Ulwalamano phakathi koluvo lukawonke wonke nomGaqo-siseko aluzange luhlale luhleli. Ukusukela kwixesha Lokusekwa ukuya namhlanje, ukuhla kwemvakalelo ethandwayo kuye kwanyanzela iinkundla kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho ukuba zichaze kwakhona iziqinisekiso zesiseko senkululeko. Ukuqonda indlela iimbono ezidibeneyo eziguqulela kuzo ngokomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amalungelo akhuselwe ngayo kwaye anyanzelwa ngayo kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imbali, ijelo-mente, ukuconga-mfaza, kunye nemibutho yolwamkelo yoluntu ebumba amalungelo omGaqo-siseko kunye nenkululeko yabemi eUnited States.

Imeko yembali: Indlela Ukugwetywa Kukawonke - wonke Okwawuguqula Ngayo UmGaqo-siseko

Abaxhasi bezakhelo benza umGaqo-siseko ukuba ube luxwebhu oluphilayo, kodwa bebengenakulindela ukuguquka konyikimo kukuziphatha okuza kunyanzelisa ukuhlaziywa nokucaciswa kwakhona. Imbali yamalungelo omGaqo-siseko, ngeendlela ezininzi, yimbali etyhilayo yoluvo lukawonke wonke ukuphelisa imiqobo eqinileyo yomthetho.

Ukupheliswa Kobukhoboka NoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo We - 13

Kwiriphabliki yamandulo, ubukhoboka bamkeleka ngokubanzi, kwanaphakathi kwabaseki abaninzi. Kodwa ngo1830, umbutho okhulayo wokupheliswa kwezakhiwo waqalisa ukutshintsha iintliziyo neengqondo. Impapasho yeengxelo ezinjengoFrederick Douglass's autobiography kunye nomsebenzi ongapheliyo wabaxhasi abafana noWilliam Lloyd Garrison watshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke nxamnye nesiko. Unyulo luka-Abraham Lincoln ngo1860, kwiqonga lokuchasa ulwano lobukhoboka, yaba ngumqondiso ocacileyo wendlela yokutshintsha kwendlela yokulwa. Ngoxa imfazwe ye-Civin yangaphakathi yayingunobangela ukuba i-Roperation yeshumi elinesithathu no-1865, izicwangciso zokuchasa uluntu ngokubhekiselele kwe-umthetho wobukhoboka.

Igalelo lamabhinqa noMthetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesithoba

Umzabalazo wamalungelo okuvota amabhinqa wathabatha iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe. AmaBhunga okuqala ajamelana nokugculelwa nokuchaswa okugqithisileyo. Noko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umxube wokulungelelanisa iingca, iinguqu zezoqoqosho (amabhinqa amaninzi angena emsebenzini), kunye nempumelelo yemisebenzi yamabhinqa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I yaluguqula ngokuphawulekayo uluvo lukawonke-wonke wonke. Amazwe aqalisa ukunika amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa, yaye ngo1919 Congress Congress wadlula iDemendment. Iphulo lokwenza ingxwatsibo liphumelele ngenxa yokuba, njengoko uphando lwakutshanje lubonise, uninzi lwamaMerika luye lwakholelwa ukuba ukukhanyela ivote yamabhinqa lungalungisi.

IQumrhu lamaLungelo laBami leMidlalo yoMsebenzi woMzantsi Afrika

Mhlawumbi umzekelo ocacileyo woluvo lukawonke wonke lokunyanzelisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko yiNtlangano yamaLungelo kaNovil. Kwiminyaka engamashumi emva kokuvuselelwa kwe-Cuvil, ucalucalulo lohlanga lwavunyelwa ngokusemthethweni phantsi kwePlessy v. Ferguson. Kodwa inkohlakalo kaJim Crow, isasazwe kwiinkqubo ezintsha zikamabonwakude, yothusa ilizwe. Imifanekiso yomlilo kunye nezinja zamapolisa eBirmingham, nokubulawa kwabaxhasi abaphambili abafana noMedgar, abamhlophe nabaNtlanga-Meli, abahlali be-Med-Med-Mel, abahlar-Melika ngokufanayo. Ngowe-1954, inkxaso kawonke yamalungelo asekuhlaleni yafikelela kwinani elibalulekileyo, inika ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho ye-Ovili kaNoveravity, unyaka olandelayo, iVoting Rights Act. Inkundla yeNko yemfundo ka-Brown.

Ulwando lwamashumi mabini aneshumi elinesibini aphelayo:

Ilungelo lokuzimela, eliqatshelwe okokuqala ku * Griswold v. Connecticut* (65) ngokuphathelele ukuthintela ukukhawula, laliphenjelelwa kakhulu ziimbono zikawonke wonke. Ngoo1960, uninzi lwamaMelika lwakholelwa ukuba ulawulo lokuzala lufanele lube semthethweni, kwaye isigqibo seNkundla yabonisa oko kutshintsha. Ngokufanayo, ukubekwa kwasemthethweni komtshato omnye ku- *Obergefel v. Hodges* (20) yalandela utshintsho oluphawulekayo kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ngo-1996, ngabangama-7% kuphela bamaMelika abaxhasa umtshato ofanayo; ngo-2015, elo nani lanyuka laya kutsho kutsho kutsho kuma-60%. Inkundla ngokucacileyo yaphawula "ubuchule bokuqonda uluntu.

Indima Yamajelo Ondaba Aphembelela Uluvo Lwabantu Ngamalungelo

Amajelo eendaba ebesoloko eyisithuthi sokutshintsha iingqondo, kodwa amandla awo aye akhula ngobugcisa. Ukusuka kumatshini wokushicilela ukuya kumajelo eendaba, indlela inkcazelo enikezelwa ngayo inokukhawulezisa okanye ithintele ukutshintsha kwenkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko.

Umabonwakude Namalungelo Asekuhlaleni

Ukufika kweendaba zikamabonwakude kwazisa uvutho-phambili lwemibhiyozo kunye neempendulo zogonyamelo kumagumbi okuhlala kulo lonke elaseMelika. Obu bungqina bubonakalayo buye badlula izihluzi zomhleli kwaye badala ingqiqo yokunikela ubungqina obucanyathiselweyo besizwe. Usasazo lwe-media lwe Selmal kuhambo lwaseMontgomery, umzekelo, olunyanzelekileyo kwezobupolitika ezazinyanzelekile ukuba zime. Njengoko i-ACLU ibhalile, ikhutshelwa, irekhotha yootheliso lwamajelo lwamalungelo abantu, kodwa lungakwazisa intembeko ekhokelela ekugwetyweni kwamalungelo.

Izixhobo zokudaya-zincwadi zamanani nenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini

Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle anjenge-Twitter, i-Facebook, ne-Tik Tok acebise ukukwazi ukubumba uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Iintsebenziswano ezifana Ubomi Obumnyama Imeko yemizimba ifumene ulwamkelo kwiividiyo zentsholongwane ezibonisa ugonyamelo lwamapolisa, ezikhokelela ekufunyanisweni kolungiso olufanelekileyo kunye nezinye iimfundiso zomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kwale mithetho-algoritime ezasasaza ezi vidiyo ikwasasaza i-dictive, njengemistruction ebandakanya ukuqhatha okufakelwa kwevoti ekwayo okufakneyo kuJanuwari 617. Ulwalamano phakathi kwamajelo-media kunye nomgaqo-siseko lungakhuselwa kabini: lungasasa inkxaso ngokukhawuleza kwinkululeko yomthetho wasekuhlaleni okanye ukuthemba umthetho wasekuhlaleni.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwimpembelelo Yamalungelo Oondaba

  • Ezintshayelelayo kunye ne LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Izibheno zamatye zango1969 zachazwa phantsi ekuqaleni, kodwa isalathisi sengxelo eyalandelayo kumaphephandaba angamafanasini kwaye ekugqibeleni iintengiso eziphambili zaguqula ukuqonda kwabantu ngenkohlakalo yamapolisa nxamnye neLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Le nkcazelo yejelo-ndaba yanceda ikhabhinilyze umbutho wamalungelo ofana namafanasini wale mihla.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungafundi nokungalingani: uEdward Snowden's 2013 uvuza malunga neenkqubo zokhangelo lwe-NSA, egqunywe kakhulu * yi-Guardian* kunye * ne-Washington Post*, yabangela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke malunga nokhuseleko loMphetho-Mgaqo-jikelo wesine ngexesha lamanani. Ingqungquthela yaphendula ngoMthetho we-USA Freedom ka-2015, ibeka imida emitsha kwingqokelela yogcino-lwazi oluninzi.
  • IGun Amalungelo kunye neMisa Shoatings: Isigqumo sokudubula komlondi sisoloko sikhokelela kwimikhonkwane ekuxhaseni uwonke wonke ulawulo lwemipu, kodwa kwakhona kukhuthaza abaxhasi beSibini soLawulo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukufunxa kwesixhobo sokusasaza ulwazi kungaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo nokuba imbono kawonke-wonke yokuba umpu unelungelo okanye umngcipheko.

Uluvo Lwaseluntwini Luyabhenela Njengomthetho Othintela Amalungelo OmGaqo-siseko

Polling has become a sophisticated tool for measuring where the public stands on specific constitutional questions. Legislators and judges alike pay attention to poll data, though the weight it carries varies.

Indlela Okunempembelelo Ngayo Kwinkqubo Nezigqibo Zokugweba

Ngoxa abagwebi befanele ukuba bazimele kwiingcinga zikawonke-wonke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ivumelana neembono zoninzi kwimiba ephezulu. Uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo lomphengululi ongokwasemthethweni uBarry Friedman wafumanisa ukuba iNkundla inqabile ukuphambuka kude noluvo lukawonke wonke, ingakumbi kwimicimbi yoluntu olubanzi. Umzekelo, ukuxhasa isohlwayo sokufa kuye kwatshintshana noluvo lukawonke wonke; xa uhlolo lubonise ukurhoxisa inkxaso kwiimeko zoma 2000 kunye no-2010, ukubulawa, kwarhoxiwa, kwaza kwathiwa kwamazwe aliqela abonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwesohlwaywa komso siso siso somvo olusemthethweni, nto leyo esenokuba ibangele ukuba uninzi oluxhasa ukufikelela komthetho komgangatho othile wombuso phambi kwemiqatha karhulumente * Dobbs.

Utyekelo Lweembono Zabantu

Uhlolo lwezothetho alusoloko luchanile kutshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Indlela yokubhala imibuzo ingachaphazela iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Uphando olubuza "ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo" lunganika iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo kunezozo "kuthintelwa kwezixhobo". Ngaphezu koko, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunokuba lumfiliba: abantu abaninzi abakhange bakucinge ngokunzulu ukuthengiselwa komgaqo-siseko worhwebo. Ngezi zizathu zonyaka 1960 babona izinto ezinkulu ezixhasa omabini amalungelo ocalucalucalucalulo namalungelo abantu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwindlela imibuzo efakelwe ngayo. Iingxaki nazo ziyabandezeleka ku "imeko entle" ---ostreessssssss zingathi into abacinga ukuba iyamkeleka kumntu kunokuba bazikholelwe ngokwenene. Uphando lweziko olunelo lwezolwazi [FLD]

Uguqu-guquko lommandla nomgangatho

Uluvo lukawonke wonke ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko lwahluka kakhulu ngokwemimandla kunye namanani abantu. Umzekelo, ukuxhasa umtshato omnye wobufanasini kwakuphantsi ngokwembali kuMzantsi naphakathi kwamaMelika amakhulu. Olu mahluko lubangelwa kukuba inkqubo yephondo ivumela amazwe abe ziiklabhu zedemokhrasi. Xa iKhalifoniya yagqithisa i-8 iMimiselo yokuvala umtshato omnye ngo-2009, yabonisa uluvo lokwexeshana olwathi kamva lwapheliswa yizo zombini iinkundla kunye noluvo oluguquguqukayo. Namhlanje, uninzi lwabantwana baseMerika baxhasa ukukhutshwa kokuphuma kwemipu, imiqathango eyandiswa, kunye nemigaqo yemipu ekhudlulwayo yeLGBTQ+ abantu, ngoxa uluntu oludala lusahlulwa. Ezi zicebisa ukuba uluvo lukawonke loluntu luqhubeke lusiba lunesabelo esikhulu njengeencwadi olunyuliweyo.

Amandla Okuzilolonga Ekuphangalaliseni Iingcamango Zoluntu

Isenzo sobufundisi yi-injini eguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke olusemva kwenkonzo yezopolitiko. Imibutho ekhuthaza iingcambu ngokwembali iye yaba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunyanzelisa utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa utshintsho oluphambili kumthetho nakumthetho kunye nomthetho.

Iqela Lomfazi Eliqhwabel ’ Ihlombe

Iphulo lokuvota kwamabhinqa laliliqela eliphambili ekusebenziseni imidlalo. Imibutho efana neNational Woman Suffge Association yasebenzisa umboniso, ukuphembelela, ukulamba, nokungathobeli kwemibutho yabantu ukugcina imbambano iphambi kwabantu.

Intlangano Yokusingqongileyo Namalungelo Okusingqongileyo Okusempilweni

Nangona ingengomGaqo-siseko ocacileyo, umbutho wemekobume uye waqhubela phambili ukuchazwa komGaqo-siseko okuquka ilungelo lokucoca umoya namanzi. Inkxalabo yoluntu ngongcoliso ngoo-1960 nangoo1970 yakhokelela kuMthetho weSizwe weNgqongqo-bume benkqubo kunye nokudalwa kwe-EPA. Abanye abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisayo ukuba uMphengululo we-Ninth unokuthiwa kucetyiswa ukuvuma ilungelo elingokomGaqo-siseko lokusingqongileyo okusempilweni, kwaye ukusetyenziswa koburhulumente ngokubhekiselele ekutshintsheni kwemozulu kubangela ukuxhaswa kolu hlobo loku nkcazelo.

Imibutho Yanamhlanje: Utshintsho Lobomi BeBlack Life and Police

IBlack Lives Matter, eyasekwa ngo-2013, iye yaguqula incoko kawonke-wonke malunga nokhuselo loMphetho-mhlaba wesi-Chomithi weSine sokuphengulula nokungaqiqi, uthintelo loMphetho-mda olungekho ngqiqweni, ulwalelo lweSihlalo lwe-88 lwesohlwayo nesokukhusela okungaqhelekanga, kunye nomgaqo-Mphengululo we-145 weSibonelelo. Ngokuqhankca-mthetho, amaphulo eendaba, kunye nenkqubo yokungagunyazinziswa kwamapolisa, i-amscription, itshintshe uluvo lukawonke kwimibandela efana nokuthintela okufanelekileyo, kungekho nto isiqinisekiso, kunye neekhamera zomzimba. Ngo-20202020, emva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Flod, kwabonisa ukuba uninzi lwamatheko lwamayela lwamachatsha eNtshona eendaba belu inguqulelo abaphambili kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambi koko.

Iinkqubo Ezikhuthaza Ukucinga

  • Ukungathobeli kweCII: ulwaphuko lomthetho olunoxolo (umz., ucamacangci, izithintelo) kungabangela uvelwano kunye nenkcazo yesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi, njengokuba kubonwa kwimibhiyozo yesidlo sasemini yoo1960.
  • [[NTL:0] Ityala lomthetho elicwangcisiweyo, elisoloko lilungelelaniswe namaqela afana neNaACP Legal Defense okanye i ACLU, linganyanzela iinkundla ukuba ziphendule imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, zize, zilungise indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo.
  • Isakhiwo sokuqokelela: sihlanganisa amaqela ahlukeneyo (iinkokeli zokholo, amaqumrhu okusebenza, imibutho yamalungelo abantu) sidibanisa umyalezo kwaye sibonise inkxaso ebanzi.
  • Ukudibanisa nabenzi bomthetho: amaphekethe, iiholo zedolophu, kunye namaphulo ocingo abonisa amagosa anyuliweyo abonise ukuba amalungu awo akhathaze ngokunzulu ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko.

Ucelomngeni Kwimpembelelo Yempembelelo Yendlela Abantu Abacinga Ngayo Ngamalungelo

Ngoxa uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungaba lumandla okwandisa amalungelo, lukwanika ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, uluvo oluninzi luye lwasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela ukucinezelwa kwamalungelo amancinane, njengakugqugqiswa kwamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, eyaxhaswe ngokubanzi ngexesha kwaye yaxhaswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo eKorematsu v. United States * (1944). Ityala lisoloko lingumzekelo olumkisayo wendlela ikhethe elixhaphakileyo elinokuyisusa ngayo imiqathango yesiseko.

Ingxelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkqubo Yokwenziwa Kwelanga

Kwixesha lamajelo eendaba ahlukeneyo, uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungasetyenziswa ngamaphulo okuchasana. Izibhengezo zobuxoki ngokuqhathwa konyulo, iingozi, okanye "ingcamango yokugxeka ukuncitshiswa kwemiqobo yohlanga" ziye zatshisa uluntu kwaye zakhokelela ekuthintelweni kwemithetho ekwamkeleni amalungelo okuvota, imiyalelo yempilo kawonke-wonke, nenkululeko yemfundo yemfundo. Ukubekwa kweliso kuthetha ukuba iimbono zamalungelo asemthethweni ahluka-hlukene kakhulu kwiintambo zomGaqo-siseko, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwakha isivumelwano esibanzi esifunekayo sokulungisa okanye ukuchazwa ngokukhunjululwa kwemiqathango yomthetho. Umzekelo, uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke luye lwahlala lunemiqatha, luneengxilongo oluneelwanolukhulu kodwa olunzulu oluthi luchaphazelekileyo kwimiqatha lwemibutho ye-NRA.

Indima yeeNkundla njengeMibutho eQumrhu

Isebe lejaji lenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane kuninzi lwabaphangi. Lo msebenzi wokubala ungundoqo womGaqo-siseko, kodwa kwakhona ungadala uxinezeleko noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Xa iNkundla ihamba phambili kakhulu kulwazelelelo lukawonke-wonke (njengoko abanye bephikisana * ne-Roe v. Wade*), ibeka iziphumo eziyingozi zokungavumelani nokunganyaniseki. Ngokuphikisana noko, xa iphambuka (njengokuba isongwa * kwi-Pelson. Ferguson*), ikhuthaza ulungelelwano oluluko olulukileyo. Ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kokuhlonipha uluvo lukawonke nokuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko lululo olungundoqo lomntu ozimeleyo.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko: Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lukaConsensus

Inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna inkxaso ebanzi ephindaphindiweyo kwizindlu zombini zoo1970 kodwa ekugqibeleni yawa kumaphondo amathathu anemida. Esi sithintelo siphezulu sithetha ukuba ukubuyiselwa phantse kusoloko kubonisa ukutshintsha okunzulu nokuhlalayo koluvo lukawonke wonke. Umgaqo-siseko othe waphinda-phindwayo wamaLungelo, umzekelo, inkxaso ebanzi ekhoyo kwiindlu zoo1970 kodwa ekugqibeleni yawa phantsi kweendawo ezintathu zokulwandisa, ebonisa umva obe uphenjelelwa ngokwenxenye luloyiko lokutshintsha iindima zobufana. Isibakala sokuba umGaqo-siseko uye walungiswa kuphela izihlandlo ezingama-27 kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 sibonisa indlela ekunzima ngayo ngoluvo olunamandla ukuba kuguqulelwe kumgaqo osemthethweni. Ngokufuthiyo, amalungelo anwe ngokucaciswa ngolwazi olusemthethweni lombhalo okhoyo, onokuthi wona ngokwawo ngokwawo aphenjezwe ngengqiqo ngengqiqo yoluvo loluntu.

Isiphelo: Ulwalamano Olunamandla Noluqhubekayo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo ehlala ihleli eMerika kuchaza ukuba ngexesha elide, uluvo lukawonke wonke alubangelwa yinto nje elula kunye nesiphumo. Ukuguquguquka koluntu kuchaphazela imekobume yezobupolitika apho abagwebi bamiselwe khona kunye namatyala agqitywe khona, kodwa umGaqo-siseko ukwanika isiseko semigaqo ehlala ihleli enokuthi ixhathise iinjongo ezinkulu. Isiseko sembali yaseMerika sibonisa ukuba ulwandiso lukawonke-wonke luchaphazele ukwanda kwamalungelo abantu. Kodwa ke, ngokuqonda indlela uluntu oluye lwazinyanzelisa ngayo iinguqu zembali, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle indima ephambili. Abafundi kunye nabafundi ababandakanyekayo kulo mGaqo-siseko kufuneka baqonde ukuba awulo xwebhu kodwa umgaqo ophilayo osoloko uthetha kwinkundla, iingcalo zomvo zabo. Ngokuqonda indlela imbono kawonke eqhutywa ngayo kwimbali, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle indima ephambili kwinkululeko yobuqu yomhla ngamnye wosuku lwangomsomso.