Ukwazisa: Impembelelo Engapheliyo Yomthetho Wetyala

Umthetho okhoyo . . . . . . "Umthetho] uqokelela izigqibo ezichaza imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko. Inguqu yalo mthetho elawulayo. Kukude ukuba liqumrhu elizinzileyo lemithetho yembali, ukuma komthetho oqhubekeka, ukutshintsha indlela iinkundla ezicombulula ngayo iimpikiswano, indlela imigaqo-mthetho elungisa ngayo, nendlela imigaqo-mthetho elawula ngayo imithetho emitsha. Kubenzi bezomthetho, abafundi, kunye nabafundisi, baqonda impembelelo yomthetho wangoku akuyo nje imithambo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, iyimfuneko esebenzayo. Le ngxelo yezomthetho ekhoyo isebenza ngokusemthethweni, i-decississs[ ibossss, iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuhambelana kolwazi olusemthethweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezentengokwasemthethweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezolwazi olusemthethweni. Eli nqaku lihlola iindlela zobugcisa

Ukuqonda Umthetho Othetha Ngetyala: Isiseko Nezixhobo Zokusetyenziswa Kwetyala

Kumthombo wawo, umthetho wetyala usungulwa xa iinkundla zikhupha iimbono ezibhaliweyo ezichaza ukuqiqa kwazo kwaye zisebenzise imigaqo yomthetho kwizibakala ezithile. Le mithetho iba ngumzekelo onyanzelisayo kwiinkundla ezincinci kummandla omnye. Lo mgaqo we stare decis[ ] . . .S. Latin ukwenzela "ukuma ngokwezigqibo ezigqityweyo" iinkundla ezilandela izigqibo zangaphambili ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelayo sokushiyana nazo. Le mfundiso ikhuthaza uzinzo, okusesikweni, kunye nokuphumelela kwinkqubo esemthethweni ngokukhuthaza izikhuthazo ezizimeleyo ukuxhomeke kumthetho omisiweyo.

Umthetho wetyala usebenza ngesiseko solawulo. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, isigqibo esivela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo sibophelela zonke iinkundla zikarhulumente, ngoxa izigqibo ezivela kwinkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno zibophelelekile kwiinkundla zesithili phakathi kweso siphaluka. Izigwebo zenkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe zibophelele iinkundla eziphantsi zikarhulumente. Esi sakhiwo singuvimba-Jijim sithetha ukuba imithetho enempembelelo iyakwazi ukutyhubela imimandla ethile, iphuhlisa izenzo zomthetho kulo lonke ilizwe.

Izicwangciso azingozizo zodwa. Zingacaciswa njenge ebophelelayo okanye imposiso yoluvo [. Imizekelo yokusilela mayilandelwe ziinkundla ezisezantsi kulawulo olunye. Imodeli esesikweni, efana nemithetho evela kwezinye iindawo okanye kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. /acdouble this this qt this this threating. Attoryneys idla ngokukhupha igunya lokuxhasa iimpikiswano xa idedentile okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle.

Izixhobo zophando lwangoku olusemthethweni njengoWeslaw, LexisNexis, kunye neCornell Legal Information Irejistation zenze umthetho ofikelelayo ngokukhawuleza kwaye wabanzi. AbaLawuli basebenzisa ngoku rhoqo "Sheparard' okanye "Isitshixo" ukuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lisalungile `ukungawiswanga mthetho, ukuhlawuliswa, okanye ukugxekwa. Lo mkhwa ngumphumela othe ngqo wemeko enzima yomthetho: igunya lenkqubo lingatshintsha ngexesha elingaphezulu njengeenkundla eziphezulu okanye izinyuso zowiso-mthetho.

Indima Yeembambano Zanamhlanje Ezingokwasemthethweni

Izilumkiso zizinto ezingalungiswanga zokuphembelela okusemthethweni. Imizekelo ekhethwe kakuhle ingamisa impikiswano, ibonise iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zetyala, kunye nokuqiqa okukhokelayo. Ngokuqhelisa, amagqwetha asebenzisa umthetho wetyala

  • Imibandela esemthethweni ingama-69: Ngokuchaza izibakala zetyala langoku kwimpikiswano yangaphambili, amagqwetha angabonisa isizathu sokuba lo mgaqo mnye womthetho ufanele usebenze.
  • Inkcazo eziphikisayo: amava olwazi afundekayo angeyomdla kwindawo yawo kwaye aphuhlise ucalucalulo --iintelekelelo ezibonisa isizathu sokuba imeko yangoku yahluke.
  • uShift umthwalo wokhuthazo: Uninzi lweenkundla ezilandela utoliko oluthile ludala imbono eyomeleleyo yokuba amatyala afanayo aza kulandela igalelo elifanayo.

Ubuchule bokwahlula imizekelo buxatyiswa kakhulu kwiliging. Xa igqwetha likwazi ukuchaza iimeko ezichanabayo ezibunyani `ezifana nobugcisa obahlukileyo, umxholo owahlukileyo womthetho, okanye umgangatho owahlukileyo wokubandakanyeka kukarhulumente . Inkundla ingala ukusebenzisa okubonakala kwityala elisemgceni. Kwelinye icala, ukubeka imizekelo kudinga ulungiso olukhethekileyo, olusoloko lusekelwe kumava asemva, iimeko ezitshintshiweyo, okanye ukuqwalaselwa kwesigqibo sangaphambili.

Umthetho uphembelela ukuxambulisana ngetyala. Imicimbi idla ngokuvavanya amandla etyala labo ngokujonga kwiimbambano ezifanayo kunye neziphumo zazo. Ukuba iinkundla ezilawulayo zisoloko zilawula nxamnye nohlobo oluthile lwengxelo, ummangalelwa usenokusebenzisa igosa elinokwanelisa imali ephantsi, ngoxa ummangalelwa enokuthi asebenzise imizekelo elungileyo yokufuna indawo engaphezulu.

Njengokuba [[NTL:0] iCornell Information Institute ichaza, ukujongwa kungumgaqo othi "kunika uzinzo kumthetho kwaye kuvumela abo baxhomekeke kuwo ukucwangcisa imicimbi yabo. Olu manyano aluphelelanga, kodwa lunika isiseko esivumela uqheliselo lwangoku olusemthethweni lusekelwe kumava angaphambili etyala.

Umthetho Wetyala Nenkcazelo Yetyala

Xa imimiselo ididane − ezisoloko zinjalo ``iikhoncourts' zijika zijonge umthetho ukucombulula iimpikiswano. Unxulumano phakathi komthetho wetyala kunye nenkcazelo yemithetho yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokulungisa umthetho. Iinkundla zisebenzisa izixhobo eziliqela zokucacisa eziye zasulungekiswa ukudlula kumashumi eminyaka ezigqibo zezomthetho:

Ukubhala Nomthetho Ocacileyo

Abagwebi abaninzi bale mihla, ingakumbi kwijaji yesizwe sase U.S. isebenzisa iindlela zogcino-lwazi lwemibhalo ezibeka intsingiselo eqhelekileyo yolwimi lomthetho ngexesha lokumiselwa. Umthetho wetyala lelizwe lomthetho, njengo United States v. Santos (2008] okanye BHOCTY] v. Clayton County[[[FLT:]20]]]], ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezithimbalula ngayo iingcaciso, isakhiwo somgaqo womgaqo-mthetho, kunye neencwadi zesakhiwo (umz.[FLT.4] socistions [FFFFF:5]]]]

Imfundiso KaChevron Nokwaphula Umthetho

EUnited States, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo [``Chevron] u-U.S.A. Inc. v. IiMali zendalo zithetha ngqo ngombandela wokhuselo lwe-U. Inc. (19984) iseke isiseko secala esikwinyathelo elibini lokuhlola ukucaciswa kwemimiselo. Phantsi Chevron, iinkundla zijongele kulwazi olusengqiqweni ukuba iBhunga alikhange liyicombulule ngqo le ngxaki. Le mfundiso iceke ngokunzulu umthetho wolawulo kunye nokuqhelisa ukuhlaziywa komthetho. Ityala elilandelayo lisulungekile, lisetyenziswe, okanye ligxekwe iChevron, ibonisa indlela imithetho ezizimela ngayo ukuba lilawula.

Inkxalabo yoMthetho

Ezinye iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zixhomekeke kwimbali yowiso-mthetho .Ingxelo zetyala, iingxelo zomgangatho, kunye neentetho ezivakalayo eziqulunqa oko kujoliswe kuko xa kusenziwa umthetho. Umthetho wetyala uqabe imithetho malunga naxa imbali enjalo ingenakusetyenziswa kwaye ubunzima obungakanani obuyifaneleyo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. American Tricking Associations [1940])) iqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azifanele zixhomekeke kwimbali yomthetho ukuba umbhalo wemithetho ucacile.

Ukuchazwa kwezivumelwano, izigxina, namanye amaxwebhu asemthethweni kukwatsala kakhulu kumthetho ongomnye. Imigaqo yomthetho enxulumene nomthetho efana "nomthetho wobubhali" okanye "umnqophiso osetyenziswayo wokholo olulungileyo nobulungisa" ucaciswe kwaye wasulungekiswa kwiinkulungwane zomthetho wezomthetho. I-Attorney ekuqheliseleni uthengiso isoloko ichaza la matyala ukuqikelela ukuba inkundla ingayisombulula njani impikiswano ngegama elingaqondakaliyo.

Impembelelo Kwimfundo Yasemthethweni

Umthetho olawula ityala ungundoqo wemfundo yasemthethweni kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Indlela yokulungisa ityala, eyaba ngu Christopher Columbus Landell eHarvard Law School ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ihlala ingumsebenzi ophambili wokufundisa. Abafundi bafunda izigqibo ze-applate kwaye bangenelela kwingxoxo yeSocratic kunye noonjingalwazi ukukhupha imithetho, ukuqiqa, kunye nemigaqo.

Iimpembelelo ezingundoqo zamatyala ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwamkelwa kobuchule bokuyila: Abafundi bafunda ukufanisa umba, umthetho, isicelo, kunye nesiphelo (IRAC) kuluvo logwebo, emva koko basebenzise loo siseko kumanqaku amatsha.
  • Ukuqonda uqikelelo olusemthethweni: Ngokuchonga abaninzi, ngokuqukumbela, nangokungavumelani neembono, abafundi bayayiqonda indlela iinkundla ezilungelelanisa ngayo imilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo kwaye zitolike imibhalo esemthethweni.
  • Ukulungiselela uqheliselo lwehlabathi lokwenene: amafemu omthetho alindele ukuba amaqabane amatsha akwazi ukuphanda ngemizekeliso, avavanye amandla awo, kunye neengxoxo zobugcisa ezisekelwe kumthetho okhoyo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni: Iincwadi zetyala zicwangcisa izigqibo zephawu lesaziso ngomxholo, zinika abafundi uhlolo lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, iitort, ii-screts, ii-projekti, izinto, umthetho womgaqo-siseko, kunye nezinye.

Ubuncwane obungaphakathi njengobu [[Nkqutyana:0]Iprojekthi ye-Oyez eChicago-Kent College yoMthetho bunika ushicilelo olunesandi kunye nokushwankathelwa kwamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, okuqhubekekisela phambili ukudibanisa umthetho wetyala kwigumbi lokufundela. Uhlolo loMthetho kunye noomatshini kwakhona baxhomekeke kakhulu kwityala ukucebisa utshintsho kunye nokuqiqa komthetho.

Umthetho Kwimimandla Eyahlukahlukeneyo Esemthethweni

Umthetho ungena kuyo yonke indawo encinci yomthetho, ubumba yombini imithetho encinci kunye nezenzo zokuyila. Ngapha koko, kukho iindawo ezingundoqo apho umthetho unempembelelo enamandla.

Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Izilumkiso zichaza imida yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutolikwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nomlinganiselo wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kwabamangalelwa. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe ezifana imanda v. Arizona (66) zimisele imfuneko yokwazisa iingcaciso zamalungelo abo, ngelixa United States v. Jones[ (2012] uthetha ngeGPS umzila kunye neSihlazinzi sesine somndululo. Imigaqo yokuzinzisa isoloko itolikwa ngokwetyala, kunye neemfundiso ezifana "imfundiso echaziwe" ne" nomhlaba wakho" umiwe ngurhulumente.

Umthetho we Cheyi

I-negligence, iimfanelo ezingqongqo, kunye netorts zamaqhinga ziphantse zilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumthetho wetyala. Umgangatho wenkathalo esengqiqweni, ingqiqo yomsebenzi, kunye neenkalo zokhuthuzo zonke zisuka kwiimbono zomthetho. Umzekelo, iPalsgraf v. Long Railroad Co. [1928] isiseko solwazi lwesizathu sokusebenzisa iproxistem. Iimeko zanamhlanje ezisemngciphekweni, i-dromagcrective yezamayeza, kunye nokunyuswa kwe-ahlwility ziyaqhubeka ziconga le migaqo.

Umthetho Ochaseneyo

Umthetho oququzelelayo uxhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo yokuchaza amagama, uqikelelo lwamayeza, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwezivumelwano. Ikhowudi yeFOMU yentengiso idityaniswe ngumthetho omkhulu ochaza iingcamango ezifana "ukholo olulungileyo," "ukungafezeki," kunye "ne-"breamp" ulawulo lwelizwe olunje . Sidhway [1891]) [1891] ngokuqwalaselwa kunye . Baxelley v. Baxvel[FL:3] [1854]]

Umthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Lo mmandla uphantse uchazwe ngokupheleleyo ngumthetho wetyala. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwinkululeko yonqulo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, namandla orhulumente abumba ibutho lamaMelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ityala elifana Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]), [Roev] v. [[FLT] [7773]] Ityala] owehlela v. Hods [2011] [2011] ibonisa indlela utoliko lwezomthetho olunokuyila okanye ulwandiso olungadweliyo olungadweliyo kwi-Gwa.

Umthetho Wempahla Nentsapho

Uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, nokulifa kuphenjelelwa kakhulu ngumthetho wetyala likarhulumente. Umzekelo, ingcamango yokufumana "izinto ezintle ngomntwana" ngumgangatho ophuhliswa ngamakhulu eembono zomthetho. Kumthetho wempangelo, iimfundiso ezifana nento engalunganga, ukuthotywa kwento, kunye nemithetho yokubeka umthetho egqwethekileyo itolikwa ngomthetho.

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo nowokulawula

ICeac Air Act, i-EPA[FLT: 1] [2007] [iMithetho] yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, neMinye imimiselo yoLuntu ivelise umthetho omkhulu wetyala kwimibandela efana nokuma, ukubonelela, kunye nobungakanani beengxelo zokuchaphazeleka kwemekobume. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo . I-Massachusets v. I-EPA (2007) imisele ukuba amaziko azimele ukumangalela urhulumente kutshintsho lwemozulu, ukubumba icebo lokusingela amaqela emekobume.

Iingxaki Zanamhlanje: Ubugcisa, Ida, Nexesha Lobuqu

Njengokuba ibutho liguquka, umthetho kufuneka uqhelene nezinto ezintsha. Ubugcisa bunika ezinye zezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo kunye namathuba okwenza izigqibo zomthetho. Uqheliselo lwangoku lomthetho lulungiswa ngokubuyiselwa ngemithetho kwi:

Ubungqina bamanani nolwaphulo-mthetho

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ubungqina obuninzi obukwizibonelelo ze-elektroniki, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, ugcino-lwazi lwe-GPS, kunye nogcino lwamafu. Iinkundla kufuneka zichaze uMthetho wesi-45 Wonyaka ohlaziyiweyo kunye noMthetho Wonxibelelwano Logcino-nxibelelwano olulula lwelifu elinomxholo kunye nombhalo ofihlakeleyo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sikwi- Carbart v. United States[FLT] [FLT] [2018]) ibambelele kwelokuba urhulumente usoloko efuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana i-data yeseli, umthetho oye waguqula indlela abatshutshisiiiiiiiiiiast projecters.

Ubuntlola Bokwenziwa Nobuchule Bokwenza

Xa iinkqubo ze-Al zibangela umonakalo, umzekelo, kwiingozi zezithuthi ezizimeleyo okanye kucalucalulo lwemithetho-siseko ye-algorith-"enoth kunye nomthetho wesivumelwano kufuneka usongiwe ukugquma amabali encwadi. Umthetho wetyala uza kugqiba ukuba umenzi, umbhekisi phambili we-software, okanye umsebenzisi ufanele ukubekwa. Ugcino-lwazi jikelele lwaseYurophu olukhuselayo (GDPR) kunye nomthetho walo onxulunyaniswayo osuka kwiNkulwaniso lwe-CJWEU) umisela nemizekelo yokukhusela amalungelo ogcino-lwazi aphembelela ukuqheliswa kwehlabathi lonke.

Ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi kunye nokhuseleko lobumfiliba

Imithetho yefatyi yelizwe enjenge Google Spenia v. AEPD (2014 (icala "lifanele lilibalwe" imeko) kunye Breyer v. [ (20]) (20) ilungise umthetho wemfihlo e-Europe. EUnited States, iimeko ezibandakanya ibhayolojimetrium (umz., i-Biometric Information Act) ikhokelele kwisenzo esibalulekileyo yeklasi. Ezi zigqithela iinkampani ukuba zilungise ukwenziwa kwazo kogcino-lwazi kunye namandla okulwa yi-gnogq ukuba zihlale zikho ngokulandelena komthetho.

Oogqirha basemthethweni ngoku baxhomekeke kwii-database ezizodwa, kwimisebenzi eqinileyo yomthetho, kunye nokuqhubekeka kwemfundo esemthethweni (CLE) ukulandelela ezi ndawo zihamba ngokukhawuleza. [[FLT: 0]] I-Ectronic Frontial Foundation[ ilandela iindlela ezininzi ezinxulumene nobugcisa, ukubonelela izibonelelo kumagqwetha kunye nabaxhasi.

Isiphumo: Isiseko esisoloko sihlasela somGaqo-nkqubo

Umthetho womthetho asingombutho omileyo wezimvo ezindala; liqumrhu eliphilayo elilawula ngendlela eqhubekekayo yokuchazwa kwemithetho, indlela eziconjululwa ngayo iimpikiswano, nendlela eziqeqeshwa ngayo izifundiswa zezomthetho. Ukusuka kwimfundiso yokuhlola ukuhlaziywa komthetho ukuya kuphuculo lwenkcazelo yezomthetho, ukusuka kwiklasi ukuya kwinkundla yenkundla, imiyilo inika intelekelelo kunye nokungaguquguquki okufunwa yinkqubo esemthethweni. Kwangaxesha linye, xa umthetho uvumela utshintsho ngokuthe ngcembe, usenza umthetho usebenzele ukusabela kubugcisa obutsha, imilinganiselo yentlalo, kunye nokuvela kocelomngeni olufana nobuchule obungeyo kunye nogcino-data lwehlabathi.

Nabani na obandakanyekileyo kumthetho, imfundo, okanye ukwenza inkqubo, ukuqonda impembelelo yomthetho wetyala akuyonto ibalulekileyo. Ngokufunda imizekelo, ukwahlula amatyala angancediyo, nokuphikisana ngesandi somthetho okhoyo, iingcali ezisemthethweni ziqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlale uzinzile kwaye ulungelelanisa. Njengoko isantya sotshintsho lwezentlalo-ntle sikhawulezisa, indima yomthetho ekulungiseni imikhwa yangoku esemthethweni iya kukhula kuphela ngokubaluleka.