye uqeqesho lolwandiso), elibongoza abachopheli ukuba baphinde bahlolisise iindawo zabo baze bazame ukufikelela kwisigqibo. Ityala le-Allen lisetyenziswa kuzo zombini iimngeni zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezoluntu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwiimeko zamakhaya kuyahluka ngokwamaqela. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho bahlala befile emva kokwamkela imiyalelo enjalo, ngokunokwenzeka ijaji iya kuvakalisa ukubekwa kwetyala okuphosakeleyo.

Ukwaphulwa Kwentloko Efileyo Ngokweejaji

ABagwebi baneendlela eziliqela xa bejamelene nenkundla yabachopheli betyala ekhe yafa:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Icebo elibhekele phaya: Ijaji ingacela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba babuyele kwigumbi lokuququzelela baze baqhubeke bexubusha ngobungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] nikeza imiyalelo eyongezelelekileyo: Ijaji ingacacisa umthetho, ukhetho lovoto, okanye iziphumo zemvoti exhonyweyo.
  • Ukubuza ukuba ixesha elongezelelekileyo linganceda: Abanye abagwebi bavumela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba bamisele ixesha elimiselwe bona ukufikelela kwisigqibo.
  • Iqumrhu labachopheli-mthetho: Ijaji ingabuza rhoqo nganye ngasese ukuba ucwangciso oluthe lwaqhubekeka lungavelisa imveliso kusini na.

Ukuba akukho nanye kwezi migudu eyaphula intloko, ijaji iza kuvakalisa ngokomthetho ityala eliphosakeleyo ize iphumele kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Incopho yokhupho linqaku elibalulekileyo: ukusuka ngelo xesha, ityala libuyiselwa ngokufezekileyo kubume balo bangaphambi koshicilelo, thabatha ixesha kunye nobuncwane obusele buchithwe.

Imiphumo Esemthethweni Yetyala Eliyingcungcutheko:

Xa ijaji ingenakufikelela kwisigqibo kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ijaji ivakalisa ityala liqulunqiwe ngenxa yejaji exhonyiweyo. Ityala lithetha ukuba ityala liphele ngaphandle komgwebo wokugqibela kwiimfanelo. Ngokomthetho, ityala lifana ngokungathi ityala alizange livele. Amaqela abuyiselwa kwizikhundla awayeziphethe phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kwaye akukho zigqibo ziyinyaniso okanye ezingokwasemthethweni ziyawabopha.

Ityala elingalunganga liyenza [[FLT: 0] hayi [[FLT: 1] inkcukumiso ye jucata (isiqalo sovavanyo) okanye i-conteral estoppel (isiqalo sokwenziwa). Oku kuthetha ukuba umchasi angaphinda afake ityala elifanayo okanye afune ukuvavanywa okutsha, kwaye ummangalelwa angaphakamisa ukhuseleko olunye. Iziphumo ziluncedo: ixabiso lovavanyo lokuqala ngokusisiseko lilahlekile, kwaye amaqela kufuneka aqale.

Izicelo zePlaintiff

Kumntu obhinqileyo, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhotyisiweyo idla ngokusilela. Baye bachitha ixesha, imali namandla abo okunikela ityala, kodwa abaza kufumana sigqibo. Emva kokuphosa ityala, umchongi umele agqibe enoba uyalibeka kusini na:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Icela uphindo ngokufaka intshukumo nenkundla, eqheleke ngexesha elibekiweyo (umz., iintsuku ezingama-30).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilishwa ngesiquphe ityala [, elinokuba kunye okanye ngaphandle kwekhethe lixhomekeke kwimithetho yeqonga nenkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isisombululo se-Explore [ nommangalelwa, usebenzisa iziphumo zokuvavanya (okanye ukunqongophala kwayo) njengesixhathiso sokuxhathisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appal? Qaphela: Akukho sigwebo sokugqibela esibhena ukuvela kwityala eliphosakeleyo. Okukuphela kwesicelo esinokwenzeka kunokuba ukuba ijaji yenza impazamo ekuvakaliseni iifayile ezingalunganga, ezinqabileyo.

I-plattiff ’ isigqibo sixhomekeke kubungqina babo obuqinileyo, ubuncwane bemali obukhoyo kunye nomlinganiselo wokufumana isigqibo esilungileyo kwityala lesibini.

Izicelo zokhuselo

Ummangalelwa kwityala lasekuhlaleni akakhululwanga liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elixhonyiweyo. Bahlala bechanabeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala elifanayo. Emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala eliphosakeleyo, ummangalelwa makagqibe enoba kutheni:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Idefandenti kwakhona kwicandelo eliphindayo, okuthetha ukuphinda inkqubo yophindo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphembelela ukuhlaliswa ukuphepha iindleko nokungaqiniseki kolunye uvavanyo.
  • Isicelo sokuba ityala ligxothwe [ kwizizathu zeprocedtura ukuba kuyenzeka (umz., ummiselo wemiqathango okanye ezinye izikhuselo zokuzikhusela ezisenokuba ziphakanyisiwe ngaphambili).

Kubamangalelwa, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhonyiweyo ingajongwa njengoloyiso olulinganiselweyo, ingakumbi ukuba ityala lalibuthathaka okanye i-platiff ̱ ubungqina abuzange bukholise. Noko ke, ayiyompumelelo; isuka nje iphinde ivule ibhodi.

Kwenzeka Ntoni Emva koko?

Emva kokuthethwa kwetyala eliphosakeleyo, inkundla iza kucwangcisa ingqungquthela yezobuzwe. Kwelo tyala, ijaji iza kumisela umhla omtsha wokuvavanya okanye ibuze amaqela ukuba azimisele kuphi na. Ixesha lokuphinda avavanywe linokuphinda liphinde lahluka-hluka kakhulu: ezinye iinkundla zimisela imihla kwiinyanga, ngoxa ukulingwa okuntsonkothileyo kungathatha unyaka okanye ngaphezulu.

Inyathelo elingundoqo lokuqulunqwa kwakhona lilo iqela elifuna ukuqulunqwa (ngokuqhelekileyo i-placttiff) ukulayisha ukhuthuzo lokubuyisela ityala lokuvavanya . Inkundla iza kunika intshukumo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ibhatyi esemthethweni, efana nesivumelwano sokuhlalisa okanye ukugxothwa ngumlawuli.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuba Isigqibo Sokuphinda Siphinde Sifunyanwe

Asizizo zonke izigqeba zetyala ezixhotyisiweyo ezikhokelela kwityala eliphinda liqulunqwe.

  • [[NTL:0] Uqikelelo lobungqina: Ukuba i-blacttiff ̱ imeko ibuthathaka, bangaswela intembelo kwisiphumo sesibini. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba abachopheli-mthetho babethambe kakhulu ngendlela enye (umz., 9-3 kwe-pecttiff kodwa hayi eyaneleyo kuninzi olufunekayo), i-Plantiff ingakhuthazwa ukuba izame kwakhona.
  • Ityala langaphakathi libiza imali eninzi. Amangqina, iimali, kunye nemali yegqwetha zongeza. Amaqela asenokugqiba kwelokuba ukuchacha akukuthetheleli ukuvavanywa kwelinye icala.
  • Ixesha: Ixesha: Linokutsala kangangeminyaka. Uvavanyo luthetha ezinye iinyanga eziliqela okanye ngaphezulu, ezinokungamkeleki kumaqela afuna ukuvalwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Intsingiselo evakalayo: Uxinzelelo lovavanyo asinto incinci. Amanye amaqela, ingakumbi abantu ngabanye, asenokugqiba ekubeni ahlale nje adlule.
  • [[UMKCUBO] Isindululo soMququzelelo: Izibuko elixakekileyo lingalibazisa uvavanyo kwakhona. Ixesha lokulinda lingaqhubela amaqela kwindawo yokuhlala.

Imimandla Ehlala Abantu Emva Kwehobe

Ijaji exhonywe isoloko yenza iwindow yokuhlalisana. Zombini ezi zindindidi zibone ubungqina obunikelwe kucwangciso lwezikhundla eziphambili, kwaye zinengqiqo yejaji egwebayo i’ iingcamango (ngodliwano-ndlebe lwasemva kwetyala okanye imvume engacwangciswanga evela kwijaji). Le nkcazelo intsha ingenza umsantsa phakathi kwezithuba zokuhlalisa. Amatyala amaninzi aphumela kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhotyiweyo ekugqibeleni ahlala phambi kokuba kuqalise ukuvavanywa kwesibini.

Ukuthetha ngetyala kuyinto eqhelekileyo kweli xesha. Umlamli ongathathi cala unokunceda amatheko ahlolisise ityala ngokunyanisekileyo aze ajonge ityala ngaphandle kokubeka omnye umgwebi oxhonyweyo okanye afake isigwebo esiqatha engozini.

Amaqhinga Okuphepha Ibhotwe

Ama-athorney amacala omabini anezikhuthazo zokuphepha inkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhonyiweyo. Ilock ayithandeki ngenxa yokuba ishiya isiphumo singaqiniseki kwaye inyanzelisa ukuba amaqela abuyele kwisikwere. Kumatyala axhotyisiweyo, isoloko iyilahleko kuba engakwazi ukukhusela umgwebo. Kubamangalelwa, abagwebi, abagwebi abaxhotyiweyo banokuba bhetele kunejaji egwebayo i̱ izigqibo, kodwa zikhohlakele kunokuba kuselelwe kuba loo nto iqhubeka.

Nantsi eminye imikhwa esetyenziswa ngamagqwetha ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba ngumgwebi oxhonyiweyo kwityala lasekuhlaleni:

  • Ukukhetha okuziincamisayo: Ngexesha lomlilo, amagqwetha angabona kwaye asuse abagwebi ababonakala bengenakuvumelana noko okanye bengafuni ukulalanisa. Abalawuli abakhetha ngengqiqo ngabom nabalandela umthetho banciphisa ithuba lokufa.
  • Ukucacisa kunye nokuququzelela Imiboniso: Ukudibanisa ubungqina okanye iimpikiswano ezidityanisiweyo zifak' isandla ekungavisisani phakathi kwezigwebi. Umzekelo olungelelanisiweyo onenkcazelo ecacileyo yenza kube lula ngabagwebi ukufikelela kwisivumelwano.
  • Intshukumo zeProficial: Intshukumo kwi limine ukukhupha ubungqina obucalula okanye obungeyomfuneko bungakhusela iziphazamiso ezinokuthi zibangele ulwahluko phakathi kwabachopheli.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imiyalelo e-JURY: Ukucela imiyalelo ekhethekileyo ekhokela abachopheli-tyala ngendlela yokuvavanya okanye yokusebenzisa umthetho kungabanceda bahlale kwindlela. Kwezinye iindawo, amagqwetha angacela imiyalelo ekhumbuza abagwebi ngomsebenzi wabo ukuzama ukufikelela kwisigqibo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweefomu ezikhethekileyo zogwebo: Ifomu yesigqibo ekhethekileyo icela abachopheli betyala ukuba baphendule imibuzo ethile eyinyaniso kunokuba babuyise isigqibo esiqhelekileyo. Le ndlela yocwangco ngamanye amaxesha inokubanceda abagwebi bafumane isiseko esifanayo kwimiba nganye nokuba abavumelani kwiziphumo jikelele.

Phezu kwawo nje la maqhinga, amanye amatyala asondelelana ngokwenene okanye abandakanya iinkolelo ezigcinwe ngokuqinileyo ezingenakuvalwa.

Ingqiqo Neembekiselo Zemithetho

Ukuqonda isiseko somthetho osemva kwemiqathango exhonyiweyo kufuneka ujonge kwimithetho elawula iityala zabemi. Kwimeko zikarhulumente, igunya elifanelekileyo lingu Umthetho ongowomthetho weProcedual 48, othetha ngenani leejaji kunye nemfuneko yesigqibo. Umthetho uthi ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelane ngenye indlela, isigqibo kufuneka sihlanganiswe kwaye sibuyiselwe ngabachopheli-tyala bamalungu amathandathu ubuncinane. Ukuba inkundla echopheleyo iyasilela ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko, inkundla ingavakalisa ukuqulungwa okuphosakeleyo.

Iinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente zinemithetho yazo. Umzekelo, iKhalifoniya ivumela isigqibo esizii-3-sine kwiimeko zabemi (9 ze 12 zojuli), ngelixesha iNew York ifuna ii-ABA̱ kwimisebenzi yamakhaya (10 ye 12). I-American Bar Association inika uqwalaliso oluluncedo lweenkqubo zochokotho lwamakhaya. ikroba ngaphandle kwe-ABA̱ izibonelelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke kwityala zamakhaya ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi.

Enye imvelaphi enegunya yingcaciso yophando lwezenkcazo ye-. Kwimithetho yequmrhu, ichaza isiseko sogcino-lwazi oluphosakeleyo ngokweenkcukacha. Ungafunda inkcazelo yabo kwi LII's Suquququ''s thsuphe [. Kwimithetho yequmrhu, Iziko lohlanga lweencwadi zetyala iqokelela ugcino-lwazi lwezigqibo zejaji. [[FLT:]] i- ququzelela uphando lwazomthetho lwetyala [[FLT]

Ekugqibeleni, ukuba ufunda inkqubo esemthethweni, iFLT Iziko lezahlulelo zezaphula-mthetho linika abagwebi incwadi yebhedi equka ukhokelo ekuphatheni iijaji ezibotshelelweyo. Isicatshulwa sinokufunyanwa [ kwi-webhthi ye-FJC . Ezi zixhobo zigxininisa ukuba xa zixhotyiswe zinqabile kwiimfatho zamakhaya (e mhlawumbi 2-5% yemeko), iziphumo zazo kwiqela nakwenkqubo yokugweba zibalulekile.

Isiphelo

Ijaji exhonyiweyo kwityala lasekuhlaleni yisiphelo esifileyo esiphinda sibuyele kwiwotshi yomthetho. Xa abagwebi bengenakuyifikelela i-arhente efunekayo okanye i-system, ijaji ivakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, ishiya ityala lingenaso isigqibo. Umgwebi ugcina ilungelo lokulandela ityala elitsha, kodwa kufuneka alinganise iindleko, iingozi, neengenelo zokwenza oko. Abameli, nangona bengenakuzilungisa ngokuzenzekelayo, bayakwazi ukubophelela ijaji exhotyisweyo ukuze baququze ityala elilungileyo.

Ukuqonda amandla eqela labachopheli-tyala elixhonyiweyo kunceda abachopheli-tyala bafumane ulungelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kokuphela nokusesikweni kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Ukubakho kwentloko efileyo kubonakalisa ukubaluleka kobungqina obunamandla, ukuphumelela, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo. Nokuba ityala liphela ngokuqulunqwa kwakhona, ngokuhlaliswa, okanye ngokugxothwa, abachopheli bejaji abaxhotyiweyo basebenza njengesikhumbuzi sokuba inkqubo yokulawula yesizwe, ngoxa ingafezeki, inika amathuba amaninzi okucombulula iimpikiswano ̬ kwanaxa imigudu yokuqala isilela.