Ukuqonda Umhlaba Osemthethweni: Ukupheliswa kwetyala kwaBantwana.

Xa abemi abaqhelekileyo beva amatyala aselubala ezindabeni okanye bedibana neemeko zomthetho kubomi babo, umahluko phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowabaphuli-mthetho ungaziva ungekho mthethweni. Kodwa lo mahluko usisiseko: umisela ukuba ngubani ozisa ityala, nawuphi umlinganiso wobungqina ofunekayo, kwaye yiyiphi imiphumo esenokulandela. Ukuba ucinga ukumangalela, ukujamelana nezityholo, okanye ukuzama nje ukuyiqonda kakuhle le mithetho, ukuthatha la masebe mabini omthetho kukunika amandla okuqhuba inkqubo ngentembelo. Lo khokelo luyaphula inyathelo ngalinye, lubalaselisa ukuphikisana kwabo, luze lunike abemi umongo osebenzayo.

Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kusebenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokugweba, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zisebenza (ngokomzekelo, isenzo esinye esifana nokungqubana kwemoto enxilileyo sisenokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho nakumangalelwa kwamakhaya). Ukuqonda abamangali-mthetho ngamnye kuya kukunceda ukuba uwaqonde amalungelo akho, iimbopheleleko zakho, kunye nenye iingxube zokunyanga ezinokwenzeka kulo naliphi na ibala.

Kuyintoni Ukugwetywa Kwabemi?

Ukubekwa kwetyala kwamakhaya yinkqubo esetyenziswayo ekucombululeni iingxabano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo − abantu abanobuzwe, amashishini, okanye imibutho — abafuna isicombululo somonakalo okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluyaphulwayo. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, owenzelwe ukusohlwaya ububi obusongela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekwenzeni iqela elilimeleyo liphelele kwakhona, ngokuqhelekileyo ngembuyekezo yemali okanye ngesenzo senkundla esimiselwe (esibizwa ngokuba ngumyalelo). Urhulumente akabandakanyeki njengomtshutshisi; endaweni yoko, umtshutshisi (umntu okholelwa ukuba lisonelwe) ugwetyele ityala ngokuchasene nommangalelwa (umntu okanye umntu othengiswe ukuba ubangele umonakalo).

Amatyala amakhaya avela kwimiba emininzi: isivumelwano esophukileyo, ingozi yemoto, into enesiphene, ukutyholwa, okanye impikiswano yomda phakathi kwabamelwane. Umgaqo osisiseko ngowokuba ummangalelwa ubophelele ummangalelwa kwityala lommangalelwa kwaye akaphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nalo, okuphumela ekonakaleni okungenakulungiseka. Indima yenkundla kukuvavanya ubungqina kwaye igqibe enoba ummangalelwa umele abekwe ityala elisemthethweni kusini na.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zoqikelelo lwangaphakathi

  • IParties : I-paltiff iqala ityala; ummangalelwa uyaphendula. Zombini zingaba ngabantu ngabanye, imibutho, amaqumrhu karhulumente, okanye abanye abantu abasemthethweni.
  • Ibherin yobuMqondisi: I-Placttiff mayibonise imeko yabo ngokuqwalasela ubungqina[].
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlobo lweSiphumlisi: IiRemedies ziquka ukonakele kwemali (ulawulo, impendu, okanye igama lomlomo) okanye isiqabu esilinganayo esifana nemiyalelo (imiyalelo yequmrhu yokuyeka ukwenza into) okanye umsebenzi okhethekileyo (ukubhalisa iqela ukuzalisekisa isivumelwano).
  • Justice vs. Judge: Iqela lingacela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kwityala lasekuhlaleni, kodwa kwezinye (njengomthetho wentsapho okanye iimfuno ezincinane) ijaji iyodwa egqiba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Costs & Ixeshaline: Ilitha loMhla lingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, kuxhomekeka kubuntlola. Iindleko ziquka iindleko zokuqokelela ifashoni, iindleko zolwazi lokufumana, iindleko zoochwepheshe bobunkcitho, kunye nemirhumo yegqwetha (ngokufuthi ngeeyure).

Kumbono omnye obalulekileyo: kumatyala asekuhlaleni, lowo ungaphumeleliyo akasoloko efuneka ukuhlawula iindleko zomthetho zomntu ophumeleleyo ngaphandle kokuba umthetho okanye isivumelwano sithetha njalo. Oku kwaziwa njengoMthetho waseMelika . Noko ke, amanye amaphondo okanye iintengo ezingqalileyo (ezifana nemithetho yokukhusela abathengi) zivumela ukupheliswa kwemali.

Inyathelo Lenkqubela Yolwimi Lwangaphakathi Ngenyathelo

  1. [[FLT: 0] Imposiso: Isalathisi sikhalaza esichaza izibhengezo ezisemthethweni. Umkhomiweyo ufakela impendulo (okanye intshukumo yokurhoxa).
  2. [[FLT: 0] Icebo: omabini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina, athathe intlawulo, athumele iintlanganiso (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), kunye namaxwebhu okucela. Eli candelo linokuba yeyona inde nexabiso elikhulu.
  3. [[UMTLL:0] Intshukumo- eziqukunjelweyo: Izivumelwano zingayifayile yentshukumo ukwenzela ugwebo lwesishwankathelo (ukucela ijaji ukuba igqibe ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo).
  4. [[UMTL:0] ````Icala ngalinye'' linikela ubungqina namangqina. Ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala ngabom kwaye ibuyisela isigqibo.
  5. [[UMTL:0] Iposi- i-Trial & Isibheno: Iqela elilahlekileyo lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu, evavanya iimpazamo zomthetho ezenziwe ngexesha lokuchotshelwa.

Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya awaze afikelelwe kwityala. Ayacombululeka xa kulungiswa isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela, ngokufuthi ngebinzana eliyimfihlo. Ukuzinziswa kunokwenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha, nasemva kwesigqibo.

Kuyintoni Ulwaphulo - mthetho?

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wokumangalela umntu ngolwaphulo-mthetho nokufuna isohlwayo. Urhulumente u-(__ngeegqwetha zephondo, amagqwetha-mikhosi, okanye amagqwetha ase-U.S.) uthatha inyathelo ngenxa yabantu ukunyanzelisa imithetho ekhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ucwangco, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ummangalelwa uthathwa njengomsulwa de agwetyelwe, kwaye urhulumente umele oyise ibhanile ecacileyo ukuze akhusele ityala.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lubalwa njengee-fearon (izenzo ezinzulu ezinjengokubulala, ukuphanga, okanye ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi) okanye iimpazamo (ngaphandle kokuba netyala elinzulu elifana nobusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, okanye iDuI kuqala). Amanye amagunya akwaneempazamo (okanye ukwaphulwa kwamaphepha eenqwelo-moya) ezingezolwaphulo-mthetho ezingobuchule kodwa ezihlaziyiweyo ngendlela efanayo ngempahla entle.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zokutshutshiswa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

  • Iiparipiti: Ityala (urhulumente) lizisa ityala; ummangalelwa ngumntu otyholwayo. Ixhoba alilo iqela kodwa lisenokuba lingqina.
  • Ibheriji yobuMqondisi: Ityala kufuneka libonise ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[].
  • Ityala elingaphandle lingaquka ukuvalelwa, intengo, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawulelwa (ukuhlawula amaxhoba), okanye ukudityaniswa. Kwiimeko ezinzima, isohlwayo sentambo (ukufa) sinokwenzeka kwezinye iindawo.
  • Ukhuseleko lweNkqutyana: Ummangalelwa unandipha amalungelo phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente): ilungelo kwigqwetha (nanokuba abanako ukulinika elinye), ilungelo lokuhlala buthule (Umphetho-mvandezo wesi-kufa), ukukhusela ukuphanda okungaqiqekiyo nokuxhuzula (Ukuqumba kweNtsiba), kunye nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokungagqibeleliswa kukawonke-wonke (Umphetho we-wonke).
  • [[NTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso seJury: kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (ityala), ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elingekho mthethweni linokuba phambi kwejaji kuphela ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ucela ijaji kwamanye amazwe.

Kufuneka iphondo liqalise ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abantu abakwazi ukubhala izityholo zezaphuli-mthetho ngasese, bangaxela kuphela kumthetho onyanzelisayo, ogqiba ukuba abanjwa aze abhekise elo tyala kumtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi unelungelo elibanzi lokulandula amatyala, lokuwanciphisa, okanye lokuthetha ngesibheno.

Inyathelo Lokutshutshisa Izaphuli - mthetho

  1. Ukugcinwa koMthetho kuqokelela ubungqina, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, kwaye angafumana isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa okanye sokuphendla. Ukrokrelwa ubanjwa.
  2. [[UMTL: 0] Imbonakalo ePhambili & Ulungelelwaniso: Ummangalelwa uziswa phambi komgwebi, uxelelwe ngezityholo, kwaye ucelwa ukungena kwisibongozo (ityala, hayi ityala, okanye ukhuphiswano). UBail umiselwe okanye ummangalelwa angakhululwa ekuphindeni abonwe.
  3. Imposiso yokuvakala / I-Grand Jury: [ngeetyala, ukutshutshiswa kufuneka kubonise isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwe. Oku kungenziwa phambi komgwebi (ukuva kwangaphambili) okanye kugwetywa ngetyala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Intshukumo zomphambili- wentshukumo: omabini amacala atshintshisana ngobungqina. Ukhuselo lungafaka ifayile yentshukumo ukucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ukulahla izityholo.
  5. [[UMTL: 0] Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elingaphezulu kwama-90% lisombululwa ngokwezingcelo, apho ummangalelwa acela ityala kwityala elincinci okanye afumana isivakalisi esilula xa etshintshisana nelungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuvavanywa.
  6. : Ukuba akukho sibongozo sifikelelwayo, ityala liqhubekeka lisiwa kwityala. Ingtshutshiso inikela ubungqina; inkundla yokuzikhusela kwaye ingabiza amangqina. Abachopheli-mthetho (okanye ijaji) banikezela ngesigqibo sokuba netyala okanye abanatyala. Isigqibo esixhotyisiweyo (asifikelelwanga) singakhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo netyala.
  7. Isivumelwano sokulawula: [Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywa, ijaji inyanzelisa isigwebo emva kokuqwalasela imigaqo yomthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba.
  8. [[NTLA:0] Appal:[ Ummangalelwa angabhenela kugunyaziso okanye kwisivakalisi, aphikisane ngeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ityala lidla ngokungabhena ngesigqibo esingesosizathu ngenxa yokuphinda-phinda ukhuseleko lwengozi.

Umahluko Omkhulu Phakathi Kokutyholwa Kwabemi Nolwaphulo - mthetho

Ngoxa zombini iinkqubo zenzeka kwiinkundla zenkundla kwaye zibandakanya abagwebi, amaqumrhu eejaji, kunye nobungqina, iintanda-bulumko ezisisiseko zingqukuva ngokuphandle. Itafile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo (nangona sisebenzisa uluhlu olungalungelelanisiweyo lwe-HTML ukuze kucace, hayi itafile).

Injongo Nentanda - bulumko

ICivil linigtion ijolise ekusombululeni iimpikiswano zabucala kwaye enze iqela elilimeleyo liphelele. Ummangalelwa angabekwa kwityala kwanokuba izenzo zakhe zisenzeka ngengozi okanye zangakhathalelwanga.) Isisombululo asiyombuyekezo. ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lufuna ukusohlwaya ihambo eyingozi okanye engalunganga, ukuvala ububi bexesha elizayo, nokubuyisela abaphuli-mthetho. Umbuso kufuneka ungqineke ubuchule okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho (a, okanye ingqondo etyholayo) ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Umahluko awunakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo: imicimbi yamakhaya ifuna uphando lobungqina , ngelixesha amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho efuna ubungqina ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni[. Oku kuthetha ukuba iseti enye yezibakala ikhokelele ekufumaneni ityala kunye nesaphuli-mthetho esigwebayo. Umzekelo, O. J. Simpson wafunyanwa enetyala kwinkundla yamakhaya yobulali kaNicole Brown Simpson noRon Goldman (preance) kodwa ukhululekile kwinkundla yezolwaphulo-mthetho (ukuthandabuza).

Iintsuku Nohlolo

Amatyala amakhaya aqalwa ngamatyala azimeleyo; amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aqaliswa ngabatshutshisi belizwe. Ixhoba kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho alinakulilawula ngokuthe ngqo ityala (nangona linganikela igalelo). Kwigalelo loluntu, ummangalelwa ugqiba enoba ufanele amangalelwe, ahlale, okanye aliyeke ngokupheleleyo elo tyala.

Imiphumo

Iziphumo ze- Iziphumo ze-CIIIL:[ Iziphumo zemonetary zokonakaliswa (inkokeli, isohlwayo), imiyalelo, ukwenziwa, okanye izigwebo zokususa. Akukho siqinisekiso. Iziphumo zesiphumo se-Crimetrial: [ Ukuvalelwa, intengiso, intelekelelo, inkonzo yoluntu, uhlaziyo, kunye nokufa kwezinye iimeko. Ukuthembeka kukwathwala isongelo sikawonke-wonke kwaye kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezifana nokulahlekelwa kwamalungelo okuvota, amalayisensi, okanye ubume bokufuduka.

UKhuselo oluPhambili

Abameli kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho bafumana ukhuseleko olunzulu lomgaqo-siseko (ekunene ukuba banikwe isiluleko, ukhuseleko kwimigaqo-siseko, ekuzahluleleni, njl. njl.) ngenxa yokuba inkululeko isengozini. Abamangalelwa bamakhaya baneekhuselo ezimbalwa; abanalungelo kwigqwetha eliqeqeshiweyo likarhulumente ukuba abanamali yokulihlawula, kwaye banokunyanzeleka ukuba banikele ubungqina (kukodwa bangacela uMphengululo weNhlanu ukuba iimpendulo zinokuba zinokuba zezahlula).

I-Jeopardy ephindwe kabini

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu siyalela ukuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunye. Oku kusebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kunokubekwa kwisenzo esifanayo esakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (njengomzekelo we-O.S.Simpson). Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente norhulumente unokuba ngqongqo omnye xa ephula zombini imigaqo (imfundiso yolawulo lomntu).

Izibheno

Kwisingqiniso sasekuhlaleni, naliphi na iqela lingabhenela kwisigwebo sokugqibela. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angabhenela kwityala, kodwa umtshutshisi akanakubhena ngokugwetywa (ingozi ephindwe kabini). Noko ke, ingtshutshiso ingabhenela kwimithetho ethile yangaphambi kovavanyo (njengokucinezelwa kobungqina) kwezinye iindawo ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Imizekelo Yamatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuze ubone indlela ekwahluleke ngayo, hlolisisa indlela esinokusingathwa ngayo eso siganeko kuzo zombini ezi nkqubo.

Imizekelo Ethi Kuvela Amatyala AngooNontlalo - ntle Nawamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

  • [[NTLA] Ingozi Yokuqhuba Emoyeni Engasetyenziswayo: Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-DUI (intolongo ekhoyo, iifatyi, intengiso, imvume yokunyotywa). Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya liqela elenzakeleyo ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukulahleka kwemivuzo, iintlungu nokubandezeleka (umonakalo wetyala).
  • I-Assult: ulwaphulo-mthetho olutyhola ukuhlasela (umntu ophakathi okanye owenziwe ngetyala). i-tort ye-octive ifuna ibhetri (umbuyiselo womonakalo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Fraud:[ ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokurhoxisa (ukuqhatha). Isuti yoluntu lokugqwetha ngokungeyonyaniseki (ukusetyenziswa kwesivumelwano, umonakalo).

Iityala labemi abaqhelekileyo

  • Ingxelo yengozi yobuqu (engekho ngqiqweni neyehlayo, engekho mthethweni kwezamayeza, ebekek ’ ityala kwimveliso).
  • Ukupheliswa kwesivumelwano (ukungaphumeleli ukuhambisa impahla, ukungqubana kwesivumelwano sengqesho).
  • Iimbambano zezinto (isixhasi, inkathazo, ukunciphisa ungquzulwano).
  • Umthetho wentsapho (uqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina abantwana, ukukhuliselwa komntwana wabanye abantu).
  • Ucalucalulo lokusebenza (xa lungabandakanyeki kwiinjongo zolwaphulo - mthetho).

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Ngokunyulu

  • Ukubulala, ukubulala abantu (nangona ukufa kwabantu kuphosakeleyo kusenokuqukunjelwa).
  • Ulwaphulo - mthetho, ukuqhekeza, ukuphanga.
  • Ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi.
  • IDuI (iphenjelelwa).
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe (urhwebo, ngaphakathi, ukurhweba, ukuququzelela).

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuqonda umahluko akuyomfundo nje kuphela, kodwa kuchaphazela izigqibo namalungelo akho kwiimeko zokwenene.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuba wenzakala: Ungafuna imbuyekezo kuphela ngokubekwa kwetyala kwamapolisa. Ukuxela ingozi kumapolisa kungabangela uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa awunakunyanzela ityala. Kufuneka udibane negqwetha lelizwe ukuze uvavanye ityala.
  • Ukuba utyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho: Unelungelo lokuhlala uthulile kunye negqwetha. Musa ukuzama ukucombulula umbandela ngokuthembisa ukuhlawula ixhoba . Oko kunokubonwa njengokuvuma ityala. Ityala lengingqi alithinteli ityala.
  • Ukuba ufumana ipenasi: Kubalulekile ukuba ivela ekumangalelweni kwamakhaya okanye kuphengululo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, unelungelo elingakumbi lokungavumi ukuphendula ukuba iimpendulo zingakuchaphaza. Xa ufumana iimpendulo, kufuneka ulandele uluntu, ngaphandle kokuba ungenza ilungelo.
  • Imali ye-inshorensi yasekhaya okanye ye-inshorensi ye-oyile ye-oyile ye- igquma ityala loluntu (ityala olityala emva kwengozi) kodwa ayigubungeli intlawulo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye uhlawulelo. Ezinye iinkqubo azifaki zenzo zeqhinga.

Imithombo efana newebhsayithi yase-U.S. inika ungquzulwano oluneenkcukacha lweentlobo zetyala likarhulumente. Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho; ungafumana ukhokelo lwasekuhlaleni ngewebhsayithi yakho yesebe yomthetho (umz. ] ICalifons Personal Service [[]]).

Isiphelo: Ukuhamba zombini iinkqubo

Ukubekwa ityala kwamakhaya kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kusetyenziswa iinjongo ezihambelana kodwa ezingafaniyo kumthetho waseMerika. Enye ilungisa iimpikiswano zabucala ngembuyekezo; enye inyanzelisa imigaqo yoluntu ngesohlwayo. Ngamnye uthwala isigama sakhe, imithwalo, kunye namaqhinga. Kubemi, eyona nto isebenzayo yile: ukuba ukholelwa ukuba unyaziwe, uhlola unyango lwezomthetho; ukuba ubekwe ityala lokwenza okubi, uxhobisa amalungelo akho olwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni ngokukhawulezileyo. Yaye usoloko ukhumbula ukuba ukubekwa kwalathiswa kwezibakala ezikhoyo kunokuthi kuphumeze kuqulunqe kuzo zozibini zombini, ngeziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuqikelelwa okuqinileyo akukukhuthazi nje kuphela iindaba ezisemthethweni kodwa kwakhona kukuxhobisele ukukhusela izilangazelelo zakho xa inkqubo yokusesikweni ichaphazela ubomi bakho.