Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuye kwaba luphawu olusisiseko lokukhuthaza ukulingana nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu elisehlabathini jikelele. Amalungelo abantu abhekisela kumalungelo abantu okufumana ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokungacaluli ngokweempawu ezifana nezobuhlanga, ubufanasini, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nezonqulo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukubaluleka kwamalungelo oluntu ekuxhaseni ukulingana nokuncitshiswa kwembali, amanani aphambili, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezijamelene nalo kulo msebenzi. Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo; kukuzibophelela okuyila imithetho, imigaqo, imigaqo kunye nokunxibelelana okugqithiseleyo. Ngaphandle kwentelekelelo epheleleyo, idinga lokulingana, ihlala ingenamsebenzi, ishiya amaqela aphantsi kwengcinezelo. Ukulwa amalungelo abantu kungumlo wonke, ukulwa kwemilo nemisebenzi yemidabi.

Amatyeli Embali Angelungelo Lamakhaya

Kuyo yonke imbali, kuye kwavela intsebenziswano ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuxhasa amalungelo abantu. Le ntshukumo iye yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni imithetho nezithethe zentlalo. Nazi ezinye iimbalasane eziphambili zembali eziye zachaza ukukhutshelwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke:

  • Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka (1865) - IsiHlaliso se-13 somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States sabuphelisa ubukhoboka, nto leyo eyabangela ukoyisa okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo abantu. Oku kuphumele emva kwamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zokupheliswa kolawulo kwaye kwamisela ithuba lokulwa nokungabikho kobuhlanga kwixesha elizayo.
  • IMbutho yaMalungelo yabemi (1950s-1960s) - Le ntlangano ijolise ekupheliseni ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo kumaMelika aseAfrika, ikhokelela kumthetho ophawulayo njengoMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964. Ngemibhiyozo engenazidlo, ngokuhlala, nangokuhamba, abaxhasi banyanzelela uhlanga ukuba lujamelane nelifa lalo lobuhlanga.
  • Iqela labafazi eliphethe i-Suffile (1920) - IsiHlaziyo se-19 sanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota, sigxininisa ukulingana kwamalungelo abantu ngokwesini. Olu loyiso lwaba ngumphumo wephulo elixhathisiweyo elaqala phakathi kwinkulungwane ye1920 kwaye lajamelana nenkcaso ekrakra.
  • ISindululo soMhlaba Samalungelo Abantu (1948) esi sindululo samisela umgangatho wehlabathi lonke wamalungelo karhulumente nawezobupolitika, siphembelela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nemithetho yamalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke. Sisengunozala wentetho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe.
  • I LGBT+ amalungelo Imodyuli (1970s-Presenters) - Lo mzabalazo oqhubekayo ufuna amalungelo alinganayo kunye nokunconywa kwe LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, okuphumela ekoyiselweni okubalulekileyo okungokokubekwa komthetho komtshato we-xxhead kumazwe amaninzi. Izibhexeshi ze-1969 zidla ngokucatshulwa njengesiseko sombutho wangoku.

Amanani angundoqo asemthethweni

Ngaphezu kwencopho yemithetho, izigwebo zenkundla zibunjwe kakhulu ngamalungelo abantu. Ityala elifana ne Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yabetha isikolo sodwa, lo gama obergefell v. Hodges [2011] ngokusemthethweni (2015] umtshato ongomnye we-ox kwilizwe lonke le-United States. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indlela ukucaciswa okunokukwandisa okanye ukudibanisa umlinganiselo wamalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi kubonakalisa uguquko-luvo lwamanani.

Amanani angundoqo kwiNtlanganiso yamaLungelo aBami

Abantu abaninzi baye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo kumbutho wamalungelo abantu, bekhuthaza ukulingana nokusesikweni. Naba abantu abambalwa abadumileyo abakhaliphileyo nababonayo baguqula ihlabathi:

  • [[FLT: 0] uMartin Luther King Jr. - A Inkokeli yeNtlanganiso yamalungelo abantu, uKumkani waziwa kakhulu ngokuqhayisa kwakhe ngaphandle kogonyamelo kunye nentetho yakhe edumileyo "Ndinephupha". Intanda-bulumko yakhe yokungathobeli kwemiphakathi yaphenjelelwa nguMahatma Gandhi kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela abaxhasi emhlabeni wonke. IZiko loKing lilondoloza ilifa lakhe kwaye likhuthaza utshintsho olungenabundlobongela gazi.
  • Rosa Parks-Ngokufuthi kubhekiselwa kuyo njenge "ngumama wombutho wamalungelo abantu," uParks ukungavumi kwakhe ukunikezela kwisihlalo soduladula wabangela iMontgomery Bus Boycott. Isidima sakhe esizolileyo saba luphawu olunamandla lokuxhathisa ubuhlanga.
  • MPLAWULO X - Ngumntu obalaseleyo ekulweni amalungelo aseAfrika, uMalcolm X waxhasa amandla amnyama kunye nokuzikhusela kwakhe. Ubuchule bakhe obugqithisileyo bobuhlanga besixokelelwano bavavanya umbutho ophambili kwaye bandisa incoko ngamalungelo abantu.
  • [[FLT: 0] HArriet Tubman - Umphelisi nolwezo lwezobupolitika, Tubman waziwa kakhulu ngendima yakhe kwi-Undergroup Railrand, unceda abantu abakhotyokisiweyo ukuba baphumele kwinkululeko. Ilifa lakhe njengendawo yenkululeko lihlala lisisixhobo sokuzikhusela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Cesar Chavez - Inkokeli yabasebenzi nentsebenziswano yamalungelo abantu, uChavez waseka umbutho waManyene ePulazi kwaye walwela amalungelo abasebenzi bezolimo abafudukayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwakhe kobuqhinga obungenabundlobongela kwazisa ingqalelo ekuxhatshazweni kwemisebenzi kunye nemicimbi yemeko-bume.

Amabhinqa AkwiNtlanganiso Yamalungelo Abemi

Amabhinqa aye anegalelo ekulweni amalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi esebenza ngokufihlakeleyo ukulungiselela ukuqhankqalaza, ukunyusa imali, kunye namanyathelo okukhokela abantu. Amanani anjengo-Ella Baker, Fannie Lou Hamer, noDorothy Bude abeka isiseko sobuProthy kwisenzo samva. Iminikelo yawo ibalaselisa ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa, nto leyo esikhumbuza ukuba amalungelo abantu adla ngokuba ngumgudu omanyano.

Indima Yomthetho Ekukhuseleni Amalungelo Abemi

Umthetho udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu nasekuqinisekiseni ukulingana. Ngoxa imithetho iyodwa ingenakuliphelisa ikhethe, imisela inkqubo yokuziphendulela nokulungisa. Imithetho engundoqo iquka:

  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi ka1942 - Lo mthetho ophawulayo uyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe emsebenzini, kwizindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye neenkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente.
  • Umthetho woluvo wango 1965 - Eli nyathelo lijolise ekupheliseni imiqobo yokuvota ama-Afrika, ukuqinisekisa ilungelo labo lokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokunyulwa. Yaye ibeke phantsi iimviwo zokufunda nokubhala nezinye izenzo zokukhupha imvume eziye zaphelisa izigidi.
  • Umthetho we Home Homes ka 1968 - Lo mthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu ezisekelwe kuhlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Yayikukukusabela okungqalileyo kwingxolo egqithiseleyo yezindlu kunye nokungalingani kwezakhiwo, okubangele ukwahluka okukhulu kwezoqoqosho.
  • AmaMerika anoMthetho weNkcitho yowama-1990 - Oku kulwalela ucalucalulo kubantu abaneziphene kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, kuquka umsebenzi, imfundo, ezothutho, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke.
  • UMthetho woManga (ocetyiweyo) - Kumazwe amaninzi, umthetho usaqhubeka ucetyiswa ukwandisa ukhuseleko lwe LGBTQ+ umntu ngamnye. UMthetho ocetyiweyo womgangatho olinganayo eUnited States uya kuphelisa imithetho ekhoyo yamalungelo abantu ukuquka imbonakalo yesondo kunye nokuzichaza ngokwesini njengeempawu ezikhuselweyo.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Sasemthethweni Sehlabathi

Amalungelo amakhaya akaphelelanga kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo aye amisela izivumelwano neendibano ezimisela imigangatho yomhlaba wonke. INdibano yezizwe ngezizwe yokushenxiswa kweMimiselo Yonke Yocalulo Lobuhlanga (ICERD) kunye neNdibano yokushenxiswa Kwazo Zonke Iifomu Zocalulo kuMabhinqa (CEDAW) ngamacebo agxekayo. Ezi ziko zimisela oorhulumente ukuba bahlulele kwaye banikezele imiqathango ye-asemgangathweni. [[FLT: 0] I-ofisi yoMphathi-Mbutho Ophezulu wamalungelo abantu [[FLT]] igcina oovimba ababanzi kumalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke.

Ukutyhubela Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Nakuba kukho inkqubela ebalulekileyo, kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezifuna amalungelo abantu nokulingana.

Umahluko: Ukuntsonkotha Kocalulo

Uhlalutyo lwamalungelo abantu namhlanje luyavuma ukuba abantu ngabanye basoloko bejongene nocalucalulo oluninzi, olungenani. UKimberlé Crenshaw wayila igama elithi "ulwahlulo" ukuchaza indlela oludibana ngayo uhlanga, ubufana, udidi, kunye nezinye ii-Mbali ukuze kuveliswe amava akhethekileyo engcinezelo. Umzekelo, ibhinqa eliNsundu lisenokujamelana nocalucalulo olwahlukileyo kulolo lwamabhinqa amhlophe okanye amadoda amnyama. I-Pricies ethetha ngocalulo olunye lomgca-axis isenokusilela ekukhuseleni abo basemnqamlezoni. Ukuqonda ukudibana kwemi kuyimfuneko ekwenzeni imithetho yamalungelo abantu nokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Amalungelo Abemi

Imfundo inegalelo elibalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni amalungelo abantu nasekukhuthazeni ukulingana kwezithethe.

  • Ukwazisa ulawulo oluphezulu [[FLT: 1] iinkqubo zemfundo-emfundo zingaxelela abantu ngamalungelo abo nangembali yamalungelo abantu. ICurcula equka iimbono ezahlukeneyo inceda abafundi baqonde ilifa lokulwa nokubaluleka kokuphaphamisa.
  • Izikolo ezinika abafundi amandla okumela iinguqulelo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlalo. Ukufunda inkonzo, urhulumente wabafundi, kunye neqela lobulungisa boluntu zinika amava asebenzisekayo kwizenzo zobuGcisa.
  • Iinkqubo zemfundo-ezinokuyila indalo edityanisiweyo ebhiyozela iinguqu kwaye ifundisa intlonelo kubo bonke abantu. Izithethe ezixhasa imfundo yezizwe ngezizwe, iinkqubo ezichasene nolwimi, kunye nolwimi oluquka ukukhuthaza ingqiqo yokungena.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukucingela ngokuCritical Sing [[FT:1] - okukhuthazayo kunceda abafundi bahlolisise imibandela yentlalo kwaye baqonde ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo yembali neyomhla, abafundi bafunda ukubuza ukungalingani nokucebisa izisombululo.
  • Uqeqesho loMsebenzi woMsebenzi -inkqubo zemfundo ephezulu neyonyuselo zingawathetha amalungelo oluntu ngokunika unikezelo olulinganayo kuqeqesho nakumathuba omsebenzi. Iinqanawa zophando kunye nolawulo loqeqesho lunceda umgangatho wokudlala kumaqela angaphantsi kolwazi.

Imikhosi yamalungelo asekuhlaleni namaziko asekuhlaleni

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, ubugcisa buguqule amalungelo abantu. Amaqonga oluntu anjenge-Tutter, Facebook, kunye neTikTok enza ukuba umbutho okhawulezayo kunye nolwandiso lwamazwi acudiweyo. Iimo ezinje Ubomi Obumnyama BunguManqakwa[, # Meo, [FOLT:3], kunye [FLT] ne-# `AAAHAPHATE[ isebenzise izixhobo zamanani ukubhenca ukungabikho kobulungisa nokufuna ukuphendula. Amatyala athenwa aqhutyelwayo, kunye neevidiyo zenkohlakalo okanye ukuhlasela kwamapolisa ezweni ngokubanziswa lizweni.

Indima yeKhorporatice neNkcubeko

Iinkampani zabucala kunye namaziko asebenza nako anendima ekufumaneni amalungelo abantu. Ukusuka kuqheliselo lokuqesha ukuya kwimveliso, izigqibo ezenziwa zinkampani zingaqinisa okanye ziphelise ucalucalulo. Ukunyanzelisa iinkalo zokwahlukahlukana, i-equity, kunye nokufakwa kwe-(DEI) emsebenzini kubonisa ukuvunywa okukhulayo kwamalungelo abantu adlulela ngaphaya kwesenzo sikarhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa komsebenzi woburhulumente nokungahoywa kwabathengi kungaphembelela iinkampani ukuba zifumane imigaqo elungileyo. Kwangaxesha elinye, abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi imigudu yeDEI ingasebenza ngaphandle kokutshintsha kwesakhiwo. Ukuphendula kwemali engundoqo kufuna ukuba kubekho ulwano olucacileyo, usukelo olunokufikelelekayo, kunye nozibomfanele ukuzinikela kokunyaniseka ekusebenziseni imigaqo elungileyo.

Okusesikweni Kwezoqoqosho Njengelungelo Lasekuhlaleni

Amalungelo amakhaya akanakufezekiswa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kobulungisa bezoqoqosho. Ilungelo lokusebenza, ingeniso entle, izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kunye nonyango lunxulumene nenkululeko yabemi. Ubuhlwempu ngokungenakulinganiswa buchaphazela amaqela aphantsi, kuthintelwa ukufikelela kwawo kwimfundo, ukumela okusemthethweni, namandla ezobupolitika. Umlo wokufumana umvuzo ophilayo, ulawulo lwezempilo yehlabathi lonke, kunye nobutyebi ngoko ke ukulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokwembali, iinkokeli ezifana noGqr. uKumkani wanxulumanisa ukulwela ukulingana kwesizwe nobulungisa bezoqoqosho kwiphulo lakhe lobuhlwempu, nto leyo eyayibiza ukubhaliswa kwamalungelo ezoqoqosho. Namhlanje, imibutho enjenge [[FLT: 0] i-Roperalm Coartment [[FLD: 1]

Ulwalathiso Lwexesha Elizayo Kumalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ikamva lamalungelo asekuhlaleni lisenokubandakanya iindawo ezintsha zokulwa kunye nobugcisa. Iingxaki ezifana nokuzimela ugcino-lwazi, ucalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko, kunye nobuchule obungeyoyamvelo ziyavela njengemida yamalungelo abantu. Iimithetho-mthetho ezisetyenziswa ekuqesheni, ekugcineni iibhanki, okanye kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho zinokuqhubekisela phambili ubuhlanga kunye nobufanasini ukuba abulawulwa kakuhle. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela abantu ababuthathaka ngokungenakulinganiswa, ludala imfuneko yokulawula imozulu njengenxalenye yamalungelo abantu. Ulwandiso lwamalungelo abantu luya kufuna ukudityaniswa okuninzi, ukudityaniswa kwentlukwano ezinqamlezileyo, kunye nezenzo eziqhubekayo zomthetho kunye nezonotyalo. Intsebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe ziya kuba nesitshixo, njengokuba ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwelinye ilizwe kunokubangela iziphumo ezizweni lonke.

Ukusebenzisana Kwabantwana

Abantu abaselula bawakhokela ngokukhulayo amatyala amalungelo abantu. Ukusukela kwimbutho weMiliyo Yethu elwa nogonyamelo lompu ukuya kutsho kwimozulu ekhokelwa nguGreta Thunberg, abaxhasi bolutsha bafuna iinguqulelo kwindlela yokuziphatha. Izentlalo-ntle zoluntu---mediaschin kwaye abasoyikiyo ukucel ’ umngeni igunya, bazisa amandla amatsha kwiimfazwe ezindala. Umanyano lwamaqabane aphakathi lungadibanisa ubulumko beenkokeli zamalungelo abantu abamiselweyo kunye nophuhliso lwabaququzeleli abaselula. Ukuxhasa ulutsha kwisenzo sokuziphanda ngemfundo nangobuchule kuqinisekisa ukuba ukulwela ulingana kuyaqhubeka.

Isiphelo

Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo abantu ekuxhaseni ukulingana akunakuchazwa ngokugqithileyo. Njengoko imbali ibonise, ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuyaqhubeka kwaye kufuna imigudu yabantu, abantu, uluntu, kunye namaqumrhu. Ngokuqonda umongo wembali, ukuqaphela amanani angundoqo, ukukhuthaza imithetho esebenzayo, kunye nokusingatha imingeni eqhubekayo, singasebenzela ekuqhubeni ibutho labantu elilungeleleneyo kubo bonke. Amalungelo abantu akayonto impumelelo ecacileyo kodwa ayiyo inkqubo esebenzayo efuna ukuqapha nokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo. Enoba ngovota, ngokubhikica, ngokufundisa, okanye ngokulula nje ngokuphulaphula abo bafumana amava ahlukeneyo, wonke umntu unendima yokudlala ekulandeleni okusesikweni. Ilifa labo balwayo phambi kwethu likhumbuza ukuba iinguquko, kwaye umsebenzi uyaqhubeka.