Amalungelo amakhaya asisikhuseli soluntu olukhululekileyo nolungenakhethe. Akhusela abantu kulawulo olunobuhlanga, ikhethe lasekuhlaleni, kunye nocalucalulo lwangasese, eqinisekisa wonke umntu ukuba uyakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwimicimbi yoluntu neyopolitiko. Ngaphandle kolwakhiwo oluqinileyo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni, idinga ledemokhrasi alisebenzi. Ukuqonda la malungelo, apho avela khona, nesizathu sokuba abalulekile nabani na namhlanje amele athobele okusesikweni, okusesikweni, nomthetho.

Ayintoni Amalungelo Asekuhlaleni?

Amalungelo abemi ludidi lokhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhusela ukuzimela ngokwabantu ngabanye kwaye luqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Ahlukile ku "malungelo abantu," anikwe imilinganiselo yokuziphatha esemhlabeni wonke ezalwa ngumntu ngamnye kungakhathaliseki ukuba unegunya elinjani, kodwa amalungelo oluntu agunyaziswe kwimimiselo yesizwe, imimiselo, kunye nezigqibo. Umsebenzi wawo ongundoqo kukuthintela imeko (* kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abadlali babucala) ekukhanyeni ukubandakanyeni abantu ngokwentlalo ngenxa yeempawu ezifana nesizwe, ubufana nesifana, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, okanye imvelaphi yobuzwe.

Kumgangatho wabo osisiseko, amalungelo abantu aqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuhlanganisa, ukuvota, ukunqula, nokuphila ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ukunganyanzelwa. Imizekelo engundoqo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho – ilungelo lokukhupha izimvo ngaphandle kohlalutyo lukarhulumente.
  • ekunene ukuvota – ifushaniso exhasa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi.
  • Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo phantsi komthetho – umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu okanye iqela elifanele liphathwe ngokwahlukileyo ngaphandle kolungiso olunyanzelayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwimfihlo – ukhuseleko ekungeneleni kukarhulumente okungeyomfuneko kubomi bobuqu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubo ye-Dueith – isiqinisekiso sokugwetywa ngokusesikweni komthetho phambi kokuba ulahlekelwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Amalungelo oluntu awahlali enyuka; aguquka njengoko imibutho ijongene neentlobo ezintsha zocalucalulo nokungalingani. Ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wase-U.Ayizange iwakhusele ngokuphandle amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa okanye abantu abamibalabala. Kwathatha iinkulungwane zemithetho, imithetho, kunye nemithetho yenkundla ukwandisa ezo zikhuseliso. Namhlanje, umthetho wamalungelo abantu ugubungela iindawo ezahlukeneyo njengezindlu, umsebenzi, imfundo, ukuphendula kwamapolisa, kunye nemicimbi yezomvo.

Imbali Yamalungelo Abemi

Ukuqonda kwale mihla amalungelo asekuhlaleni kwavela kwiinkulungwane zokulwa nengcinezelo. IMagna Carta (1215) idla ngokuchazwa njengenyathelo lokuqala, kodwa isiseko sokwenene sabekwa ekukhanyiselweni, nezithandi zobulumko ezifana noJohn Locke ephikisanisa amalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Imvukelo yaseMerika namaFrentshi zaguqulela ezo ngcamango kulwimi olusemthethweni, ukanti zombini zasusa inxalenye enkulu yabemi babo `abafazi, abantu bomthonyama, abantu bomthonyama, kunye nabahlwempu.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Kwimbali Yamalungelo Abantu

  • Ukukhutshwa kobukhoboka (inkulungwane ye19): IsiHlaliso se-13 soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1865) saphela ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka, kunye noMphetho we-14 wokuHlaziywa kwamisela ubuzibulo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Ezi zazingamanyathelo amakhulu, kodwa zakhawuleza zathotywa phantsi yimithetho eyanyanzelisa ubuhlanga kunye nokungalawulwa kwenye inkulungwane.
  • IMbutho yaMalungelo yangaphakathi (1950s-1960s): Umzabalazo omkhulu oxhaswe ngamaMelika aseAfrika, axhaswa ngamahlakani alo lonke uhlanga, ukuphelisa ukukhetheka nokucalucalucalulo olusemthethweni. Iziganeko zeLandmark ziquka iBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iMontgomey Busbott (1955), ihlala-ins eGreenboro (1960), iMatshi eWashington (1963), kunye ne-Selmark ukuya kuMontgomery ukuhambisa isantya (1965). Le migudu yavelisa amaLungelo asemthethweni ka1965), eyayeyona ilwa ikhethe kwindawo yokuhlala nomsebenzi kawonke, neyayilwa kwe-Vorventivey ka-196566).
  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Imithetho yokuqinisekisa nokunyanzelisa: UMthetho waMalungelo oMhlazo ka-1964 uhlala uwumthetho wesizwe obanzi wohlobo lwawo. Yadala iKhomishoni ye-Active Proclation Opportive (EOC) ukuphengulula ucalucalulo lomsebenzi. Imithetho eyandisa ukhuseleko kubantu abaneziphene (iMelika ezineziphene, 1990), abasebenzi abakhulelweyo, kunye neLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye (Bostock v. Clayton County, 2020).
  • Izingqinelano ezingqukuva zase-Global: Amanyathelo aphambili amalungelo abemi awangowaseMelika kuphela. ISindululo somhlaba Wonke samalungelo abantu (1948), isiphelo socalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika (1994), kunye neNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu konke kumela imigudu yokumisela amalungelo abantu ngaphaya kwemida.

Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile kuba amalungelo oluntu anzima kwaye abuthathaka. Amaxesha enkqubela asoloko ebangela ukurhoxa kwelungelo lokuvota emva kwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo njenge Shelby County v. Hoker (2013), eyathi yawenza buthathaka uMthetho wangaphambili wobuLuntu, okhokelela kwizambuku zemithetho engqongqo yorhulumente.

Kutheni Amalungelo Abemi Ebalulekile?

Amalungelo abantu ngenxa yezizathu zentanda-bulumko nezisebenzayo. Baquka umgaqo wokuba wonke umntu unesidima esingokwemvelo nokubaluleka okumele kuhlonelwe lizwe. Xa amalungelo oluntu omelele, abantu banokuthetha inyaniso egunya, banqule ngokwezazela zabo, baze bafune ukuba iinkokeli zabo ziphendulelwe ngamalungelo abo. Xa amalungelo abantu ebuthathaka, elawula, elawula, engenakulinganiswa, yaye ehlala abantu bangenazidubedubedube ngokufuthi kulandela.

Ukukhuselwa Kwenkululeko Yomntu Ngamnye

Amalungelo oluntu asebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho karhulumente. Ngaphandle kwawo, urhulumente uyakwazi ukugxeka ukungavumelani kwabantu, ukubavalela ngaphandle kwetyala, okanye ukunyanzela ukunamathela kunqulo olunye. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo livumela iintatheli, abaxhasi, abaxhasi, kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba babhence urhwaphilizo kunye nokuxhasa utshintsho. Ulungelo lokuzifunela izinto zobuqu lithintela ukujongwa okungekho mthethweni okungachaphazelisiyo nokungakuvumeli ukuthetha nokuzilawula.

UKhuthazo loLunga

Amalungelo oluntu afuna ukunyusa indawo yokudlala ngokususa imiqobo esesikweni ukuze afumane ithuba. I-injini yokhuseleko ye-14 yoMphetho-mda elinganayo yi-injini esemthethweni esemva kwayo yonke into esuka kwimiyalelo yesikolo ekhutshwayo ukuya kwimiyalelo echasene nohlanga ekufumaneni inkxaso. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba uhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, okanye imbonakalo yesini ayiwagwebi amathuba, amalungelo oluntu enza ukuba ukufaneleka komthetho wokuziphatha kakuhle kubaluleke kakhulu kunentetho yentetho. Bakwalungisa nokungekho sikweni ngokwembali ngezenzo ezifana nokuvuma, nangona imigaqo enjalo ihlala iphikisana.

Ukumanyana nomanyano

Iingingqi ezihlonela amalungelo abantu zidla ngokuzinza kwaye zingathambeki kakhulu kwiimfazwe zogonyamelo. Xa amaqela aphantsi ebona ukuba inkqubo yomthetho ibanika ithuba lokufumana uncedo − ukuba bangavota, bavukele, batshaye, bacwangcise (abangakhange baguquke kwizenzo ezigabadeleyo okanye ezingaphaya kwemithetho. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, njengenkohlakalo okanye ukucinezelwa kwamapolisa, ukuphelisa ukuthembana kwamaziko kwaye kunokubangela ukuqhatha kwentlukwano okanye kwanemvukelo. Amalungelo amakhaya anika umjelo ongenazo ugonyamelo lokwaphula umthetho olungisa izikhalazo.

ISicwangciso Esisemthethweni Sokusesikweni

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni akangomnqweno nje wokuziphatha; anyanzeleka ukuba anyanzeliswe ngeenkundla, abameli, kunye neenkundla. Umntu ogxothwayo ngenxa yohlanga lwakhe angafaka isikhalazo kwi-EEOC okanye azise ityala. Uluntu olunamanzi anetyhefu lungamangalelwa phantsi kwemithetho yokulawula indalo. Oku kunyanzeliswa okusemthethweni kuyahlula amalungelo abantu ekuthandweni. Kunika abantu abaqhelekileyo amandla okugcina imikhosi enamandla ityala.

Ngokwengqiqo, impembelelo yezoqoqosho yamalungelo abantu ikwanamandla. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba uqheliselo lokuthomalalisa ulwaphulo-mthetho lunciphisa imveliso, imivuzo edandathekileyo kuwo onke amaqela, kwaye lubangela iindleko zentlalo eziphantsi kwemida. Umzekelo, umsantsa wobutyebi obungokobuhlanga eUnited States uyaqhubeka ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yocalucalulo olungokwembali oluthi luthintele iintsapho eziNsundu ekubeni zingabi ngabanini-makhaya kunye nobutyebi. Ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kwenza ukuba zingenele kwizoqoqosho kunye nokwanda.

Imibandela yaMalungelo aBami

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela yenkulungwane edluleyo, amalungelo abantu ahlala ekho emfazweni. Ubugcisa obutsha, ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu nokuguquguquka kwezobupolitika kuye kwabangela iingxaki ezintsha ezifuna ingqalelo engakumbi.

Ucalucalulo Lobuhlanga Nobuhlanga Obulawulwa Yinkqubo

Ucalucalulo alukhange luphele; luye lwathatha iindlela ezichuliweyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abano-"sivakalisi esimnyama” abanamathuba okufumana ii-asethi zoqhagamshelwano kudliwano-ndlebe lomsebenzi, kwaye ukwahlukana kweentlanga kwi-politiki, ukubanjwa, kunye nesigwebo kuyaqhubeka nasemva kokulawula amazinga olwaphulo-mthetho. Umbutho weBlack Lives Matter uzise le miba ephambili, kodwa ukuphendula kwemithetho-mthetho akulingani. UGeorge Flod Justice in Policcible Act, umzekelo, wahluleka ukudlulisa iNdludzulo ye-U. Okwangoku, inkundla igqibile iyenze kwaba nzima ukubonakalisa ukurhoxabana kocalulo oluno lwezigwebo phantsi kweSihlo seSihloko samaLungu eSihlalo.

Umgangatho wesini kunye namalungelo okuzala

Amabhinqa ayaqhubeka ejongene neziphumo zesini esiphakathi kwelungu nesobufanasini .I-R22 yeerandi nganye efunyenwe ngamadoda, enemida ebanzi yamabhinqa anemibala. Ukukhathazwa ngokwesini emsebenzini kusaxhaphakile, kwaye amalungelo okuzala athe afikelela kwisigqibo esikhawulezileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yeDobbs v. IJackson’s Health Organization yajikela ekupheliseni ilungelo elimalunga nama-50 eminyaka ubudala lokuqhomfa, nto leyo ebangela ukuvalelwa kwemiqathango karhulumente. Oku kuchaphazela kakhulu ukulawulwa kwamabhinqa, impilo, kunye nokuzimela kwezoqoqosho.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

Ngeli xesha isigqibo sonyaka-nyaka wama-2015 kwi-Obergefell v. Hodges sisemthethweni sisemthethweni somtshato ongokwabelanayo kwilizwe lonke, kunye nesigqibo sowe-2020 Bostock sokukhusela i-LGBTQ+ abasebenzi ekucalucalulweni, izisongelo ziyaqhubeka. Ii-doens zowiso-mthetho ziveze amatyala okujolisa ulutsha olukwizibhedlele, uluthintela ukufikelela kwinkathalo yobufana, ukuvalela ukurhoxiswa kweimbaleki kwimidlalo, kwanokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho. Inkululeko yonqulo isetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukukhulula ukhuthulo kwimithetho elwa nolwaniso, ukwenza umsebenzi wokuzinzo oluthi xhathisayo olwahlukileyo kwindawo.

Amalungelo

Ukucinezelwa kweZiko leNkundla ePhakamileyo kubuyiselwe njengembambano enkulu. Emva konyulo lwama-2020, amazwana amaninzi agqithise imithetho ethintela ucalulo, inciphisa iifestile zovota zangaphambili, ibeka iimfuno ze-ID ezingqongqo zovoti, kwaye ikhupha iirola eziqinileyo. iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeShelby County yakhupha isigqibo somthetho we-Voting Rights Act of Prediographive Act, eyayifuna amaphondo embali embali efuna ucalucalulo ukuze ufumane uvumo lonyulo. Phakathi ko 2012 no-202222, ngaphezu komthetho ethintela imiqathango yokuvota, ichaphazela ngokugqithisyo imiqathango yetyala. Amaqela e-Advoccotics afana nolu `[FLT: 0] kunye [FFF:1]

Amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nelungelo lokufihla imbilini yamanani

Njengoko ubomi buqhubeka kwi-intanethi, imibuzo ephathelele amalungelo abantu amanani iye yakhula. Ukubekwa umva kwemiba eyingozi yokujongwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukuxilongwa kogcino-lwazi, nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuphawula ubuso. Imithetho yemithetho egqiba ukuba ngubani ofumana imali ebolekiweyo, imisebenzi, okanye indawo yokuhlala inokuphinda iphinde iphinde ibonakale kwaye ikhethele ubuhlanga nobufanasini. Ukunqongophala komthetho wezobuzwe wezobuqu eUnited States kuthetha ukuba ugcino-lwazi lobuqu luqokelelwa luze luthengiswe ngaphandle kwemvume enenjongo. Abaphengululi namalungu axhasa amaziko axhasa “umthetho omthetho okhuselwa-mvume wamalungelo abantu oluntu okwandisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu kwisizukulwana semithetho-algastigalm.

Indlela Yokumela Amalungelo Abemi

Ukukhusela nokuhambela phambili amalungelo abantu kufuna ukuba ubani abe ngummi okhutheleyo. Imigudu yomntu omnye inokwenza umahluko, ingakumbi xa idityanisiwe nezenzo ezidityanisiweyo. Nanga amanyathelo abonakalayo anokuthathwa ngumntu:

  • [[FLT: 0] Zifundise ngokwakho kunye nabanye:[ Funda imbali yamalungelo abantu, funda umthetho wangoku, kwaye ulandele imithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo. Ukuqonda umongo womthetho nowembali kukunceda uqonde ukwaphula umthetho neempikiswano ezicacisiweyo. Yabelana ngoko ukufundayo kwi-media yezentlalo okanye kwiincoko zasekuhlaleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iqumrhu lamaLungelo aBami: inikela okanye ivolontiya kumaqela athe amkela amalungelo asekuhlaleni, njenge i-American Liberties Union[, [[FLT]], NAI-ACP Ukhuselo lwasemthethweni neNgxongo yemfundo yemfundo [, iLambda esemthethweni yeLTQ+], okanye amalungelo [FLT:] umanyano [FFLT] [FT] [FFUT]] [FUT] [FLT]].AN]
  • Ipalitipate kwi Activism: Ngenela imibhiyozo yasekuhlaleni, yiya kwiintlanganiso zequmrhu lesixeko, okanye ube lilungu lentlangano ejolise kumalungelo. Isenzo singaquka yonke into ukusuka kwinteleko yobhaliso lovoti ukuya kwintlawulo yemali yokunikela ubungqina kwingxowa-mali. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngokwalo lilungelo loluntu elizinzileyo.
  • Ukudibanisa nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo: Bhala okanye ubize abameli bakho abanyuliweyo kumgangatho wobulali, wesizwe, nowezwelonke. Bazise ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo asekuhlaleni abalulekileyo kuwe. Abamele ukuxhasa isibopho kumalungelo asekuhlaleni. Bakhuthaze ukuba bavote umthetho oqinisa ukhuseleko nokuchasa iindleko ezibenza buthathaka.
  • Sebenzisa intengiso yakho kunye neMandla eMsebenzi: Isebenzisa amashishini angenalucalulo olunamandla ngemigaqo-nkqubo eqinileyo engokwahlulelwano. Kumsebenzi wakho, xhasa imisebenzi yokuqesha, ukuhlupha iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo, kunye nomvuzo olinganayo. Ukuba ubona ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu endlu, umsebenzi, okanye indawo yoluntu (ukubhala) kwaye ufaka isikhalazo kwisebe elifanelekileyo, njenge-EEOC okanye igunyaziso lwamalungelo abantu.
  • IVote: Ilungelo lokuvota lisiseko sawo onke amalungelo abemi kuba limisela ukuba ngubani onegunya. Qiniseka ukuba ubhaliswe ukuba uvote, nceda abanye babhalise, kwaye uphethule kuzo zonke iinyulo (esendaweni, imo, nezwe, kunye nolawulo lolawulo. Ummeli wemigaqo eyandisa ufikelelo kwibholaot, njengobhaliso oluzenzekelayo kunye novoti yasekuqaleni.

Okokugqibela, khumbula ukuba amalungelo abantu awafuni mda wesidibi somthetho. Zincinci, zingaguquki izenzo zokwenza incoko, ukubhala ileta, ukuya kwintlanganiso, ukuvelisa isithethe esihlonela amalungelo abantu. Imbali yamalungelo abantu ubukhulu becala yimbali yabantu abaqhelekileyo abafuna ukuphathwa ngesidima kwaye abafuni ukwamkela okungekho sikweni.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo oluntu akayonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; ayimithetho esebenzisekayo eyenza inkululeko ibe yokwenene. Asikhusela kwingcinezelo, aqinisekisa ukuba siphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kwaye asinika izixhobo zokucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo. Ukusuka kwiphulo lokwanela ukulingana komtshato, ukusuka kumlo nxamnye noJim Crow ukuya kumlo wokulwela inkululeko yamanani, isiseko sembali siyabungela kuphela xa abantu benyanzelela kokusesikweni.

Iingxaki zanamhlanje zinzima njengakuqala, kodwa namathuba anjalo. Ngokuqonda amalungelo oluntu, qha qha, kwaye kutheni zibalulekile ``ngamnye wethu angaba ngummeli osebenzayo kwibutho labantu abanobulungisa nabangenabudlelane. Umsebenzi awupheli, kodwa usoloko ufanelekile ukuwenza.