Isiseko Senkululeko Yamakhaya AseMerika: Ukuqonda IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko

Ibali lamalungelo abantu eUnited States aliguquguquki ukusuka ekulungisweni kwemiqathango ukuya kutsho kuMgaqo-siseko wayo. Ekubeni iBhili yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo-1791, ukulungisa ngako konke kusenokuba kwandisa okanye kwacacisa amalungelo abantu abachasene norhulumente, ngokujolise ngqo ekujongeni umahluko othe ngqo owenzakalisa uhlanga. Ukuqonda ezi zimo zokulungisa akuyonkqubo yemfundo nje yemfundo; kubalulekile ekuqondeni isiseko esisemthethweni apho amalungelo amakhaya anamhlanje amele amele ahlale khona. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa eyona mithetho yomthetho-siseko echaphazele ingxele intenxanxanxa yamalungelo abantu baseMerika, ukuvavanyazisa imvelaphi yabo, amalungiselelo abo, kunye nelifa elihlala ixesha elide kwilizwe elisemthethweni kunye nentlalo.

Uhambo lwamalungelo abantu ngokulungisa umgaqo-siseko lubali lokuhambela phambili kwenkqubela-phambili, iimfazwe zezobupolitika ezikrakra, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yamaqela aphantsi kwemithetho yezolawulo-mthetho, ukuze kuqinisekiswe isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko weSibhengezo seNdebe. Ukususwa kokupheliswa kobukhoboka ukuya kwisiqinisekiso sokukhuselwa okulinganayo kunye nokwanda kwamalungelo okuvota, ukurhoxiswa komgaqo-nkqubo ngamnye kumela ukucingela okuqhubekayo kwedemokhrasi. Njengoko sihlolisisa ezi ziganeko ziphambili ezisemthethweni, sibona amandla okutshintsha komgaqo-siseko kunye nemiqobo engapheliyo phakathi komthetho namava.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Imilinganiselo Yokuqala Yokukhuseleka Kwenkululeko

Ngonyaka we-1791, izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomva wesiGaqo-siseko sase-U.S.", ezazisaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo . kwaye yamisela ukhuseleko olusisiseko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nesenzo sikarhulumente. Ngelixesha ezi zindululo zazingalungiswanga ngokucacileyo njengamalungiselelo amalungelo abantu, zabeka isiseko sobunzima obuninzi kamva. IBhili yamaLungelo yazalwa ngaphandle kweAnti-Federalist inkxakeko yokuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha uswele iziqinisekiso ezaneleyo zenkululeko yobuqu. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ukungaqiniseki kwezo ntlobo zendibano zephondo, ekugqibeleni zabekwa phantsi kwezicelo zendibano zomanyano.

Iinguquko eziliqela kwiBhili yamaLungelo ziye zaba ngundoqo ekuhlaziyweni kwamalungelo abantu nasekukhutshweni:

  • IsiHlalisi soMgqibo sokuqala: siqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo, yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yendibano, kunye nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Le njongo iye yaba sisiseko semibutho yamalungelo abantu engenakubalwa, ivumela abaxhasi ukuba balungelelanise, bathethe, kwaye bafune utshintsho. Ngaphandle kwayo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu woo-1950 no-1960 ubungayi kuba nakwenzeka.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMgaqo-nkqubo weThutyana: ukhusela ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Kumongo wamalungelo abantu, oku kucelw'iindleko kusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukwenziwa kobuhlanga kunye nokukhuthuza ulwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambene nolungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lomthetho kunye negunya lomntu ngamnye.
  • F5th Amendment: iqinisekisa ilungelo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho kwaye ikhusela ekuzichasa. Le nguquko iye yaba yebalulekileyo kwimigudu yolwaphulo-mthetho yokuguqula imigudu yolwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukuvuma izono ngokunyanzelekileyo nokuphatha ngokusesikweni abamangalelwa kungakhathaliseki uhlanga okanye imeko yezoqoqosho.
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-moya: Izakhono zokunyusa ibheyile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Le njongo ibaluleke ngakumbi kwiingxoxo eziphathelele ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, izigwebo ezinyanzelekileyo, nesokufa okuncinci, kwaye nesohlwayo sokufa.

Ngeli xesha iBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yayisebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, iSindululo soMgqibelo seshumi elinesine seSicwangciso sika-Agasti Claus (Inkqubo ka-Ine) kamva "sifake" uninzi lwale migaqo yokukhusela nxamnye norhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwinkqubo eyaziwa njengenqobo. Olu lwando lweBhili yamaLungelo lwazenza isixhobo esinamandla sokuxhasa amalungelo asekuhlaleni kulo lonke ilizwe.

IsiHlanziso Sokwakha: Ukuncitshiswa Kwenkululeko Nobumi

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, izilungisi ezintathu ngokusisiseko zaguqula umGaqo-siseko kunye nentsingiselo yobumi baseMerika. Ezaziwa ngokuba ziSindululo sokuHlaziya, la malungiselelo ayenzelwe ukuchitha isiseko esisemthethweni sobukhoboka nokuseka isiseko esitsha sokulingana kweentlanga. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kwazo kwajamelana nenkcaso ekrakra, kwaye isithembiso sazo esipheleleyo asizaliseki kwiinkalo ezininzi.

IsiHlayiso Seshumi Elinantathu: Ukuphela Kobukhoboka Obusemthethweni

Igunyaziwe ngo-1865, iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu saphelisa ubukhoboka kunye nobukhoboka obungazibophelelekanga "ngaphandle kokuba isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela liza kugwetywa khona. Le ncwadi ilula kodwa yeenguqu yakhulula malunga nezigidi ezine zama-Afrika angamakhoboka yaza yasikhaba isocalulo esahlula uhlanga ukususela ekusungulweni kwalo. ISindululo sadluliselwa yiBhunga ngoJanuwari 1865 saza sagunyaziswa ngamagunya ngoDisemba waloo nyaka, siyenza ibe sisiqalo seSiphengululo soMdanganiso.

IGatya loMphetho weshumi elinesithathu "lokungaqukwa kwemiqathango" ladala umngxuma oye waba neziphumo ezinzulu nezikhathazayo. Amaphondo aseMazantsi akhawuleza amisela "Imithetho Emnyama" yokuba afake amatyala amancinane olwaphulo-mthetho, akhokelela ekuboshweni nasekunyanzelweni kweminyanzelweni kweminye imibutho yaseAfrika (a inkqubo eqhubekele kwizizukulwana ngokuvalelwa ngentambo kunye namaqela amatyathanga. Kwanamhlanje, ukukhulula kwe-1930 Dempramentmentotry kuhlala kusemcikweni, njengoko izigidi zabantu abavalelwe kwityala lokusebenza ngaphandle kwemiqathango ngeyure ngaphandle kwemithetho esesikweni.

IsiHlaziyo Seshumi Eline: ICornestone of Marric Rights

Igunyaziswa ngo-1868, uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lugqalwa ngokubanzi njengelona lungiselelo libalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko lamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMerika. Amacandelo ayo amahlanu athetha ngobumi, inkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nemiphumo yamazwe akhanyelwe ilungelo lokuvota. Iingxelo eziphambili zentengiselwano ziye zaba sisiseko sezigqibo ezibalaseleyo zesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo enwela amalungelo abantu kububanzi bemiba emininzi:

  • IClassic yesakhiwo se- ibhekisa phezulu ukumisela kweNkundla Ephakamileyo ko1857 [iNkundla Ephakamileyo:2] uDred Scott v. Sandford [ ngokuchaza ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi. Eli binzana belingundoqo ekuxambuliseni ngengxoxo yobumi nobumi kunye nemithetho yokufuduka.
  • Imodeli Yocwangciso ka-Claus: Iprojekthi zithi ngokuhluthwa nawuphi na umntu "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa ukusebenzisa inkoliso yamalungelo eBhili kurhulumente (ukuqulunqwa) kunye nokuseka amalungelo asisiseko emfihlo, kuquka lawo anxulumene nomtshato kunye nentsapho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhusela okungundoqo u-Claus: Kufuna ukuba kubekho ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho kubo bonke abantu abakwigunya labo. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko soloyiso olukhulu lwamalungelo abantu, kuquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [54]) ephele isikolo esisemthethweni, kunye ewell v. Hodges (20]]

IsiHlamlisi seshumi elinesine sikwaquka iCandelo 3, elisusa kwisikhundla sikarhulumente nabani na obandakanyeka kwimvukelo okanye ilungiselelo elifumene ingqwalasela entsha emva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ka-Januwari 6, 2021. Ngaphezu koko, iCandelo 5 linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa ukubuyiselwa ngomthetho ofanelekileyo, oye waba sisiseko semithetho engundoqo yamalungelo abantu enjengeSigqeba samaLungelo esiSiko lika-1964.

Phezu kwalo nje ulwimi lwayo olukhukulisiweyo, isithembiso se 144th Amendment sokhuseleko olulinganayo sathotywa kabuhlungu ziinkcazelo ezimxinwa zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ingakumbi kwiNdlu ye- iCases-Slaastes [ [1873] kunye [FLT] Pnet v v [1866], eyaseka u-"Sisilele imfundiso elinganayo. Yaqala ukuzalisekisa amandla ayo njengekhusihlazo nxamnye nocalucalucalulo.

UMthetho We - Agasti Weshumi elinesihlanu: Ilungelo Lokunikela Imvume Kumadoda AseAfrika AseAfrika AseMerika

Iqiniswe ngo-1870, uMphengululo weshumi elinesihlanu womthetho uthintela oorhulumente bakarhulumente norhulumente ukuba bangaphiki okanye bangayivumeli ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe "kwibala, imibala, okanye kwimeko yobukhoboka bangaphambili" eli yayilinyathelo elikhulu elikhokelela kwi-onke amazwe ngamazwe, kodwa lalinemiqathango ebalulekileyo: ayizange iqinisekise ilungelo lokuvota nabani na, okanye ingakuvumeli ukuvavanywa kokufunda, ukukhutshelwa irhafu, okanye ezinye izixhobo zokukhupha irhafu ekwalaselwni kwe-discricine ezithi ngokukhawuleza zaqalisa ukukhulula amanani aseAfrika Merika.

Ukubekelwa intsebenziswano komthetho wokulungisa kwakusalulwa ekuqaleni ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo, namadoda aseAfrika ehamba evota ngamanani amakhulu kwaye enyula abameli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kunye neNgqungquthela .Kuquka uHiram Revels, umlamli wokuqala waseAfrika i-U.S. owathatha isikhundla ngo1870. Kodwa, isiphelo sokwenziwa kwesakhiwo somthetho ngo-1877 kunye nokunyuka kwemithetho kaJim Crow kwawuphelisa ngokunempumelelo uMphetho weshumi elinesihlanu kuMzantsi woMphetho-mthetho kunye neNgqungquthela. Ngasezantsi amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuxonxala intenxa: amareyi (ukukhulula kuphela ookhokhowa bawo ababevote ngaphambi konyaka we-18679), iimvavanyo zobugqaliselo, ukuqokelela irhafuno kunye nogonyamelo olucacileyo kumaqela afana nomkhosi waseKluklan Kxlan.

Uhlaziyo lwamabhinqa: UMthetho - siseko Weshumi elinesithoba

Igunyaziswa ngo-1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka yokuzilolonga ngamabhinqa, uMphengululo weshumi elinesithoba uthi ilungelo lokuvota "alingasayi kukhanyelwa okanye livalelwe nguMmandla wase-United States okanye ngulo naliphi na iLizwe ngenxa yesondo." Oku kwaba luloyiso oluphawulekayo kumalungelo amabhinqa, kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ukupheliswa akukhange kwakhawulezi kubangele ukuba onke amabhinqa afumaneke. Amabhinqa amaIndiyan American agxothwa kakhulu de abe nguMthetho ka-1924, kunye namabhinqa ase-Asia ajongene imiqathango ngenxa yobumi bobumi obusekelwe kwisizwe. Amabhinqa aseAfrika athelika, ingakumbi kuMzantsi, aqhubeka ejongenezenzo ezifanayo zokuvota ngokomthetho worhoxisa ngokomthetho waseAfrika de kufike kumaLungelo ka-1965.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba simela incopho yentshukumo eyaqala ngokusemthethweni kwiNdibano yeeFalls zaseSeneca ngo1848. Iinkokeli ezifana noSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, kwaye kamva uAlice Paul noCarrie Capman Catt basebenzisa uludwe lwezicwangciso, ukusuka kwiphulo-mdlalo-mthetho-mthetho ukukhokela nokulungisa imigaqo-siseko. Umlo wamabhinqa wadityaniswa namanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni, ngamanye amaxesha ngentsebenziswano nangamanye amaxesha ngengxabano. Umzekelo, iNational American Woman Saffnge Association yahlula iSinyuso seshumi elinesihlanu Lomphetho, kunye neminye imibutho ephikisana nomthetho-siseko echaseneyo kuba yayingaquki namabhinqa, ngoxa abanye bewuxhasa njengenyathelo lokuqhubana kwe-obugcuffist.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine: Ukukhuthaza irhafu

Ngo-1941, uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwalwalela ukuhlaziywa kwerhafu yonyulo kunyulo lwamagunya karhulumente. Iirhafu ezirhafu zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumaphondo aseMazantsi ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 njengenkqubo yokususa ivoti yaseAfrika, ifuna ukuhlawulwa kwemali abemi abaninzi abangamahlwempu ababengenakuyihlawula. Ukupheliswa kwentengiso yayikukusabela okungqalileyo kwimfuno yamalungelo oluntu, kwaye yadlula kwiNgqungquthela ye-bypartistan ngenkxaso enamandla ye-bypartistan emva kweminyaka emininzi yokungamela.

Ngoxa uHlomelo lwamashumi amabini anesine lweNkqutyana yeSindululo soLawulo lwaseMgaqo-siseko lwasebenza kuphela kunyulo lwamazwe, kamva iNkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yagqiba kwi- ku-Harper v. Virginia Board yase-Evolution (66) ukuba irhafu yokuvota yayingeyomfuneko yomthetho kunyulo lwesizwe phantsi komthetho wokuKhuselo lweSinyuso-Jinithi se-Gratya-ekileyo. Esi sigqibo savala umngxube owawunokuvumela amaziko okuqokelela irhafunxa yerhafu karhulumente novoti. Isiphumo somvoti yayinguwo ngokomvoti: ukubhalisa i-voti-vota phakathi kwama-Afrika kuMazantlunyuko ngokuphawulekayo, nangona sasiza kuthatha umthetho ongezelelwe kumthetho womthetho weSigunya-O ka-6565.

Imithetho ephawulwe ngelizwe: UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965

Nangona ingeyonkqubo yokulungisa yomgaqo-siseko, uMthendeleko wamaLungelo ka-1965 mhlawumbi ungowona mthetho ubalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika, kwaye awuguquguquki kwibali lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Lo Mthetho wagqithiselwa ukunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa koMgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesihlanu woMphetho-mda nokuphelisa izenzo ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha umlomo eziye zaphelisa ngokunempumelelo ukupheliswa kwenkulungwane.

  • [[NTLA: 0] Unyuso 5: Imithetho efunekayo kunye nembali yocalulo lovoti ukuze ufumane imvume ("ukucacisa") phambi kokutshintsha imithetho okanye iinkqubo zokuvota. Eli lungiselelo laba nempumelelo kakhulu ekuthinteleni iinguqu zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Uguqulelo 2: lwabhenca nawuphi na uqheliselo lokuvota oluphumela ekucalulweni ngokwesizinzi sohlanga, umbala, okanye umgangatho wolwimi oluncinci.
  • Abahloli beFederal: bagunyazisa urhulumente wezwe ukuba abhalise abavoti kwiindawo apho amagosa asekuhlaleni angavumiyo ukwenza njalo.

UMthetho wamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko wakhokelela kulwando oluphawulekayo kubhaliso lwabavoti abambalwa kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba. Umzekelo, eMissississippi, ipesenti yabavoti abafanelekileyo baseAfrika ababhalisiweyo yanyuka ukusuka ku 6.7% ngo1959,8% ngo1967. Kodwa ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013. Umthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo ka-2013 Shelby County v. Umbathiso [[[FLT: 1] walwandisa igalelo locaphulo lweCandelo 5, ngokuphumelelayo ukuphelisa imfuneko yokubhalisa i-mvume yokuvota. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, uninzi luye lwamisela imiqathango emitsha yokuvota echaphazela ngokutsha echaphazela i-voluntluntluke, uqhubekisela phambili ngemfuneko yesenzo sombutho.

Ukuhlaziywa Nokuqhubeka Kwemilo

Ngoxa kungekho zinguquko zitsha ziye zongezelelwa kumGaqo-siseko ukususela ngowe-1992 (uHlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, oluqhubana nomvuzo wobungqungquthela), umlo wamalungelo abantu uyaqhubeka ngomthetho, izigqibo zenkundla, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Izindululo eziliqela ezicetyiweyo zisasebenza kwiingxoxo zamalungelo abantu zale mihla:

ISindululo Samalungelo Alinganayo (ERA)

Kuqala kwathi kwathi kwathi kwathi kwathi kwamiswa yiKhonklathisi ngo1972, iERA yaqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo phantsi komthetho kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisini na. Nangona ama-38 amazwe athe ekugqibeleni awavuma, ummiselo wokudityaniswa kwemiqhaphu udlule, kwaye amadabi asemthethweni ayaqhubeka nokuba ukupheliswa kusenokugqalwa njengenxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. I-ERA ihlala iyindawo ephambili kumgangatho wokulingana kwamadoda, ingakumbi ngokwezigqibo zeNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo eziye zawaqengqelela amalungelo okuzala nezinye izikhuseli.

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu

Ukuhlaziywa konyaka ka-1971, oku kuncitshiswa kwento eyenzekayo kwanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota ibe yi 18.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo LomGaqo-siseko

Imibandela yamalungelo abantu yanamhlanje iyaqhubeka iphakamisa imibuzo enokuthi ekugqibeleni ibangele utshintsho olutsha okanye ukuchazwa kwakhona kwalawo akhoyo.

  • LBTQ+ amalungelo: izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kumtshato ofanayo wobunyani (bergefell[]) kunye nocalucalulo lwemisebenzi ([[FLT:]]Bostock v. Clayton County)) ikhuselwe amalungelo abemi, kodwa abaxhasi bayaqhubeka benyanzela umthetho wolawulo lwesizwe nogwebo lwe-odivrensi.
  • Amalungelo okukhusela: Ekulandeleni Selby County , kukho imigudu eqhubekayo yokubuyisela ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oMgaqo-siseko wokuKhuselwa kwamaLungelo ngokusetyenziswa komthetho omtsha ofana noJohn Lewis Voting Agresment Act.
  • utshintsho lomthetho olukhoyo: Ulungiso-mthetho lweshumi elinesithathu olungaphandle komgunyaziso wokusebenza entolongweni, ulwalelo loMphetho-mda wesibhozo kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nesothulelo esingaqhelekanga, kunye nokhuseleko loMphetho-mthetho wesine nxamnye nokungaqiqiqiyo ukuphanda konke ukudibana kobuhlanga kunye nocalucalucalulo kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Amalungelo arhoxileyo: UMthetho woLawulo weshumi elinesine uClausle ucelw ’ umngeni abo bafuna ukuphelisa ubuzibulo babantwana bomntu ongaxelwanga, nangona abaphengululi abasemthethweni bevumelana ngokubanzi ukuba eli binzana lisebenza kubo bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangabazali.

Isiphumo: Umsebenzi ongapheliswanga woMgaqo-siseko waMalungelo aBami

Utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko oluye lwaguqula amalungelo abantu eMelika lumela ezinye zeempumelelo ezinzulu zomthetho wesizwe. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kuhlaziywa kolwandiso lweNkqutyana yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukupheliswa ngakunye kumela uloyiso olunzima lobulungisa nokulingana. Kodwa ke eli bali aliphelelanga ngokupheleleyo. Umahluko phakathi kwezithembiso zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezinto ezikhoyo uyaqhubeka .

Izilungiso ngokwazo zinamandla njengesiqinisekiso sabemi kunye namaziko okuzinyanzelisa. Njengoko ukuqamba kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kutshintshana kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, intsingiselo yezi zindululo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngokutolikwa nangokusetyenziswa kolwazi. Ukuqonda imbali kunye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwala malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekulweni amalungelo abantu namhlanje. Olu hambo luyaqhubeka, kwaye ukubuyiselwa kuhlala kusesisiseko kwaye kucela ukuba kwenziwe isenzo somanyano olugqibeleleyo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko okuxutyushwa apha, tyelela iphepha logcino-lwazi lohlanga kwimimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko kunye ne-[FLT]ACLU's ubuncwane bamalungelo omntu [[. Ukunyukela nzulu kakhulu kulwamkelo lweziNguquko, ulunikelo lwe-Iprojekthi oluqhubekayo lobuGratya-siseko. lunika umongo obalulekileyo wembali. Ngaphezulu,