Table of Contents

Ukusetyenziswa Ngokugqithisileyo Kwemithetho Kwimiba Yogonyamelo Yasekhaya

Amatyala ogonyamelo lwasekhaya anqabile ukulingana kakuhle nodidi olunye olusemthethweni. Amaxhoba adla ngokuzifumana enyanzelisa iinkundla zamakhaya ukuze akhuseleke xa eqhubana neenkundla zentsapho zokugcinwa kwabantwana, uqhawulo-mtshato, okanye ukutyelelwa. Olu hambo lwenkqubo lumbini lungadidanisa, ludinisa, ludinisa, luze lungaqini. Ukuqonda indlela imiyalelo yoluntu kunye nomthetho weentsapho okungenayo okuyimfuneko ngayo kungekhona kuphela kwiingcali zomthetho kodwa kwanakwabameli, abenzi bemithetho, nabasindileyo. Xa ezi nkqubo zimbini zisebenza ngokungqinelana, ziyakwazi ukukhusela nokuzinzisa. Xa zingquzula, amaxhoba asenokujamelana nemithetho ephikisana, okanye adededele. Eli nqaku lihlola iingongoma eziphambili zokulwa, iingxaki ezivelayo, kwaye iindlela ezinokwenza ukuba inkqubo eluncedo ngakumbi zisebenze ngenxa yoko.

Kuyintoni Ukucalucalulwa Kwabemi Kwimeko Yogonyamelo Lwasekhaya?

Isivumelwano samakhaya sibhekisela kwiingxoxo ezingezomthetho ezicombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo. Kwimeko yogonyamelo lwasekhaya, eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokunyanga ingumthetho woluntu, ikwabizwa ngokuba yimiyalelo yokuthintela okanye imiyalelo yokhuseleko. Le miyalelo yenzelwe ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okungakumbi ngokuthintela unxibelelwano, ukupheliswa komchasi, yaye maxa wambi kufuna umxhasi ukuba anikezele imipu. Iinkundla zamakhaya zikwasingatha imicimbi efana nokubiza imposiso, izicelo zokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwekhaya, kunye nokutshintshwa kwemiyalelo ekhoyo xa iimeko ziguquka. Ngokungafaniyo nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, eziziswa kumaziko ekwalulweni, ukuchanabeka kwixhoba nenkuselo yamakhaya. Ubungqina obukhoyo busezantsi.

Iintlobo zoorhulumente bolawulo

Imiyalelo yokukhusela iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kulawulo lolawulo nongxamiseko lwemeko. Imiyalelo yokhuseleko lwexeshana (iePOs) isoloko ikhutshwa ngumthetho onyanzelisayo okanye yijaji kwi- exesheni isiseko, ithetha ukuba ngaphandle komxhaphazi okhoyo, kwaye ihlala iintsuku ezimbalwa kuphela de isandi esipheleleyo sibe sesakubanjwe. Le miyalelo yokhuseleko yexeshana (TPO) ikhuselwe umsantsa de kube kukuva kokugqibela, kunye nemiyalelo yokugqibela yokukhusela (FPPO) inganika iinyanga okanye iminyaka edlulileyo. Izibonelelo ezininzi zinikela imiyalelo engqalileyo yokwenziwa kogonyamelo, ukuququzelwa, okanye ukuhlaselwa ngokwesini. Le miyalelo yamakhaya izimele nakwezo naziphi naziphi iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Indima yeeNkundla zaMasipala ekucetyweni koKhuseleko

Iinkundla zamakhaya zisoloko zingumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Umyalelo wokukhusela owenziwe kakuhle ungenza isigcini-sango esisemthethweni esivumela amaxhoba ukuba ahlale emakhayeni awo, agcine ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana bawo, agcine imisebenzi. Iinkundla zisenokuyalela iinkqubo zokungenelela kwabaphathi, ukutyelela, okanye ukucebisa njengeemeko zomyalelo. Noko ke, ukusebenza komyalelo wokukhusela kuxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ukuba amapolisa ayasilela ukusabela ekuchaseni okanye ukuba iinkundla zentsapho kamva zilungisa umyalelo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela imbali yokuxhatshazwa, unyango lwamakhaya lungalahlekelwa ngamandla alo okukhusela.

Umthetho wentsapho nogonyamelo lwasekhaya: I-Arena Ephezulu

Iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha ezona zigqibo zisondeleyo ezichaphazela iintsapho: ubundlobongela, ixesha lokukhulisa abantwana, inkxaso yabantwana, inkxaso yomtshato, kunye noqhawulo-mtshato. Xa ugonyamelo lwasekhaya lungunobangela, zonke izigqibo zibangela iziphumo zokhuseleko. Umgaqo okhokelayo kumthetho wentsapho “umdla ofanelekileyo kumntwana,” kodwa umgangatho kufuneka uphandwe ngokoqobo kokuxhatshazwa. Iinkundla ziyayalwa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba zijonge ugonyamelo lwasekhaya njengothunywa obangela ukuma kokhuseleko. Umzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi anembono onxamnye nokuchasana nomzali owenze ugonyamelo lwasekhaya. Ukanti ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kuyahluka ngokubanzi, yaye maxa wambi amaxhoba afumanisa ukuba iinkundla zijonge ukuxhatshazwa kokuphathwa kakubi okanye ukuma ngokweengozi.

Ukugcinwa Kwamalungelo Omntwana Nokutyelelwa: Inkxalabo Phakathi Kokhuseleko Namalungelo Omzali

Enye yezona ndawo zithanda ukuphikisana kakhulu yindawo yokudibana kwemiyalelo yokukhusela kunye neenjongo zobuzali. Inkundla yamakhaya inganika umyalelo wokukhusela oquka ilungiselelo elingahambelaniyo, kodwa inkundla yentsapho kamva isenokulungisa lo myalelo wokuvumela ixesha lobuzali, iqiqa ukuba bobabini abazali banelungelo lolwalamano nomntwana. Oku kunokubangela ukungqubana okungqalileyo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abaxhaphazi basoloko besebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana njengendlela yokuqhubeka ulawulo, ukuthatha inyathelo eliphindaphindiweyo, ukunyanzela ukuvavanywa okungelulo olungelulo, okanye ukutyhola ixhoba lokunganyanyeki. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ucwangciso olulungelelanisiweyo, ukhuseleko loburhulumente lunokuthotyelwa, ukhuseleko lwenkundla yentsapho engakhange ibonekelwe ngokupheleleyo ukuxhatshazwa.

Uqhawulo - mtshato Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwemali

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kulilungu eliqhelekileyo logonyamelo lwasekhaya, kwaye iinkundla zentsapho kufuneka zicombulule ulwahlulo lweempahla, inkxaso yomtshato, kunye nokwabiwa kwamatyala ngendlela engakuvumeli ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo. Amaxhoba asenokunyanzelwa kwizindlu ezingamkelekanga ngenxa yoloyiko okanye ukunqongophala kolwazi lwemali. Imiyalelo yabemi enika intsebenziswano epheleleyo yekhaya okanye inkxaso yexeshana inceda ukunyusa ibala lokudlala, kodwa ukuba inkundla yentsapho kamva yahlula phakathi ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ukuxhatshazwa, ixhoba lingahlala libambene. Kwakhona, iinkqubo ezimbini kufuneka zithethe nenye.

Iindawo Ezingundoqo Zokuwohloka Kolwaphulo - mthetho Nentsapho

Ukudibana komthetho wamakhaya nowentsapho kumatyala ogonyamelo lwasekhaya kuyabonakala kakhulu kwimimandla emithathu ephambili: imiyalelo yokukhusela echaphazela ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, iziganeko ezikhoyo ezibangela amaphupha anzima, nemfuneko yobungqina obunabela kwiinkundla ezingaphandle kweenkundla.

1. Imiyalelo ekhuselayo kunye nokuzimisela

Xa inkundla yamakhaya ikhupha umyalelo wokukhusela, isenokuquka amalungiselelo amalunga nokugcina umntwana nokumtyelela njengenxalenye yoncedo longxamiseko. Noko ke, la malungiselelo asoloko engookwexeshana, yaye inkundla yentsapho kulindeleke ukuba iqhube uphando olucokisekileyo. Ucelomngeni kukuba inkundla yentsapho isenokungafumani ngxelo epheleleyo yetyala lasekuhlaleni, okanye ingawuqwalaseli kakhulu umlinganiselo wokufumana umgangatho wokufumana ubungqina ngenxa yokuba umgangatho wokhuseleko lwamakhaya wawuphantsi. Kodwa lo mkhwa ungowokuqinisekisa ukuba nawaphi na amaphulo afunyenweyo ekuxhatshazweni kwenjaneni kwesizwe, kwaye ingakumbi qhaba yinxalenye yengxelo yenkundla yentsapho. Amanye amagunya agunyazisa “yintsapho enye, imizekelo egweba apho igweba khona inkundla efanayo isebenza ngomthetho wokhuseleko netyala, kodwa oku kusekuko oku kukwahlukene.

2. Ukuqhuba ngoku kunye nobunzima obusemthethweni

Amaxhoba kufuneka avele kwinkundla yamakhaya ukuze afumane umyalelo wokukhusela nokuchotshelwa kwenkundla yentsapho ukuze kuchotshelwe ityala lokugcina umntwana. / Ngamanye amaxesha ngemini enye okanye ngeentsuku zomnye. Inkundla nganye isenokuba nemithetho eyahlukeneyo yobungqina, ucwangciso, kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokwazi ukumelana nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. Oku kubeka umthwalo omkhulu kwabasindileyo, abasenokuncitshiswa ngumxhaphazi kwenye inkundla ngelinye ixesha xa bezama ukunikela ubungqina kwenye inkundla. Inkundla yomthetho iyagxeka, kodwa amaxhoba amaninzi akanakukwazi ukufikelela kwigqwetha. Ubuqu-owe-okanye namaxhoba ajongene-agxampyumpasi, ingakumbi xa umxhaphakisi enegqwetha. Ikhalenda elungele ukuququzelelwa, abameli abaxhatshayo, kunye namaziko enkundla esesikweni engoontathwini esemthethweni inceda ukucuthelela lo mthwalo.

3. Ubungqina Bonxibelelwano

Ulwazi oluphakathi kweenkundla zamakhaya nezeentsapho yingxaki engapheliyo. Ijaji yenkundla yentsapho isenokungazi ukuba umyalelo wokukhusela wakhutshwa ngaphandle kokuba ixhoba lizise umbhalo. Ngokufanayo, ijaji yenkundla yasekuhlaleni isenokungayazi ukuba umxhaphazi unembali yokwaphula imiyalelo yobuzali bexesha. Amanye amazwe adala ugonyamelo lwasekhaya oluseziko lokhuseleko okanye iinkqubo zezogcino-lwazi lwenkundla ezidityanisiweyo ukuze agqibe lo msantsalo. Ezinye zimisele imithetho efuna ukuba iinkundla zibuze ngobukho bazo naziphi na imigaqo enxulumene nayo. Ezi nkqubo zibalulekile ekwenzeni isigqibo esizinzileyo.

Ucelomngeni Kumgama Othe Tye: Into Ephosakeleyo

Kwanangona kusenziwa iinjongo ezintle, ukudibana kwesivumelwano senkundla yamakhaya nesentsapho kubangela ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Esinye sezona zinto ziqhelekileyo kukuqhekeka konyango olungokwasemthethweni. Ixhoba lingashiya inkundla yamakhaya ingumyalelo wokukhusela othintela umxhaphazi ukuba angaqhagamshelani nayo, kodwa lixelelwe ngumkhomi wale nkundla yentsapho ukuba amele akhawuleze atyelele. Esi sigidimi siphikisanayo sinokuba yingozi kwaye sidimaze. Uhlolisiso lweBhunga leSizwe laseJuvenile neNkulwambutho yeNkundla lufumanise ukuba singaphantsi kwesiqingatha senkundla yentsapho esisigxina sihlola imiyalelo yokukhusela xa kusenziwa izigqibo zelungelo.

Ukungabikho kwezenzo zobuchule

Iinkundla ezininzi zisasebenza kwimodeli esetyenziswayo ekusebenziseni amaxhoba anokuphinda afumaneke. Ukuxilongwa ngumxhaphazi, kufuneka achaze ukuxhatshazwa, okanye ajongene nokuthandatyuzwa yijaji kungabangela ukukhotyokiswa kwesibini. Iinkundla zentsapho ngamanye amaxesha zibangela uxinzelelo lwamaxhoba “omzali” kunye nomxhaphazi, ukungazihoyi iingozi zokhuseleko. Iinkundla zamakhaya, ngoxa zijoliswe ekukhuselweni, zingakhupha imiyalelo encinane kakhulu ukuba iphumelele. Ukuqeqesha abagwebi, amagqwetha, nabasebenzi benkundla kwimibangondlobo yokusebenza kogonyamelo lwasekhaya kunye nokuqhathekiswa komko kuyimfuneko ngokuqhubekayo.

Imida Enyanzelisayo Nemiqobo Esemthethweni

Kwanaxa imiyalelo ingaguquguquki, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungumqobo omkhulu. Amapolisa asenokungakuchaphazeli ukuphulwa komthetho wokukhusela, okanye asenokungawufumani umyalelo osentsimini. Iinkundla zentsapho zisenokucotha ukutshintsha ukutyelelwa emva kokwaphulwa. Iindleko zokuvela eziphinda-phindiweyo enkundleni, iindleko zemali, kunye neemali zegqwetha zingabukhupha ubuncwane bamaxhoba. Amanye amagunya anika abaxhasi imiyalelo yokukhusela, kodwa abo baxhaphazi abasoloko bebanga bakwabi bawanwebi inkundla yentsapho.

Imigaqo esemthethweni nezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuqhuba inkqubo

Iingcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni, abameli neenkundla ziya zilwamkela ngakumbi ubuchule bokuphelisa umahluko phakathi komthetho welizwe nowentsapho.

Iinkundla Zogonyamelo Lwasekhaya Ezihlaziyiweyo

Umzekelo othembisayo yiNkundla yeNkundla yamakhaya eHlanganisiweyo (IDV) ekwathi kuyo ijaji enye isingatha zonke imicimbi enxulumene nayo, imiyalelo yokukhusela, imiba yomthetho wentsapho, kwaneemeko ezinxulumeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. INew York yayingumfumani wakuqala, kwaye ivavanywa ibonise ukuba iinkundla ze-IDV zikhokelele kwimiyalelo ethe rhoqo, ukusetyenziswa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza, nolwaneliseko oluphezulu lwexhoba. Ijaji ephethe imbali yentsapho kwaye ingenza izigqibo ezithi zifake ukhuseleko ngexesha lokulinganisela inkqubo efanelekileyo. Iinkundla ze-IDV zifuna ukuxhaswa, ukuxhaswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, nokuxhaswa kwemithetho-Rhulumente, kodwa iziphumo zithethelela ukuveliswa kotya.

Uqeqesho Olukhethekileyo LwaBagwebi NeeAttorney

ISiko leSizwe Lezeejaji ngeMidlalo Yasekhaya, umanyano phakathi kweBhunga lesiZwe laseJuvenile neNkundla yeNtlango kunye neOfisi engoRhulumente yoLonwabo oluchasa Abafazi, lunika uqeqesho ekudibaniseni umthetho wamakhaya nowentsapho. Abagwebi abafumana olu qeqesho banokunikezela imiyalelo yokukhusela imicimbi yokugcina umntwana enxulumene nokhuseleko, nokuxhathisa izicelo zokutyelelwa okungalawulwayo xa kukho ubungqina bokuxhatshazwa. I-Attorney exhasa ngokukhethekileyo ngogonyamelo lwasekhaya lunganceda ukuquququzelela inkundla zenkundla kwaye baqinisekise ukuba iziphumo zihambelane.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Guardian [[FLT: 0] Ad Latmat kunye nabaxhasi bomntwana

Enkundleni yentsapho, umgcini-tyala uLitam (GAL) okanye ummeli okhethekileyo omiselwe yinkundla (CASA) anganikezela uhlolo oluzimeleyo lokhuseleko lomntwana kunye neenzuzo zakhe ezintle. Ezi ngcali zibuza amaqela, zihlola iingxelo ezivela kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni nezabaphuli-mthetho, zize zincome ijaji. Xa i-GAL iqeqeshwa kakuhle kugonyamelo lwasekhaya, zingaba yibhulorho engundoqo phakathi kweenkqubo ezimbini. Kodwa, i-Galts iyahluka ngokomgangatho kwaye iqeqeshelwe, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba abaxhasi bacele enye yamavane.

Uvavanyo lokhuseleko

Ababoniseli bokugcina ilungelo kufuneka baqwalasele imbali yogonyamelo lwasekhaya njengento engundoqo, hayi enye kuphela phakathi kwezininzi. Imilinganiselo yohlolo ephuhliswa yiNtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yeNtlalo kunye neNkundla yoLuntu (AFCC) ngoku igxininisa ukuba abahloli kufuneka balubonise ukhupho lwasekhaya kwaye baqonde impembelelo yalo kukukhulisa abantwana. Amanye amagunya aye ashenxa ukuya “kwimithetho elawula ukunqanda ukugcinwa kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana okanye ukutyelelwa okungalawulwayo de umngcipheko uhlolwe ngokupheleleyo. Le mithetho isoloko ixhomekeke kulwazi olusuka kulwazi olukhusela ukuvalwa ngomyalelo wamakhaya.

Umanyano olunempembelelo

Abaxhasi bamaxhoba benza indima ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni abasindi bahambe ngendlela enqamlezeneyo. Banganceda ngokufaka imiyalelo yokukhusela, behamba namaxhoba kwinkundla yentsapho, baqokelele ubungqina, baze baqhagamshelane nabaxhasi ngoncedo lwasemthethweni. Abameli kufuneka basebenze ukuqinisekisa ukuba naziphi na izinto ezifunyenweyo kwityala lasekuhlaleni zidluliselwa kwinkundla yentsapho, nokuba inkundla yentsapho yaziswa ngokuchaswa kwemiyalelo yokukhusela. Ngoku iinkqubo zezempatho-mvume ngoku zinika “abaphathi beenkqubo zekhompyutha” abasebenza ngomanyano lwequmrhu.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Kumaxhoba Neenkqubo Zawo Zokuxhasa

Kubantu abajamelene nogonyamelo lwasekhaya, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokuziva inzima gqitha.

  • [[FLT: 0] Yonke into yoxwebhu. Ugcina imibhalo yemiyalelo ekhuselayo, iingxelo zamapolisa, iingxelo zezamayeza, imiyalezo yokubhaliweyo, ii-imeyili, kunye nobunye ubungqina bokuxhatshazwa. Zibeke kwinkundla yamakhaya nakwentsapho.
  • Funa umelo olusemthethweni. Ukunxibelelana nodweliso lolwaphulo-mthetho lwasekhaya okanye unxulumano lwebhari yobulali ukwenzela ii-arhestral. Imibutho emininzi inikela uncedo olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi. Office kugonyamelo oluchasene namabhinqa iinkonzo ezisemthethweni zamaxhoba ngaphaya kwe-United States.
  • Ngaphantsi kokwahlula umahluko phakathi kweenkundla. Cela ummeli wakho okanye igqwetha ukuba lichaze oko inkundla nganye inakho kwaye ayinakwenza. Umyalelo wokukhusela awuzenzeli ngokuzenzekelayo ukugqiba ngelungelo lokugcina umntwana, kwaye umyalelo wokugcina umntwana awuthathi indawo yomyalelo wokhuseleko. Kufuneka uhlale kunye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uza nomntu oxhasayo. Iinkundla ezininzi zivumela amaxhoba ukuba abe nommeli okanye inkxaso ekhoyo ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala. Oku kunokunciphisa ixhala kwaye kunikezele uncedo olusebenzisekayo.
  • Igunyazisa zombini iinkundla zomnye umcimbi. isaziso samatyala anxulumeneyo kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni neyentsapho ukwenzela ukuba abagwebi bawuqaphele umongo obanzi.

Utshintsho Lomgaqo - siseko Wokomeleza Ummandla Onokungqamana Nawo

Ngoxa iindlela zonyango ngazinye ziluncedo, kufuneka utshintsho lomgaqo - siseko ukuze kuqinisekwe ukuba ukudibana komthetho wasekuhlaleni nowentsapho kusebenza kumaxhoba, kungekhona kuwo.

Ukholo Olupheleleyo Nezincomela Ulungelelwano Lokukhusela

Umthetho womanyano phantsi koMthetho wobuRhulumente ochasene namabhinqa (VAWA) ufuna ukuba kubekho iingxelo zokunika ukholo olupheleleyo kunye netyala kwimiyalelo yokukhusela ekhuselwe kwamanye amazwe, izizwe, kunye nemimandla. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kuyatshintsha. Iinkundla zentsapho ngamanye amaxesha azinanzi imiyalelo yamazwe okanye zifuna amaxhoba okuphinda asetyenziswe kakubi. Ukuqinisa nokuqeqesha abagwebi kukholo olupheleleyo kunye nelungiselelo lokuthenga ngetyala kuyinto ephambili. [[FLT: 0] Umbutho we-ES SOUS'AS'AS''''''' unika oovimba kulo mcimbikweni.

Izimvo Zokungalifumani Ilungelo Lokugcina Ityala Kwabo Baxhatshazwayo

Amaphondo amaninzi amkela imbono egqwethekileyo yokuba ukugaxelelwa ilungelo lokugcina umntwana okanye ukutyelelwa okungalawulwayo kumzali oye wandlongondlongo lwasekhaya akuyonto iphambili kumntwana. Oku kujolisa umthwalo kulowo uxhaphazayo ukuze kungqine ukuba ukhuselekile kubazali. Uphando lubonisa ukuba loo mithetho inciphisa ukuxhaphaka kwabazali abanogonyamelo, ingakumbi xa idityaniswe nemilinganiselo ecacileyo ecacileyo.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso yoNyaka ukuze Kuncedwe

Amaxhoba amaninzi akanakukwazi ukuhlawula igqwetha, kwaye iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zisoloko zincitshisiwe. Ukwandisa uncedo lwasemthethweni lwamakhaya kwabasindi bogonyamelo basekhaya, ngokungakumbi kwimicimbi yomthetho wentsapho, kunganceda ekulinganiseni ibala lokudlala. I- Inethwekhi yesizwe yokuphelisa ugonyamelo lwasekhaya [ abaxhasi bolwandiso-mali oluthe lwanda lwesizwe kunye norhulumente ukwenzela iinkonzo zomthetho.

Uqokelelo logcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni kunye nemithetho yokuziphatha yenkundla

Iinkundla kufuneka zamkele imithetho efanayo yokwahlula nokubelana ngogonyamelo lwasekhaya olufunyenweyo ngaphaya kolwahlulo. Oku kuquka ukwenza iiflegi ze-elektroniki kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwetyala, ukuqeqesha abasebenzi abanokufumana inxaxheba ukubuza malunga neemeko ezinxulumene nayo, kunye nokufuna abagwebi ukuba bahlole imbali yemiyalelo yokukhusela phambi kokuba benze izigqibo zelungelo lokugcina umntwana. IBhunga lohlanga laBagwebi beNkulwano-mthetho weNkuhlala - . [FLT] lipapashe imigaqo-mthetho yemodeli enokuthi ilungele ukuvumelana nemithetho.

Isiphelo: Kulawulo Olumanyeneyo Lwenkqubo Yokusesikweni

Ukudibana kwemida yogonyamelo lwamakhaya kunye nentsapho akuyonto nje yobugcisa ethetha ngogonyamelo.